mputer Networks Prof.

Hema A Murthy

Classless Inter Domain Routing

• (CIDR) – Classless Interdomain Routing

• Issues address:
– Large routing table at the backbone
– Exhaustion of address space
• Enables aggregation of router
– A single entry in a routing table
– Tells how to reach a number of Networks
– Configures allocation of router

dian Institute of Technology Madras

mputer Networks Prof. Hema A Murthy

Classless Inter Domain Routing

(CIDR) – Classless Interdomain Routing
Issues address:
•Large routing table at the backbone
•Exhaustion of address space
• Enables aggregation of router
•A single entry in a routing table
•Tells how to reach a number of Networks
• Configures allocation of router

dian Institute of Technology Madras

mputer Networks Prof. Hema A Murthy

CIDR (contd.)
– length – number of bits in communication
• Prefixes may be of any length 2-32 bits
• Prefixes might overlap
• Prefixes correspond to longest match

dian Institute of Technology Madras

mputer Networks Prof. Hema A Murthy

CIDR (contd.)
• Example
– 192.4.16 through 192.4.31
– Top 20 bits are the same
– 1100 0000 0000 0100 0001
– Router entry for top 20 bits as Network number
• Basically uses a common network prefix < length, value>
pairs

dian Institute of Technology Madras

mputer Networks Prof. Hema A Murthy

Border Gateway Routing

• Assumes Internet is organised as an
Autonomous system
– Each under the control of a single
administration entity
– Enables hierarchical aggregation of routing
information

dian Institute of Technology Madras

mputer Networks Prof. Hema A Murthy

Border Gateway Routing

• Routing
• Routing within a single AS (Intradomain)
• Routing between ASes (Interdomain)
• Decouple Intradomain routing in one AS from that
in another
• Each AS can run locally whatever routing algorithm
it desires

dian Institute of Technology Madras

mputer Networks Prof. Hema A Murthy

BGP (contd.)
• Interdomain routing problem – ASes share
reachability information each other
• Reduces routing information at each AS
– Use default routes
– Example tenet Gate Border router – Any packets
destined for outside (at a router inside tenet) sends to
tenet gateway
– Finally reaches a backbone provides who knows how to
reach all Networks

dian Institute of Technology Madras

mputer Networks Prof. Hema A Murthy

Border Gateway Protocol

Assumes Internet is an arbitrary connection of ASes
Large corporation
Consumer ISP

Peering point
Peering point
Backbone Service
provided

Consumer ISP
Consumer ISP

Autonomous
Small corporation Systems

dian Institute of Technology Madras

mputer Networks Prof. Hema A Murthy

Border Gateway Protocol (contd)

BB Small ISP Consumer

Small home PC
corporation
BB Large Corporation

Classification of traffic:
• Local traffic
- Traffic originates and terminates within an AS
• Transit traffic
- Passes through an AS

dian Institute of Technology Madras

mputer Networks Prof. Hema A Murthy

BGP (contd.)
• Types of ASes:
– Stub AS: Single connection to one otheAS
• Example: Small Corporation
– only local traffic
– Multihomed AS: AS has connections to
multiple Ases
• but does not carry transit traffic
• Example: large corporation
– Transit AS: Connection to more than one AS
• - carries both transit and local traffic
• - backbone provider
dian Institute of Technology Madras
mputer Networks Prof. Hema A Murthy

Border
- Gateway Protocol (contd.)

BGP Goals:
Find any path to
R1 R3 intended destination

R2

R4

R5 R6

dian Institute of Technology Madras

mputer Networks Prof. Hema A Murthy

Border Gateway Protocol (contd.)

• Address issues of flexibility

– Policy based routing
• Preferred Ases
• But only ASes

• Advantage
– Use “good” paths rather than optimal path

dian Institute of Technology Madras

mputer Networks Prof. Hema A Murthy

Border Gateway Protocol (contd.)

• Configuring BGP:
– BGP speaker
• Spokesperson for entire AS
• Establish session with other BGP speakers
• Identify border “Gatewa
• Routers through which packets enter/ leave A
• Example R2, R4
• “Gateway” – An IP router forwarded packets
between ASes

dian Institute of Technology Madras

mputer Networks Prof. Hema A Murthy

Border Gateway Protocol

• BGP – Neither DV or LSP
• Advertises complete paths
• Enumerated list of ASes
• To reach a network

• Enable policy decisions

• Enable detection of routing loops

dian Institute of Technology Madras

mputer Networks Prof. Hema A Murthy

Border Gateway Protocol(contd)

• BGP speaker for A
– Advertises reachability to customers 1 and 2
networks(Each and every NW in customers 1,
2)
• BGP speaker for AS1
– Advertised reachability to customers 1 and 2
(AS1, AS2)
– Advertised reachability to customers 3 and 4
(AS3, AS4)

dian Institute of Technology Madras

mputer Networks Prof. Hema A Murthy

Border Gateway Protocol(contd.)

AS1

Regional provider A Regional provider B

AS2 AS3

Customer 1 Customer 2 Customer 3 Customer 4

AS4 AS5 AS6 AS7

dian Institute of Technology Madras

mputer Networks Prof. Hema A Murthy

Border Gateway Protocol (contd.)

ssues in looping:

AS1

AS2 AS3
Example:
AS1 learns it can reach network 1 via AS2
Advertises (AS1, AS2) to AS3
Now AS3 advertises to AS2
- (AS3, AS1, AS2) to reach network P
AS2 – see it
dian Institute of Technology Madras
ignores
mputer Networks Prof. Hema A Murthy

Border Gateway Protocol

(contd.)
• Facility for withdrawing routes
– Example: Failed links
• Negative route information
• AS number must be unique
• 16 bit unique AS number
• does not cover stubs

dian Institute of Technology Madras

mputer Networks Prof. Hema A Murthy

Border Gateway Protocol

(contd.)
• BGP – designed to cope with classless
addresses
• Networks advertised in BGP are actually prefixes of
any length
• Addresses contain prefix and length 142.4.16 /20
– Complexity of BGP
• Depends on number of ASes

dian Institute of Technology Madras

mputer Networks Prof. Hema A Murthy

Border Gateway Protocol

(contd.)
• Issues backbone routers:
– Inject prefixed learnt from another AS into its
intra domain
• Complex
• Overcome this?
– IBGP (Interior Border Gateway Routing
Protocol)

dian Institute of Technology Madras

mputer Networks Prof. Hema A Murthy

Border Gateway Protocol (contd.)

BGP

AS
AS

IGP

dian Institute of Technology Madras

mputer Networks Prof. Hema A Murthy

Border Gateway Protocol

(contd.)
• Redistribute information it learnt between
routers in a given AS
• Each router in a AS – knows best/ border
router to route information
• Each router uses intradomain routing to
decide which is best border router

dian Institute of Technology Madras

mputer Networks Prof. Hema A Murthy

Border Gateway Protocol

(contd.)
• Additional hierarchy:
• Routing Areas
– Partition routing domain into subdomain
– Area border routers

dian Institute of Technology Madras

mputer Networks Prof. Hema A Murthy

Repeaters,Bridges, Routers,
Gateways
• Physical layer - Repeaters
• DLL – Bridges
• Network Layer – Multiprotocol router
• Transport Layer – Transport Gateways
• Application Layer – Application Gateways

dian Institute of Technology Madras

mputer Networks Prof. Hema A Murthy

Multiprotocol Converter

AS WAN AS

Tunneling

dian Institute of Technology Madras