TRIBHUVAN UNIVERSITY

INSTITUTE OF ENGINEERING

THAPATHALI CAMPUS

FINAL YEAR PROJECT REPORT

ON
ANALYSIS AND DESIGN OF
PRESTRESSED CONCRETRE T-GIRDER BRIDGE OVER
Khageri KHOLA

BY

HAMRO GROUP
Supervisor:

RAJAN SUWAL

April 2023
 COPYRIGHT

The authors have agreed that the library, Department of Civil Engineering, Institute of

Engineering, Thapathali Campus, may make this report freely available for the inspection.

Moreover, the authors have agreed that permission for extensive copying of this report for the

scholarly purpose maybe guaranteed by the professors, who supervised the work herein or in his

absence, by the Head of Department wherein report is completed. It is understood that

recognition will be given to the authors of this report or the Department of Civil Engineering,

Institute of Engineering, Thapathali Campus, Thapathali in use of this report. Copying or

publishing for financial gain without permission of Department of Civil engineering, Institute of

Civil Engineering, Thapathali Campus, Thapathali and author’s written approval is prohibited.

Request for permission to copy or to make any other use of material in this report in whole or in

part should be addressed to:

Head of Department

Department of Civil Engineering

Thapathali Campus

Institute of Engineering

Thapathali, Kathmandu

i
 TRIBHUVAN UNIVERSITY

INSTITUTE OF ENGINEERING

THAPATHALI CAMPUS

DEPARTMENT OF CIVIL ENGINEERING

CERTIFICATE

This is to certify that this project work entitled “ANALYSIS AND DESIGN OF
PRESTRESSED CONCRETRE T-GIRDER BRIDGE OVER SISUWA KHOLA”
has been examined and declared successful for the fulfilment of academic requirement towards
the completion of Bachelor Degree in Civil Engineering.

…..………………………… …..…………………………
Er. Xyz

Project Supervisor Internal Examiner

…..………………………… …..…………………………
Dr. Indra Narayan Yadav
External Examiner HOD, Department of Civil Engineering

ii
 ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

We would like to sincerely thank everyone who assisted us in completing our final year project
on the topic of Analysis and Design of Prestressed T-girder bridge. The project could not have
been finished in this short amount of time without the tremendous support of all of you.

First of all, we would like to express our gratitude to Thapathali Campus for providing us with
oppurtunity to complete this project for our final year. We would like to specially thank Er.
Shakil Manandhar, our project supervisor, for leading us through our work and aiding in the
timely completion of our project.

Also, we are extremely thankful towards Dr. Indra Narayan Yadav (HOD), Er. Om Shanta
Maharjan (D-HOD) & other teachers, who laid foundations on structure during B.E. courses.
Finally, we would like to thank all the persons who helped us directly and indirectly in
completion of this report. We also acknowledge our gratitude towards each other for such a
united co- ordination amongst the group members during the project.

Project Group Members

Saideep Ghimire (075BCE105)

Sarthak Gautam (075BCE117)

Saurav Paudel (075BCE120)

Sudarshan Nepal (075BCE126)

Supal Kadariya (075BCE131)

iii
 ABSTRACT

The analysis and limit state design of the RCC T-Beam Bridge, its components and design of
superstructure of single span truss bridge has been incorporated in this report. Field observation
has verified the input data obtained from LRBSU. The data has been analyzed using a
combination of structural, hydraulic, geotechnical, and traffic engineering concepts. The bridge's
components have been designed according to relevant IRC codes of practice. According to the
limit-state design method, the superstructure components have been designed under dead load
and live loads considering IRC Class A and Class AA vehicles. The slab (cantilever and
restrained) has been analyzed using the effective width method, while the T-beam has been
analyzed using Courbon's method. The elastomeric bearing has been chosen and designed using
an Limit stress design method. Two similar abutments at each end and a hammer-headed pier
with Spread footing has been designed for basic and seismic load combinations. For the load
cases considered, the abutment's stability has also been examined. After the field visit, three span
bridge has been found suitable for the site according to the geometry of river flow. Architectural
and Structural drawings have all been used to display the final outcomes.

iv
 SALIENT FEATURES

Particulars Required Information

Design of PSC T-Girder Bridge
Title of the Project
over Sisuwa Khola, Uchalne,Udayapur
Location
Province Koshi
District Udayapur
Village/ Town Uchalne
Name of Road Lalbazar Uchalne Dhunga
Geographical Information
Latitude 26° 50' 19”N
Longitude 87° 01' 00”E
Classification of Road Local Road
Existing Road Surface Gravel
Terrain/ Geology Hilly
Information on Structure
Total Length of the Bridge 105 m
Span Arrangement 35 m @3 nos
Total Width of the Bridge 8.4 m
No. of Lanes Two (Intermediate)
Carriageway 6m
Footpath 1.2 m
Types of superstructure PSC-T-Beam
Type of Bearing Steel Plate Reinforced Elastomeric Pad
Type of Abutment Cantilever Abutment
Type of Pier RCC Circular Hammer Headed
Type of Foundation Open foundation
Design Data
Live Load 70R Boggie in Slab and IRC Class A in Girder
Allowable Bearing Capacity of Soil 400 kPa
Design Discharge 140.267 m3/s
Linear Waterway 64.817 m
Concrete in Superstructure M25
Reinforcement TMT500D

v
Contents
COPYRIGHT...................................................................................................................................i

CERTIFICATE................................................................................................................................ii

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT..............................................................................................................iii

ABSTRACT...................................................................................................................................iv

SALIENT FEATURES...................................................................................................................v

NOTATIONS...............................................................................................................................viii

ABBREVIATION.........................................................................................................................xii

1. Introduction..........................................................................................................................1

1.1 Background....................................................................................................................1

1.2 Title of Project Work.....................................................................................................2

1.3 Project Assignment........................................................................................................2

1.4 Objectives......................................................................................................................2

1.5 Scope of work................................................................................................................3

1.6 Available data for project work.....................................................................................3

2. METHODOLOGY..............................................................................................................4

2.1 Acquisition of Data........................................................................................................4

2.2 Structural Planning and Preliminary Design.................................................................4

2.3 Idealization and Analysis of Bridge Structure..............................................................5

2.4 Design and Detailing.....................................................................................................5

2.5 Drawing.........................................................................................................................6

2.6 Quantity Estimate..........................................................................................................6

2.7 Project Work Report......................................................................................................7

2.8 Project flow chart.........................................................................................................9

3. ACQUISITION OF DATA...............................................................................................10

vi
 3.1 Topographic Study and Engineering Survey...............................................................10

3.2 Geological and Geotechnical Data..............................................................................12

3.3 Hydrological Study Data and Hydraulic Design.........................................................13

3.4 Traffic study Data........................................................................................................28

3.5 Design Data.................................................................................................................28

3.6 Field Observation Data................................................................................................28

4. SELECTION OF BRIDGE TYPE.....................................................................................30

4.1 Possible Bridge Types and Their Span Arrangement..................................................30

5. BRIDGE TYPE AND PRELIMINARY DESIGN............................................................32

5.1 Bridge Type and Span Arrangement...........................................................................32

5.2 Material Selection........................................................................................................32

5.3 Material Properties......................................................................................................32

5.4 Preliminary sizing of Superstructure components.......................................................33

6. Analysis and Design of Bridge..........................................................................................36

6.1 Analysis and Design of Superstructure.......................................................................36

7. Design of Elastomeric Bearing........................................................................................133

8. Analysis and Design of Pier............................................................................................145

8.1 Pier Preliminary sizing..............................................................................................146

8.2 Analysis.....................................................................................................................148

8.3 Design........................................................................................................................159

8.4 Analysis and Design of Spread Footing....................................................................183

9. Analysis and Design of Abutments.................................................................................205

9.1 Design of Abutment Stem.........................................................................................205

9.2 Foundation Stability..................................................................................................227

9.3 Foundation Bearing Pressure.....................................................................................240

vii
 9.4 Foundation Shear Design..........................................................................................248

9.5 Foundation Crack......................................................................................................271

9.6 REFERENCES..........................................................................................................278

NOTATIONS

ap = Design rainfall intensity

Op = Infiltration Coefficient

Ф = Discharge reduction factor

kt = Reduction coefficient of hourly rainfall intensity

F = Catchment Area below 5000m elevation

ahr = Maximum Hourly Intensity

ui = index discharge

T = return period in years

Qd = Design discharge

n = Manning's Rugosity coefficient

𝑆0 = Slope of River

Bed P = Wetted

Perimeter

R = Hydraulic Radius

viii
𝑞 = Discharge per unit effective

width d50 = Mean particle size

ix
dse = equilibrium scour below normal bed level

b = pier diameter

D = flow depth

d = median size of bed material in mm

B = c/c spacing between piers

α = opening ratio

Dse = maximum scour depth below HFL

𝑓𝑐𝑘 = Characteristic compressive

strength EC = Modulus of elasticity

fCr = Flexural Strength

fy = Characteristic yield stress

µ = Poisson ratio

D = Thickness at the face of main girder

d’ = clear cover

Xu = Actual depth of neutral axis

(Ast)min = minimum reinforcement

S = Spacing

𝑟𝑢 = 𝑆ℎ𝑒𝑎𝑟 𝑆𝑡𝑟𝑒𝑠𝑠

𝑟𝑐,𝑚𝑎𝑥 = 𝑀𝑎𝑥𝑖𝑚𝑢𝑚 𝑆ℎ𝑒𝑎𝑟 𝑠𝑡𝑟𝑒𝑠𝑠

𝑟𝑐 = 𝑠ℎ𝑒𝑎𝑟 𝑠𝑡𝑟𝑒𝑛𝑔𝑡ℎ

ɸ = Diameter of bar

L = Clear Span of slab in longitudinal direction

x
B = Clear span of slab in transverse direction

xi
𝑚1, 𝑚2 = dead load

moment b = Contact width

of vehicle l = Contact length

of vehicle

𝑏𝑒𝑓𝑓 = effective width

w = Intensity of loading

e = Eccentricity

𝐼𝑟 = Moment of Inertia of cracked section (about NA)

𝑊𝑐𝑟 = Design crack width

Kp = Stress correction factor

Kh = factor for induced tensile stresses in reinforcing plate

𝜀𝑐,𝑑 = 𝑆𝑡𝑟𝑎𝑖𝑛 𝑑𝑢𝑒 𝑡𝑜 𝑐𝑜𝑚𝑝𝑟𝑒𝑠𝑠𝑖𝑣𝑒 𝑑𝑒𝑠𝑖𝑔𝑛 𝑙𝑜𝑎𝑑

𝜀𝑞,𝑑 = 𝑆𝑡𝑟𝑎𝑖𝑛 𝑑𝑢𝑒 𝑡𝑜 𝑠ℎ𝑒𝑎𝑟

𝜀𝛼, = 𝑆𝑡𝑟𝑎𝑖𝑛 𝑑𝑢𝑒 𝑡𝑜 𝑎𝑛𝑔𝑢𝑙𝑎𝑟

𝑟𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 G = Shear modulus of elasticity

of elastomer S = Shape factor

Ar = Reduced effective plan area due to the loading effects

Psur = Surcharge Load

Pa = Active earth pressure

Ka = Active earth pressure coefficient

Psur = Earth pressure due to surcharge load

DLss = Dead load from superstructure

xii
DLwc = Dead load of wearing coarse

xiii
DLas = Dead load of approach slab

LLss = Live load from superstructure

FV br = Vertical load due to braking

FH br= Horizontal load due to braking

FV wl = Vertical load due to wind load

FLw = Wind load in longitudinal

direction FTw = Wind load in transverse

direction

FTw sb = Wind load of substructure in transverse direction

FLwc = Load due to water current in longitudinal

direction FTwc = Load due to water current in transverse

direction Fcst = Force due to temperature, creep and

shrinkage

Wabt = Self weight of abutment

Wpier = Self weight of pier

Fbuoy = Buoyant force on pier

FLs-sub = Longitudinal seismic force of substructure

FTs-sub = Transverse seismic force of substructure

FLhyd = Hydrodynamic force in longitudinal

direction FThyd = Hydrodynamic force in transverse

direction Fabt.ses = Seismic load of abutment

Fep(V) = Vertical component of earth pressure force

xiv
Fep(H) = Horizontal component of earth pressure force

Fsur(V) = Vertical component of earth pressure force due to surcharge

xv
 ABBREVIATION

B.M.: Bending Moment

CL: Center Line
Cl: Clause
DHM: Department of Hydrology and Meteorology
DL: Dead Load
et.al.: et alia
GI: Galvanized Iron
HFL: High Flood Level
HSFG: High Strength Friction Grip
I.F.: Impact Factor
ID: Identity
ILD: Influence Line Diagram
IRC: Indian Road Congress
IS: Indian Standard
ISA: Indian Standard Angle
ISF: Indian Standard Flat
ISMB: Indian Standard Medium Beam
ISMC: Indian Standard Medium Channel
ISWB: Indian Standard Wide Beam
JV: Joint Venture
LL: Live Load
LRBP: Local Roads Bridge Programme
LRBSU: Local Roads Bridge Support Unit
LSDM: Limit State Design Method
MLRBP: Motorable Local Roads Bridge Programme
NA: Neutral Axis
NBS: Nepal Bridge Standard
NRRS: Nepal Rural Road Standard

xvi
QGIS: Quantum Geographic Information System
r.m.: Running Meter
RC: Reinforced Cement
RCC: Reinforced Cement Concrete
RL: Reduced Level
RM: Rural Municipality
RS: Restrained Slab
S.F.: Shear Force
S.N.: Serial Number
SP: Special Publication
Sq.: Square
SUM: Summation
TMT: Thermo-Mechanically Treated
UDL: Uniformly Distributed Load
WC: Wearing Course
WECS: Water and Energy Commission Secretariat
WSDM: Working Stress Design Method
TID: Transport Infrastructure Directorate

xvii
1. Introduction

1.1 Background

The bridge is an important element of land transportation system. A bridge is a structure that
conveys a service—such as traffic on a road or rail line, pedestrian traffic, or the use of public
utilities—over an obstruction, such as a river, a valley, or another road or rail line, and then
transfers the loads from the service to the foundations below. It is required to complete a real-
world project during the final year of the course in order to integrate the numerous civil
engineering topics covered during the undergraduate curriculum. The six membered team of
authors of this report have chosen the bridge design project for the fulfilment of degree to boost
all the knowledge area.

This report, which serves as the project's final deliverable, includes site selection based on
geotechnical data, bridge planning and design, type selection, hydrological and hydraulic design,
structural analysis and design of each component, preparation of working drawings, and a project
quantity estimate. The report was structured in accordance with the civil engineering
department's standard format. This report is also written in accordance with the fourth-year
second part syllabus for the Bachelor of Civil Engineering as part of the project work to
complete Project-II.

This project is under jurisdiction of Department of Local Infrastructure and consulted by Local
Roads Bridge Support Unit (LRBSU). With the help of LRBSU's financial and technical
assistance, this project was successfully completed. The funding source paid for every expense
incurred in finishing this project's work. Through LRBSU, the geotechnical investigation report,
topographical survey report, and geotechnical and hydrological guidelines were obtained. All
other data were used as provided, and the topographical data were validated by a short site
survey.

In this project, it was assigned to design a bridge over Sisuwa Khola which provides a link
between village Haripur left of the river with right to the river in Udayapur district. This bridge
is along Laalbazar Uchalne Road. As it is a local road, so a single lane bridge shall suffice. But
as per the provisions in Nepal Road Standards (a minimum of 6 m carriageway for bridges

1
longer than 50 m), the bridge will be designed as a two-lane bridge (intermediate lane). The
designers

2
were supposed to design the most economic bridge for this section as per the data provided by
LRBSU.

1.2 Title of Project Work

The key output of this project is the design of bridge and its working drawing. All of the bridge
components have been designed and verified using the limit state design method, as well as the
working drawing and details of the bridge across Sisuwa Khola, Udayapur is included in this
report. Therefore, this project is entitled as “Analysis and Design of PSC-T-Girder Bridge over
Sisuwa Khola Bridge”.

1.3 Project Assignment

In this project, following assignments has been completed during the completion of the project.

● Study of topographic, geological, hydrological and geotechnical condition of given bridge

site and acquisition of design data.
● Visit to the bridge site, observation of field condition, verification of topographic and
hydrological data and preparation of site observation report.
● Carrying out geometrical, geotechnical and hydraulic design of bridge.
● Selection of appropriate type of bridge and carrying out design and detailing of bridge
components.
● Preparation of working drawings for various bridge components.

1.4 Objectives

1.4.1 General Objective

This project has been carried out towards the partial fulfilment of bachelor's degree in civil
engineering as final year project work mandated as per syllabus of Institute of Engineering.

1.4.2 Specific Objectives

This project has been carried out for achieving following objectives

3
 ▪ To select bridge site based on topographical, hydrological, and geotechnical data
▪ To select suitable bridge type and span arrangement
▪ To plan, analyze, design and detail each component of bridge
▪ To prepare working drawing of all components of bridge
▪ To prepare quantity estimate of various item of work
▪ To recommend any river training works or other site related works (their design is
not considered)

1.5 Scope of work

This project work includes acquisition of topographical, geotechnical, and hydrological data
from LRBSU, site visit and verification of bridge data by limited site works. The hydrological,
hydraulic, and geotechnical design are entirely based on these data. The structural planning,
design, and detailing are the key works of this project. Preparations of working drawing and
quantity estimate have been carried out based on the design.

The planning and design of river training, slope protection, or any other site related works are out
of the scope of this project and should be carried out separately.

1.6 Available data for project work

LRBSU provided the following data

▪ Topographical survey data and map

▪ Geotechnical investigation report
▪ Rainfall data of the hydrological stations
▪ Hydrological guidelines

4
2. METHODOLOGY

2.1 Acquisition of Data

Topographic map, engineering features and geological state of river bed, river cross section, river
orientation and hydrological data are essential for bridge design and analysis. The topographic
and geological data used in subsequent stages of the report have been obtained from LRBP's
topographic and geotechnical report. DHM provided the rainfall data required in the hydrological
analysis of the bridge site. The project team has not been involved in any direct data
measurement. Important parameters such as the position of the bridge axis, the HFL, the width of
the stream along the HFL, and the cross section of the river have all been verified in the field.

2.2 Structural Planning and Preliminary Design

Two alternative designs for the bridge superstructure have been designed. Taking into account
waterway requirements, geological conditions of the river-bed, and provisions in the codes
stated below, first alternative consists of three T-girder systems with three spans. Bearings and
sub- structures has been designed for T-girder superstructure only. Sub-structure has been
planned as two abutments at the river bank and an intermediate pier at mid-location. After a
thorough analysis and study of previous reports, existing design manuals, literature, and existing
codes, preliminary design of various bridge components has been completed. Various codes that
have been used for preliminary design of PSC bridge are listed below:
● IRC 5: 2015 General Features of Design
● IRC 6: 2014 Loads and Stresses
● IRC 21: 2000 Concrete Bridge
● Nepal Bridge Standards: 2067
● Standard Specification of Roads and Bridges, Government of Nepal, Ministry of Physical
Planning and works, Department of Roads
● IRC 83: 1987(Part II) Elastomeric Bearings
● IRC 78: 2000 Foundation and Sub-structures

5
 ● IRC 24: 2010 Steel Road Bridges
● IS 456: 2000 Plain and Reinforced Concrete - Code of Practice
● IS 800: 2007 General Construction In Steel
● IS 808: 1989 Dimensions For Hot Rolled Steel Beam, Column, Channel and Angle
Sections
● IS 2911: 1980 (Part 3) Code of Practice for Design and Construction of Pile Foundations
● IS 1367: 2002 (Part 3) Mechanical Properties of Fasteners Made of Carbon Steel and
Alloy Steel - Bolts, Screws and Studs

2.3 Idealization and Analysis of Bridge Structure

Initially, the idealization of loads, structural components, and support conditions has been done.
Following that, numerous bridge components like deck slab, girders, bearings, etc. has been
analyzed for the load combinations given in relevant IRC codes. The following responses have
been calculated: longitudinal and transverse bending moments, shear force, and axial forces.
The following approaches have been used to evaluate the bridge:
● Influence line diagram (longitudinal placement of live load for maximum response)
● Effective width method (analysis of cantilever slab)
● Pigeaud’s method (analysis of restrained slab)
● Courbon’s method (transverse distribution of load to main girder)

2.4 Design and Detailing

Limit state design method has been used in the design of structural components for bridges.
Working state design method has been used to design the elastomeric bearing, which has then
been checked for limit state design. For the design and detailing of bridge components, the
following codes has been used:
● “IRC 06:2017 (Section II) Loads and Load Combination” has been followed to compute
all the live and dead loads with load factors for different load combinations in different
components.

6
● "IRC 21: 2000 Standard Specifications and Code of Practice for Road Bridges,
Section: iii Cement Concrete (Plain and Reinforced)" and "IS 456:2000 Plain and
Reinforced Concrete - Code of Practice" have been used to design components of
superstructure.
● In addition, IS 456 (SP16) and IRC SP114:2018 have also been used.
● “IRC 78-2014 Substructure and Foundation" has been used to design substructure
components.
● "IRC 83:1987 Elastomeric Bearing" has been followed for working stress design of
elastomeric bearing which has then been checked by 2018 version of same code which is
based on limit state design method.
● Provisions in “IRC 112:2018” has been followed to comply the design with seismic
resistant design method. Moreover, detailing of pier has been specially considered to
localize the formation of plastic hinge at the base of pier.
● "IRC 112:2018 Code of Practice for Concrete Road Bridges" and "IRC SP114:2018
Guideline for Seismic Design of Road Bridges" have been followed for ductile detailing.
● “IRC 24:2010 Standard Specifications and Code of Practice for Road Bridges Section
V Steel Road Bridges (Limit State Method)” and “IS 800:2007 General Construction In
Steel – Code of Practice” have been followed for design of superstructure of truss.

2.5 Drawing

Plan, sectional and detailed drawings of various components of bridges have been prepared in
standard scale.

2.6 Quantity Estimate

The detailed drawings prepared on standard sheet with dimensions have been used to determine
the quantities of the items of the bridge structure. The quantity of deformed bar required has
been estimated based on the bar bending schedule. Several jobs, such as earthworks and
concrete, have been assessed in cubic meter. Railing bars have been calculated in running meter.
Jobs that aren't directly related to the project, such as land acquisitions and site clearing, haven't
been estimated.

7
2.7 Project Work Report

This project work report has been created in accordance with the Department of Civil
Engineering's specifications. In the format specified below, this report includes all important
theories, methodologies, processes, data inputs, observations, calculations, and design outputs as
per the scope of our project work.

2.7.1 Introduction

This part of the report discusses nature of project work, project site, roles and responsibility of
designer, project assignment, project objectives and client requirements.

2.7.2 Methodology

This part is devoted to the principles, methods, theories, procedures, design basis, norms, and
standards, used for acquisition of design data, planning and preliminary design, idealization and
analysis of bridge structures, design, detailing, and drawing.

2.7.3 Acquisition of data for design

This part is concerned with topographical study and engineering survey, geological and
geotechnical study, hydrological study and traffic study carried out for acquisition of design data.
The field observation and data verification along with hydraulic and geotechnical design of
bridge is also included.

2.7.4 Selection of bridge type and Preliminary design

This part of report includes overall planning of bridge, selection of bridge deck, arrangement of
bridge component, preliminary sizing of slab, main beam and cross beam. It also contains
material selection and their properties.

8
2.7.5 Analysis and design of bridge components

In this part of the report, analysis, design, and detailing of slab (restrained and cantilever), main
beams (end and intermediate), cross beams (end and intermediate), bearing, substructures
(abutment, pier, seismic stopper, and foundation) for different load combination is presented.

At the last sections of the report, all the architectural drawings and structural drawings of each
component is presented.

9
 Project Initiation

Data Acquisition

No
Is Yes
Field Visit & Data
Data
Verification
Sufficient?

Recommend Further
Original Data

Corrected Data over

Original Surveys

Enter Design Phase

Geotechnical Design

Hydrological & Hydraulic

Design

Selection of Bridge

Preliminary Sizing

Analysis and Detail

Is
Original Size
Ok?

Detailing & Working

Drawing

Quantity Estimates and

Report Writing
2.8 Project flow chart 9
3. ACQUISITION OF DATA

3.1 Topographic Study and Engineering Survey

Design data provided by MLRBP have been adopted for the design of bridge. The topographical
survey was carried out by joint venture of Beam consultant Pvt. Ltd., Impulse consultants Pvt.
Ltd., and Smart engineering and design solutions Pvt. Ltd (BEAM-IMPULSE-SEDS JV).

3.1.1 Details of location

Name of Bridge Site: Sisuwa Khola Bridge

Name of Road: Lalbazar Uchalne Dhunga

Coordinates: 26° 50' 19”N, 87° 01' 00”E

The proposed bridge is located at Belaka Municipality-6, Uchalne, Udayapur, Province 1.

Figure. Google Map of Bridge Site (source: Google Earth)

10
 Figure. Proposed Bridge axis (source: Google Earth)

3.1.2 Topography

The site is located at Belaka Municipality-6, Uchalne, Udayapur which is a part of Terai region
of Nepal which is also a part of the Gangetic plains. The geological formation of the Terai is
quaternary alluvial river deposits of boulders, gravels, sands, silts and clays. The project site is in
a plain area having alluvial deposits with silty sands in their textures with gravels, pebbles and
boulders traces in the vicinity of the site. The deposits are in medium denseness in state.

3.1.3 Engineering Survey Data

Cross section of the river was provided by the MLRBP. This flow depth and cross section of the
river was verified at site using various survey instruments and engineering techniques. So, this
verified cross section has been used for the design.

11
 Reduced level

0
2.658
3.875
7.692
10.392
13.797
19.417
27.851
31.496
37.783
43.321
50.212
57.751
62.495
67.223
73.546
78.035
83.624
90.069
96.972
102.336
103.839
105.064
Distance

Fig: Cross- section at Bridge Axis

3.2 Geological and Geotechnical Data

N.S. Engineering & Geo-technical Services Pvt. Ltd. carried out detailed subsurface
investigation studies at the proposed bridge site, and LRBSU provided the necessary data.
Boring, SPT tests, laboratory tests, and analysis of different test findings were used to
determine the allowable bearing capacity of existing soils at the bridge site. From the
results shown in the safe bearing capacity as well as test, it is recommended that:

i) The borehole log indicates the presence of Boulder and Gravel with little sands
throughout the drilled depth.

ii) The water table is found at the depth of 1m in BH-1, 1.5m in BH-2 and 1.8m in BH-3
from surface of the bank of the river during the drilling work, but may vary from season
to season.

iii) Open foundation is suitable for the site.

iv) The allowable bearing capacity of various foundation at varying depths are mentioned
in this report. The recommended maximum allowable bearing capacity is limited to 400
KPa.

v) An average D50 value for BH-1 up to the depth of 1.5m is 5mm. Similarly, in BH-2,
average D50 value is 50mm up to depth of 1.5 m, and average D50 value is 22mm for

12
BH-

13
3 up to the depth of 1.5m. The actual dmean (for calculation of scour depth) should be
determined from pit excavation, which is not covered under the scope of the drilling
company. Hence, with reference to sieve data mentioned here and annex part if the report,
it is recommended that the hydrologist should use his own judgement to adopt a suitable
value.

vi) For backfill with a relative density greater than 70%, a friction angle of 30 degrees can
be adopted.

3.3 Hydrological Study Data and Hydraulic Design

The hydrological data of the catchment area is in the form of annual precipitation data acquired
from DHM provided by MLRBP. Hypsometric data of the catchment has been deduced from
Google Earth. The design is primarily based on the provided data and relevant assumptions
wherever necessary. The site visit was done at early stage of the design and the field
observations data have been attached at the end of this part.

3.3.1 Catchment Characteristics

The bridge site in Sisuwa Khola is located at Latitude of 26°50'19” N and Longitude of 87°01'00”
E. The outlet elevation of Khola at bridge site is about 167 m (from Google Earth) and the
elevation of headwater (Highest Point) is about 1054 m. The catchment area up to bridge site
estimated by GIS and Google Earth is about 14.26 sq.km and main channel length is about 6.515
km. The catchment delineated by Google Earth is presented below in Photo 1(a) and that from
GIS in Photo 1(b).

14
 (source: Google Earth)

Figure. Catchment of Sisuwa Khola at proposed bridge site from Google Earth

Figure. Catchment of Sisuwa Khola at proposed bridge site using GIS

Catchment Parameters of Sisuwa Khola at Bridge Site

Stream
Catchment Highest Lowest
Length, Stream slope %Concentration Time tc, hours
Area, km2 Point, m Point, m
km

14.2609 6.515 1054 167 13.61 0.6047

15
Catchment area under different land use

Land Use /Land Area

Coverage type

Forest 13.38 Sq.km

Grassland 0.0918 Sq.km

Agriculture Area 0.7677 Sq.km

Barren Area 0.0211 Sq.km

3.3.2 Rainfall Analysis

No any meteorological stations have been found to lie within the catchment of the bridge site.
However, according to the data available in the website of DHM, about 3 meteorological stations
have been found to be situated in the periphery of the catchment. Among the stations with
available data, only 2 stations have been found to have certain weightage in Thiessen Polygon
Method using GIS.

16
 Figure. Thiessen Polygon Using GIS

Data from Thiessen Polygon Method using GIS

S.N Name of the Latitude, Longitude, E Area,(Sq.km)

Station N

1 Triveni 26.56 87.09 A1 = 7.084122

2 Chatara 26.49 87.1 A2 = 7.176778

Total A = 14.2609

Calculation of Design Discharge (100 years return period)

Rational Method

Average (X)=
Triveni Chatara
(R1×A1+R2×A2)/ (Xi-µ)2
(R1) (R2)
A
169 203 186.110 2253.818
403 231 316.441 31614.681
100.1 286.4 193.855 3049.155
128.5 86.45 107.338 979.544
168.9 189.5 179.267 1650.867
140 151.2 145.636 49.005
113 141.8 127.494 124.155
84.9 200.2 142.925 18.391

17
123 147.2 135.179 11.954
50 130 90.260 2340.254
103 94.1 98.521 1609.211
100.4 113.2 106.842 1010.889
139 141.1 140.057 2.019
112 214.2 163.432 614.839
123 105 113.942 609.820
116 209.3 162.953 591.318
123 140.5 131.807 46.638
145 139.1 142.031 11.524
70 135.5 102.963 1272.583
168 170.5 169.258 937.710
100.1 252.9 176.996 1471.514
106.3 180.3 143.540 24.052
148 89.5 118.560 403.050
66 98.2 82.205 3184.509
165 116 140.341 2.906
90 147.8 119.088 382.136
102.2 115.3 108.793 890.635
92 140.1 116.206 503.096
95 141.4 118.351 411.495
61 123 92.201 2156.177
82.2 167.5 125.127 182.492

∑(Xi-µ)2 = 58410.438
∑(Xi) =
4297.718

n = 31

Mean (µ) = ∑(Xi)/n = 4297.718/31= 138.636 mm

18
 Standard Deviation ( ) = ∑(Xi-µ)2 /(n-1) = 58410.438/(31-1) = 44.125 mm

From Gumbel’s Table,

For Yn = 0.5371
Sn = 1.1159
we have,
yt = -ln (ln×(T/T-1))
For return period, T=100 year
= -ln(ln×(100/99)
= 4.6
And,
Kt = (yt – yn)/ Sn
= (4.6-0.0.5371)/1.1159
=3.6409
K100 = 3.6409

X100 = µ + K100 ×
= 138.636 + 3.6409 × 44.125
= 299.2907 mm

L= length of stream = 6515.11 m

H= difference in elevation of remotest point of the basin and outlet in m
= 1054 -167
= 887 m
S=slope of stream = H/L
= 887/6515.11
= 0.136145

Tc = 0.019478 L0.77 S-0.385

= 0.0189478 × 6515.110.77 × 0.136145-0.385

= 36.2805 min

= 0.6047 hrs
19
I = (X100 /24) × (24/tc)2/3

= (299.2907/24)×(24/0.6047)2/3

=145.098 mm/hr

Q= CIA/360

= (0.1196×145.098×14.2609×100)/360

= 68.74 m3/s

WECS Method
Water and Energy Commission Secretariat has published a regional hydrological analysis report
according to which the flood flows in any river of catchment area below 3000m of elevation, is
given by

Q100 = 14.63×(A3000+1)0.7342

Where the subscript 100 stands for the return periods in number of years

And, A= Catchment Area in sq. Km.

Q100 = 14.63×(14.2609+1)0.7342 = 108.2 m3/s

DHM 2004
The formula for 100-year return period is given by
Q100=20.7(A3000)0.72
where,
Q is design flood in (m3/s)
A3000 is basin area(km2) below 3000m

elevation. Q100 = 20.7 (14.2609)0.72 = 140.267

m3/s

20
Modified Dickens’s Method

Modified Dicken’s method is an empirical one where the peak discharge is given by:

Qpeak= CT × A 3/4

Where,

CT = 2.342×log10(0.6T) ×log10(1185/P) +4

T= Return period in years = 100 years

P = 100(As+6)/(A+As)

As= Snow covered catchment = 0

A= Catchment area in sq. km = 14.2609 sq. km

Then,

P= 100(0+6)/(14.2609+0) = 42.073

CT=2.342×log10(0.6T) ×log10(1185/P) +4

= 2.342×log10(0.6×100) ×log10(1185/42.073) +4

= 10.037

Qpeak= CT × A 3/4 = 10.037 × 14.2609 3/4 = 73.657 m3/s

Fuller’s method

Q = Cf ×A0.8(1+0.8log10T)

Where,

Q = Maximum discharge in m3/s

Cf = a constant which varies from 0.18 to 1.88

T= Return period in years

A = Catchment area in sq. km

21
 We have,

A = 14.2609 sq. km

Cf = 0.18 - 1.88 (1.45 for Nepal)

Then,

Q = 1.45 × 14.26090.8(1+0.8log10(100))

= 31.598 m3/s

Ryves Formula

Qp = CR x A2/3

Where,

Qp= Maximum flood discharge (m3/s)

CR= Ryves coefficient = 10.2 (for Nepal)

A = Area of catchment in sq.km

Qp = 10.2×14.26092/3 = 59.983 m3/s

Table. Summary of design flood discharge from various methods

S.N
Method Used Calculated Discharge, Q (cumecs)
.

1 Rational Method 68.74

2 WECS Method 108.2

3 DHM 2004 140.267

4 Modified Dicken’s Method 73.657

5 Fuller’s Method 31.598

6 Ryves Formula 59.983

22
Among six methods, highest value of discharge obtained from DHM 2004 has been used as
design discharge.

Hence, Design discharge (Qd) = 140.267 𝑚3/𝑠

Hydraulic Design
HFL Calculation

Manning's Rugosity coefficient, n = 0.033

Slope of River Bed, 𝑆0 = 0.02103

HFL has been calculated on trial and error basis using available cross-section and assuming HFL.

Assuming a numbers of HFLs and calculating discharge at those HFLs using AutoCAD, the
following curve has been obtained:

Stage n S A P R Q
0.03
149 0.02103 0.26364 3.47645 0.07584 0.207567318
3
0.03
149.1 0.02103 0.75096 6.64277 0.11305 0.771554479
3
0.03
149.2 0.02103 1.58279 10.0523 0.15746 2.028159713
3
0.03
149.3 0.02103 2.89751 15.2004 0.19062 4.217382433
3
0.03
149.4 0.02103 4.50907 17.7323 0.25429 7.953170465
3
0.03
149.5 0.02103 6.31636 19.1488 0.32986 13.25121595
3
0.03
149.6 0.02103 8.321 21.1491 0.39344 19.63377909
3

23
 0.03
149.7 0.02103 10.5238 23.4751 0.4483 27.08862722
3
0.03
149.8 0.02103 12.9167 25.0055 0.51656 36.54296121
3
0.03
149.9 0.02103 15.4965 26.8895 0.5763 47.1600393
3
0.03
150 0.02103 18.2652 28.9079 0.63184 59.10220459
3
0.03
150.1 0.02103 21.2531 31.212 0.68093 72.28746893
3
0.03
150.2 0.02103 24.47 33.5162 0.73009 87.18825168
3
0.03
150.3 0.02103 28.0515 37.1612 0.75486 102.1974736
3
0.03
150.4 0.02103 31.8851 40.419 0.78886 119.6266631
3
0.03
150.5 0.02103 43.7021 78.1215 0.55941 130.3855581
3
0.03
150.527 0.02103 45.8122 78.7541 0.58171 140.2893676
3
0.03
150.6 0.02103 51.6018 80.4645 0.6413 168.6338136
3
0.03
150.7 0.02103 59.7338 82.8074 0.72136 211.1345417
3
0.03
150.8 0.02103 73.4004 108.91 0.67396 247.9468705
3
0.03
150.9 0.02103 84.3204 110.027 0.76636 310.3091842
3
0.03
151 0.02103 95.3255 110.872 0.85978 378.7667648
3

24
 Rating Curve
151.5

151

150.5
Stage (m)

150

149.5

149

148.5
0 50 100 150 200 250 300 350 400
Discharge (cumecs)

Assuming HFL at 150.527 m and using AutoCAD, the following parameters has been

obtained: Area, A = 45.8122 𝑚2

Wetted Perimeter, P = 78.7541 m

Hydraulic Radius, 𝑅 = = = 0.58171 𝑚

𝐴 45.8122

𝑃 78.7541

Using Manning's formula, 𝑉 = × 𝑅3 × 𝑆2

1 2
1 2 1

0
× (0.58171)3 × (0.02103)2 =
𝑛 0.03
= 3
3.062269317 m/s

Discharge, Q = A × V = 140.289 cumecs ≈ 140.267 𝑚3/𝑠

Hence, HFL at design discharge can be taken as 150.527 m.

However, surveying was carried out in site during site visit to check the provided data and
suitability of calculated HFL and the HFL in present condition was found to be 150.558 m. In
this scenario, as the observed HFL is more than that calculated above, observed HFL has been
taken as design HFL for the bridge design.

So, Design HFL = 150.558 m

25
 Reduced level

0
2.658
3.875
7.692
10.392
13.797
19.417
27.851
31.496
37.783
43.321
50.212
57.751
62.495
67.223
73.546
78.035
83.624
90.069
96.972
102.336
103.839
105.064
Distance

Figure. Cross-section of river at proposed bridge site

Lowest bed level of river at bridge site = 148.111m,

Maximum depth of flow = 150.558 – 148.111 = 2.447m.

Linear Waterway Calculation

Maximum Design Discharge (𝑸𝑫) = 1.3 × 140.267 = 182.347 cumecs.

Linear waterway has been calculated by following formulae:

Lacey's Formula

Linear waterway, P = K √𝑄𝐷

Here, value of K has been taken as 4.8.

∴ P = 4.8 × √182.347 = 64.817 m

As per the clause 106.5.1.10, IRC 05: 2015, the waterway, as worked out from the formula or
decided otherwise, should be compared with linear waterway at HFL corresponding to the design
flood discharge. The linear waterway at HFL (150.558m) has been found to be 78.463m from
AutoCAD.

So, Linear Waterway = 64.817m

26
Check for afflux

The afflux is measured by difference in levels of water surfaces upstream and downstream of
bridge after the construction of structure, which can be calculated by following formula:

Afflux in m, h = (V2 /17.88 + 0.015) × ((A/a)2 – 1)

𝐷𝑖𝑠𝑐ℎ𝑎𝑟
𝑉 = 𝑣𝑒𝑙𝑜𝑐𝑖𝑡𝑦 𝑜𝑓 𝑛𝑜𝑟𝑚𝑎𝑙 𝑓𝑙𝑜𝑤 𝑖𝑛 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑔𝑒
𝑠𝑡𝑟𝑒𝑎𝑚 =
𝐶𝑟𝑜𝑠𝑠 − 𝑠𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛𝑎𝑙 𝑎𝑟𝑒𝑎
140.26 𝑜𝑓 𝑓𝑙𝑜𝑤
7
=
45.812
2

= 3.062m/s

A = Unobstructed sectional area of river at proposed site = 45.8122 sq.m.

Assume pier width = 3.5m

Area of submerged pier section = 2.447 × 3.5 = 8.5645 sq.m.

a = Constricted area of river at proposed site = 45.8122-8.5645 = 37.2477 sq.m.

So, h = (3.0622 /17.88 + 0.015) × ((45.8122/37.2477)2 – 1) = 0.2766m

∴ Afflux, h= 0.2766m

Freeboard

As per Hydrological guidelines, minimum freeboard (vertical clearance) between the HFL and
the elevation of the lowermost part of the bridge superstructure is taken as 1.5m for Nepal.
Hence, freeboard of 1.5m has been provided.

Scour depth calculation

Linear waterway, B = 64.817m

Discharge per unit effective width, Db =

𝑄
= = 2.164 𝑐𝑢𝑚𝑒𝑐𝑠/𝑚
140.267
𝐵 64.81
7
27
Mean particle size obtained from Geotechnical Report provided by the LRBP,

28
i.e., d50 = 2mm

Lacey's Silt factor, ksf = 1.76√𝑑𝑚𝑚 = 1.76 × √2 = 2.489

Laceys Formula

Scour Depth (dsm) = 1.34×(Db2/ksf)1/3 = 1.34×(2.1642/2.489)1/3 =

1.654m Maximum scour depth below HFL = 2.5+2.447 = 4.947m

Maximum scour depth for abutment = 1.27 × dsm = 1.27 × 1.654 = 2.1006 m

Maximum scour depth for pier = 2 × dsm = 2 × 1.654 = 3.308 m

Table. Summary of Hydraulic Design Calculation

S.N Parameter Value

1 Slope at proposed bridge site 0.02103

2 HFL 150.558 m

3 Linear Waterway 64.817 m

4 Afflux 0.2766 m

5 Freeboard 1.5 m

6 Maximum scour depth for abutment 2.1006m

7 Maximum scour depth for pier 3.308m

8 RL of bottom of superstructure = HFL + 152.634 m

Freeboard

29
3.4 Traffic study Data

The traffic statistics for the design have not been included during the planning of lane width and
any other traffic component of the bridge since the project site is a rural roadway without a
system for tracking traffic volume. The minimum carriageway width for agricultural roads
should be 6m, according to Nepal Rural Road Standard 2071. So, the bridge has been designed
to have a clear carriageway of 6.0m width.

3.5 Design Data

Design Discharge, Q = 140.267 cumecs

Design HFL = 150.558 m

RL of deepest point of river = 148.111 m

Linear water way provided = 64.817 m

Maximum scour depth for abutment = 2.1006 m

Maximum scour depth for pier = 3.308 m

Allowable bearing capacity of soil = 400 kPa

Depth of Foundation for Abutment on both banks

RL of bottom of foundation of abutment = 142.41 m

Therefore, depth of foundation below HFL = 8.15 m

Depth of Foundation for pier

RL of pier foundation = 141.63 m

Therefore, depth of foundation below HFL = 8.93 m

3.6 Field Observation Data

As stated before, the site visit has been conducted at early stage of hydraulic design. As field
verification is mandatory for design, it has been possible to correlate the outcomes of the field

30
visit

31
data with the later design stages. And the assumed parameters have been checked with the out
comings of the site visit and everything seems as expected.

3.6.1 Topographical Survey

(i) River bank topography

Observation over the upstream to 300m and downstream to 200m from the bridge axis was done.
The river has banks with boulder on both sides throughout the observed upstream and
downstream length of river. At the survey time, the streams from upstream were combined below
downstream near proposed bridge site to form single river course and the topography of the site
shows that there is no possibility of change in course of river. People travel through river during
dry season but during wet season transportation becomes very challenging. We could observe
boulder and gravel with little sands on the river.

(ii) X-Sectioning and Flood Marks

After the topographic observation of the river bank, X-sectioning was performed along the
bridge axis using surveying instruments. Level was taken along the bridge axis on both the banks
of river at interval of 2m and also at the points with major change in ground level. In addition to
X- sectioning, the river water flow level at the time of survey and the High Flood Level were
observed and their level were worked out.

(iii)Approach Road Condition

The approach road, which is a part of Beltar-Besaha Road Alignment, is a bumpy earthen road.
At the time of survey, the approach road is not linked directly to the bridge axis. The existing
roads are connected across the river bed to allow the transportation of excavator and other
construction machines and equipment. The road connects Haripur and Uchalne in Udayapur
district.

32
4. SELECTION OF BRIDGE TYPE

The selection for the type of bridge is governed by the geography of site, loading, aesthetics and
the cost incorporated in its design and construction. Based on these main factors, following
alternatives have been developed:

4.1 Possible Bridge Types and Their Span Arrangement

Single Span: PSC Arch Bridge of 105m

The log of boreholes at both left and right banks of the river shows very dense sandy silty
Gravels and Boulders at depth below 8m from surface, which provides an unyielding foundation
for building the abutments for arch bridge on both banks. In addition, arch bridge is suitable for
major bridge of span 105m.

Single Span: Steel Truss Bridge of 105m

Construction of Steel Truss Bridge is also feasible in the location suitable for construction of
Arch Bridges. Since, no greater vertical clearance is possible below the bridge while selecting
deck type Truss Bridge, through-type Steel Truss Bridge can be one of the best alternatives.

Three Span: PSC T-girder of 35m each

The log of borehole at center of river cross section shows presence of very dense sandy silty
Gravels with Boulders at any depth below the surface, which provides appropriate foundation for
laying a pier at center. Also, simplicity and economy in design and construction of two span RC
T-girder bridge makes it one of the best alternatives.

Three Spans: Two spans of RC T-girder 15m each with middle span of Steel Truss type of
20m

Longer span of T-girder Bridge as mentioned above would exert larger loads on the pier and
make it unstable. So, introducing an additional pier and providing steel truss type span at middle

33
span of

34
20m will decrease the load on each pier and make it more stable. Also, this type of bridge and
span arrangement allows the operation of heavy loaded vehicles.

Single Span: Pre-stressed Concrete Bridge of 50m

Although construction expenses are costlier than RCC type, it can be one of the alternatives as it
offers less construction time, higher durability, better rider serviceability, and higher strength-
weight ratio.

Double Span: Composite Bridge of 25m each

Being light in structure and offering higher stiffness, higher resistance to seismic and cycle
loading, it is also one of the possible alternatives as it reduces foundation depth and decreases
cost of construction.

Among the possible alternatives, PSC T-Beam Bridge of 35m span has been chosen for the
design considering economy and ease in construction.

35
5. BRIDGE TYPE AND PRELIMINARY DESIGN

5.1 Bridge Type and Span Arrangement

PSC T-Beam Bridge of 70m with two span each of 35m has been proposed for the site.

5.2 Material Selection

Considering the overall economy and design requirements along with available construction
technologies, recent construction practices, and available and applicable literatures, following
materials have been selected for the design of super structure in this project:

✔ Concrete- Standard concrete of M30 grade

✔ Rebar- Thermo-Mechanically Treated (TMT)-500D
✔ Wearing Course- Asphalt Concrete
✔ Rails in Railing Post- GI heavy steel pipe

5.3 Material Properties

Properties of Concrete

Characteristic compressive strength, 𝑓𝑐𝑘 = 30

N/mm2 Modulus of elasticity, EC = 5000 × √𝑓𝑐𝑘

EC = 5000 × √30 = 27386.127 N/mm2

Flexural Strength, fCr = 0.7 × √𝑓𝑐𝑘

fCr = 0.7 × √30 = 3.834 N/mm2

Total Shrinkage Strain = 0.0003

Poisson’s ratio of concrete = 0.15

Permissible bearing stress = 0.25𝑓𝑐𝑘 (Working stress method) and 0.45𝑓𝑐𝑘 (Limit
state method) = 0.45 × 30 = 13.5 N/mm2

36
Properties of TMT steel

Characteristic yield stress, fy = 500 N/mm2

Mass per unit volume i.e., unit weight = 7850 Kg/m3

Modulus of elasticity = 2 × 105MPa

Poisson ratio = 0.3

Coefficient of thermal expansion = 12 × 10-6/0C

5.4 Preliminary sizing of Superstructure components

The preliminary sizing of various components of superstructure has been performed as per IRC
05: 2015, IRC 21: 2000, NRRS-2071, NBS-2067 and other standards as follows;

Carriage way width:

Carriage way width has been taken as 7.5m (Urban Roads).

Wearing Coat:

Asphalt concrete type wearing coat with thickness 50mm@edge and 132mm@Crown resulting
2.5% camber has been provided.

Railing and Post:

Minimum height of railings above the adjacent roadway or kerb surface = 1.1m

Spacing of railing post = 1750mm c/c

Provide RC railing post of 175mm × 175mm × 1100mm @1750mm c/c spacing (i.e 21 in
numbers per span in each side)

Provide 3-48.5mm diameter GI heavy steel pipe rails @4.37kg/m, thickness 4.0mm.

Adopt center of bottom rail above kerb @ 275.0mm distance.

37
Footpath:

Width of Footpath:

Outward projections from railing post = 50.0mm

Width of railing post =200.0mm

Minimum width of Kerb from face of railing = 225.0mm

Width of Kerb = Projection + Width of railing post + Minimum clearance from post

= 50.0 + 200.0 + 225.0 = 475.0mm

= 0.475m

Minimum width of clear Kerb = 0.60m

Adopt total width of Kerb = 0.85 m with clear Kerb width of 0.6m.

Height of Footpath:

Minimum height of Kerb from finished surface = 0.225m.

Adopt height of Kerb = 0.275 m.

Drainage Spout

Provide standard type of drainage spout @ 3.0m c/c.

Slab Deck

Minimum depth of the slab deck at intermediate part = 250.0mm

Depth at the tip of the cantilever part can be reduced up to 50.0mm than that of intermediate part.
So, minimum depth of slab at tip of cantilever part =200.0mm.

Provide deck slab depth of 250.0mm at intermediate part and 250.0mm at cantilever part.

Main Girder
Minimum thickness (width) of the web = 300 mm
Provide width of web, bw = 300 mm

Flange width= 200 mm

38
Deflection control criteria:
Span/effective depth = 10 to 15 (usually taken as 12)
Span, l1 = 35.0m
Effective depth = 35.0/12 = 2.916 m
Adopt effective depth = 3m.

Number of main girders: Provide 4 numbers of main girders

Provide 850mm cantilever on both ends

𝑇𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑙 𝑤𝑖𝑑𝑡ℎ 𝑜𝑓 𝑏𝑟𝑖𝑑𝑔𝑒 𝑑𝑒𝑐𝑘 – 2 × 𝑐𝑎𝑛𝑡𝑖𝑙𝑒𝑣𝑒𝑟

Spacing of girders = 𝑁𝑜.𝑜𝑓 𝑚𝑎𝑖𝑛 𝑔𝑖𝑟𝑑𝑒𝑟𝑠 –1

Spacing of girders = 10– 2 × 1.25

4 –1 =2.5m.

Cross Girder

Minimum thickness (width) of the web = 300.0mm

Provide width of web, bw = 300.0mm
Depth of intermediate cross girders ≥ ¾ of the depth of main girder ≥ 1500.0mm

Adopt, depth of intermediate cross girder = 1500.0mm

And,
Depth of end cross girders = (50-60) % of the depth of main girder
Adopt, depth of end cross girder = 1000.0mm

39
 Number of cross girders: Provide 5 numbers of cross girders
𝑆𝑝𝑎𝑛
𝑁𝑜.𝑜𝑓 𝑐𝑟𝑜𝑠𝑠 𝑔𝑖𝑟𝑑𝑒𝑟𝑠 –1
Spacing of cross girders =

Spacing of cross girders = 35.0

5 –1 = 8.75m
C/C spacing of cross girders = 8.75 m

6. Analysis and Design of Bridge

6.1 Analysis and Design of Superstructure

6.1.1 Design of Cantilever Slab

There are two cantilever slabs on either side of two main girders at the edge. Both of the
cantilever slabs are similar/identical in terms of support conditions, loadings, materials and
dimensions. For the analysis of cantilever slab, effective width method has been used. Design is
based on Limit State Design Methods of IRC 112:2000.

Figure Cantilever Portion of slab

Bending moment and shear force due to dead load

For unit width of cantilever slab, dead loads considering self-weight of slab, railing (GI pipe) and
RC post has been calculated and then moment due to these dead loads about the fixed end of
cantilever slab i.e., at the face of main girder has been computed.
40
 Table Calculation of responses due to dead load on cantilever portion of bridge

Width Depth Dead load lever Moment

DLS No Area
(W) m (d) m kN/m arm (kNm/m)

Slab 1.25 0.25 1 0.3 7.5 0.6 4.5

Fillet 0.45 0.15 1 0.034 0.84375 0.15 0.1265625
Footpath 1.025 0.275 1 0.268 6.703125 0.7125 4.77597656
Railing 0.175 1.1 21 0.116 2.31 1.11 2.5641
Surfacing 0.225 0.075 1 0.017 0.3375 0.1125 0.03796875

Total Shear Force = 20.8kN/m

Total Bending moment = 14.15 kNm/m

Bending moment and shear force due to live load

For effective spans of over 30m, the intensity of load shall be determined by equation:

𝑃 = (𝑃′ − 260 + )*( )

4800 16.5−𝑊

𝐿 15

𝑃 = (500 − 260 + )*( )

4800 16.5-0.975
= 390.34 kg/m2
35 15

= 3.90 kN/m2

where,

P’ =500kg/m2

P =live load in kg/m2

L =effective span of the main

girder W =width of the footway in m

Shear force at the face of rib = Intensity of load × Clear walking footpath width

= 3.90× 1.2 = 4.68 KN/m

41
Lever Arm=(𝑊𝑖𝑑𝑡ℎ 𝑜𝑓 𝑓𝑜𝑜𝑡𝑝𝑎𝑡ℎ− 𝑊𝑖𝑑𝑡ℎ 𝑜𝑓 𝑟𝑎𝑖𝑙𝑖𝑛𝑔)
2
+ Distance without considering footpath

=0.975 + 0.225 = 0.7125 m

2

Bending moment at face of rib = 6.703125*0.7125 = 4.8kN-m/m

Live load per unit width of slab is calculated placing a wheel of 114 KN Axle for class A
loading. Live load per unit width of slab is found by dividing live load by effective width of slab
‘beff’.

beff = 1.2a + b1 ≤ 𝑙 /3

Where, a= the distance of the centre of gravity of the concentrated load from the face of the
cantilever support = 0.0375 m

Breadth of concentration area of load (b1) = width of tire contact area+2 x Thickness of Wearing
Coat = 0.25+2 × 0.075 = 0.4 m

beff = 1.2a + b1 ≤ 𝑙 /3

= 1.2 x0.0375 + 0.4 = 0.445 m ≥ 1.2 = 0.40 m

3

Taking minimum, beff = 0.40 m

4.5
Impact factor =
6+35
= 0.109

(57∗(1+𝑖𝑚𝑝𝑎𝑐𝑡 𝑓𝑎𝑐𝑡𝑜𝑟)) (57∗(1+0.109)

Live load per unit width with impact = 𝑇yre 𝑤𝑖𝑑𝑡ℎ 𝑜𝑓 𝑣𝑒ℎ𝑖𝑐𝑙𝑒 = 0.500

= 126.426 KN (acts at 0.0375 m from support)

Moment due to loading = Live load per unit width with impact × 0.0375 =134.064 × 0.0375

= 5.028 KNm

42
 Calculation of shear force and bending moment per unit width strip

Load Moment kNm Shear kN

Self-Weight 11.962 14.33
Surfacing 0.3375 0.038
Live 2.43 3.4125
Pedestrian 2.5 3.7

Different Combination Factored Moments & Shear Force

Load Combinations
ULS ULS SLS SLS SLS
Basic Seismic Rare Freq. Quasi
1.35 1.35 1 1 1
1.75 1.75 1.2 1.2 1.2
1.5 0.2 1 0.75 0
1.15 0.2 0.75 0.2 0

Factored
Moment 27.446 20.91589 19.67296 17.33361 14.59306
Factored
Shear 33.96719 24.58471 24.26446 20.85648 16.96321

Factored Design Moment = 27.44 kNm

Flexure Design

Width of slab = 1000 mm

Depth of slab = 250 mm

Area (Ac) = 250000 mm2

Fcd = 0.446× fck =13.38 N/mm2
.

43
Design of Slab
Ecu2 = 0.0035
Fck = 30 MPa
0.446×fck = 13.98
N/mm2 Xu = 115.63 mm
0.446×Xu =0.446*115.63=51.57 mm
Depth =250 mm
Clear cover =40 mm
Effective cover =Depth-Clear Cover-Diameter of rebar/2 = 46 mm
Effective depth(d)=Depth-Effective Cover = 204 mm
Breadth of slab (Bw) =1000 mm
β1 = 0.80952
β2= 0.41597
Compressive Force(C) = β1×0.446Fck×bw×Xu = 1252.43 kN
Cg from steel level =d-0.416Xu = 155.9mm
Mulim = C×CG from steel level/1000 = 195.25 kNm

Our design moment is 27.44 kN but we get limiting moment as 195.25 kN which is very high.
So, we have to increase tensile strain of steel in such a way that our neutral axis shifts upward
and Xu value then Mulim value is decreased respectively.
Ecu2 = 0.0035
Fck = 30 MPa
0.446×fck = 13.98
N/mm2 Xu = 12.78 mm

0.416×Xu = 5.32 mm
Depth = 250 mm
Clear cover = 40 mm
Effective cover =Depth-Clear Cover-Diameter of rebar/2 = 46 mm
Effective depth = Depth-Effective Cover = 204 mm
Bw = 1000 mm

44
β1 = 0.80952

45
β2 = 0.41597
C = β1×0.446Fck×bw×Xu = 138.425 kN
Cg from steel level =d-0.416Xu = 198.68 mm
Mulim = C×CG from steel level/1000 = 27.5kNm
(which is equal to our design moment)

Reinforcement:
Fe = 500 N/mm2
Fyd = 434.78 N/mm2
Steel Required = Compressive Force×1000/ Fyd = 318.38 mm2
Tensile steel as per code
Fctm= 0.259×fck2/3 = 2.501
Fyk = 500 N/mm2
0.26×Fctm/Fyk = 0.00130
Min. Asmin = min(0.26Fctm/Fyk,0.00130) = 0.00130
Minimum Area of steel = 0.0013×d×bw = 265.265
mm2 Area of concrete (Ac) = D×bw = 250000 mm2
Maximum Area of steel = 0.025Ac = 6250 mm2
Since, steel required is more than minimum area of steel, we are adapting required area of steel.
Required Ast = 318.38 mm2
=12mm Ф @ 355.22 mm c/c spacing
Provided Ast = 12mm Ф @ 150mm c/c spacing
Therefore, area of steel provided=753.980 mm2 (>318.18 mm2, <6250 mm2) (ok)

Distribution Reinforcement
Required Ast = 20% of 753.980 mm2
= 12mm Ф @ 750 mm c/c spacing
Provided Ast = 12mm Ф @ 300 mm c/c spacing

46
Check for Shear

Minimum Axial (Ned) = 0 KN

Width = 1000 mm

Depth = 250

Effective depth = 250 – 46 = 204 mm

Fck = 30 MPa

ρl = Ast/(bw×d) = 0.0036<0.02
k =1+ (200/d)0.5 =1.9901 <2
γmin = 0.031k3/2 ck
f 1/2 = 0.4766
γRd, c, min = γmin +0.15 σcp = .4769
𝑣𝑅𝑑.𝑐 = [0.12(80𝜌1 ∗ 𝑓𝑐𝑘)0.33 + 0.15𝜎𝑐𝑝 ]= [0.12(80×0.0021×30)0.33+.15*.002]
=0.244 N/mm2
VRd,c = 0.244 × 1000× 204 = 168.800 kN > (167 kN)

Check Crack Width

Bending Moment for crack width check (Mc)=27.44kN-m

Area of Steel provided (As) = 753.98 mm2

Width of slab (bw) =1000 mm
Total Depth(D) =250
Effective Depth(d) = D-Effective cover = 250-46 = 204 mm
Xu =12.78 mm
Lever arm(z) = d-0.416 Xu = 198.6mm
Hc, eff = 2.5(h-d)
=2.5×(250-204) =115 mm
=(h-x)/3
= (250-12.78)/3 = 79.07mm
= h/2

47
= 250/2 = 125 mm

48
 Ac, eff = min (Hc, eff) ×Bw
=79.07×1000
=79070mm2

Es = 200000 MPa (N/mm2)

Actual Stress(σsc) = Mc ×106/ (As× z) = 183.25 N/mm2
Kt = 0.5
Fcm = fck+10 = 40MPa
Fct, eff = 0.259×(Fck)2/3
= 0.259× (30)2/3 =2.5
Ecm = 22×(fcm/12.5)0.3×1000MPa(N/mm2)
=31187 MPa
ρ1, eff = As/Ac, eff =753.98/79070 = 0.00953
αe = Es/Ecm = 200000/31187 = 6.413
𝑓𝑐𝑡, eff
𝜎 − ∗
+𝛼 ∗ (1 ∗ 𝜎𝑠𝑐
𝜀𝑠𝑚 − 𝜀𝑐𝑚 𝑠𝑐 𝑘𝑡 𝜌𝑝,𝑒𝑓𝑓 𝜌𝑝,𝑒𝑓𝑓) ≥ 0.6
𝑒 𝐸𝑠
=
𝐸
εsm-εcm= 0.000846 > 0.000549 𝑠

c = 40mm
Sr, max = 3.4c+0.17×Φ/Ρ1, eff) =3.4×40+0.17×12/0.00953
= 350.1 mm
Crack width = Sr,max×(εsm-εcm)
= 350.1 × 0.000846
= 0.296mm < 0.3mm (ok for severe case)

Design of Restrained Slab

There are four longitudinal & five cross girder.

Wearing Coat = 0 .075 m
Carriageway width = 7.5m
Web thickness of girder (At mid Section) = 0.3 m
slab thickness = 0.250 m
49
C/C spacing of longitudinal girder = 2.5 m
C/C

50
spacing of Cross girder = 8.75 m

Size of slab along longer direction = 8.75-2×0.3/2 = 8.45 m Size

of slab along shoter direction= 2.2 m

Size of panel is 8.45 m × 2.2 m

Bending moment and Shear force due to dead load

Dead load calculation for a slab

𝑆𝑖𝑧𝑒 𝑜𝑓 𝑠𝑙𝑎𝑏 𝑎𝑙𝑜𝑛𝑔 𝑙𝑜𝑛𝑔𝑒𝑟

𝑑𝑖𝑟𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛
𝑆𝑖𝑧𝑒 𝑜𝑓 𝑠𝑙𝑎𝑏 𝑎𝑙𝑜𝑛𝑔 𝑠ℎ𝑜𝑡𝑒𝑟
Length/breath= =
8.45
=3.841> 2 (one way slab)
𝑑𝑖𝑟𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 2.2

Dead wt of slab = 6.25 kN/m2

Dead wt. of wearing course = 1.65 kN/m2

Total Dead load = 7.9 kN/m2

For 1m span along 8.45 m

Dead load BM = 4.8 kN-m/m
Dead load SF =8.7 kN/m

Live Load Calculation

For b/l = 3.841; α = 2.6

IRC Class A Loading

For Bending moment due to live load

Wheel load(kN) = 57 kN

C/C spacing of load(m) =1.2m

Width of tire contact area (B) = 0.25 m

Length of tire contact(W) = 0.5 m

Breadth of concentration area of load (b1) = width of tire contact area + 2 x Thickness of
Wearing Coat = 0.25+2×0.075 = 0.4m

51
Distance of C.G. of concentrated load from the nearer support (a) =Size of slab along shoter
direction/2 = 1.1 m
(𝑎)
Effective width of slab on which load acts (beff) = α x a x (1 −
𝑆𝑖𝑧𝑒 𝑜𝑓 𝑠𝑙𝑎𝑏 𝑎𝑙𝑜𝑛𝑔 𝑠ℎ𝑜𝑡𝑒𝑟 𝑑𝑖𝑟𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛) +b1

=1.813 m

Effective length(m)= length of tire contact +2 x (Thickness of slab+ Thickness of WC)

=0.5 + 2 × (0.25+0.075) =1.15m

Effective width (m) = beff + c/c spacing of load = 1.813 + 1.2 = 3.013 m

(𝑊ℎ𝑒𝑒𝑙 𝑙𝑜𝑎𝑑+𝑤ℎ𝑒𝑒𝑙 𝑙𝑜𝑎𝑑)

Intensity of load = (𝐸𝑓𝑓𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑖𝑣𝑒 (57+57)
= (1.15∗3.01 = 32.9 kN/m
2

𝑤𝑖𝑑𝑡ℎ∗𝐸𝑓𝑓𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑖𝑣𝑒 𝑙𝑒𝑛𝑔𝑡ℎ) 3)

Max. BM =

𝐼𝑛𝑡𝑒𝑛𝑠𝑖𝑡𝑦 𝑜𝑓 𝑙𝑜𝑎𝑑∗𝐸𝑓𝑓𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑖𝑣𝑒 𝑙𝑒𝑛𝑔𝑡ℎ∗𝑆𝑖𝑧𝑒 𝑜𝑓 𝑠𝑙𝑎𝑏 𝑎𝑙𝑜𝑛𝑔 𝑠ℎ𝑜𝑡𝑒𝑟 𝑑𝑖𝑟𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛

( 4 )–
𝐼𝑛𝑡𝑒𝑛𝑠𝑖𝑡𝑦 𝑜𝑓 𝑙𝑜𝑎𝑑∗(𝐸𝑓𝑓𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑖𝑣𝑒 𝑙𝑒𝑛𝑔𝑡ℎ)^2
( 8 ) = 15.37kNm/m

Continuity factor= 0.8

4.5
(6+𝑆𝑖𝑧𝑒 𝑜𝑓 𝑠𝑙𝑎𝑏 𝑎𝑙𝑜𝑛𝑔 𝑠ℎ𝑜𝑡𝑒𝑟
Impact factor=
𝑑𝑖𝑟𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛)
= 0.549

BM including CF and IF = Max. BM x Continuity factor x (1 + Impact factor)

=15.37 x 0.8 x (1 + 0.549) = 19.047kNm/m

For Shear Force due to live Load

Wheel load(kN)= 57 kN

C/C spacing of load(m)=1.2m

Width of tire contact area (B) = 0.25 m

Length of tire contact(W) = 0.5 m

52
Breadth of concentration area of load (b1) = width of tire contact area+2 x Thickness of Wearing
Coat

= 0.25+2×0.075 = 0.4m

Distance of C.G. of concentrated load from the nearer support (a) = 1.1 m
(𝑎)
Effective width of slab on which load acts (beff) = α x a x (1 −
𝑆𝑖𝑧𝑒 𝑜𝑓 𝑠𝑙𝑎𝑏 𝑎𝑙𝑜𝑛𝑔 𝑠ℎ𝑜𝑡𝑒𝑟 𝑑𝑖𝑟𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛) +b1

=1.83m

Effective length(m)= length of tire contact +2 x (Thickness of slab+ Thickness of WC)

=0.5+2 × (0.25+0.075) =1.150 m

Effective width (m) = beff + c/c spacing of load = 1.83 + 1.2 = 3.03 m

(𝑊ℎ𝑒𝑒𝑙 𝑙𝑜𝑎𝑑+𝑤ℎ𝑒𝑒𝑙 𝑙𝑜𝑎𝑑)

Intensity of load= (𝐸𝑓𝑓𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑖𝑣𝑒 (57+57)
= (1.150∗3.03 = 32.72kN/m
2

𝑤𝑖𝑑𝑡ℎ∗𝐸𝑓𝑓𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑖𝑣𝑒 𝑙𝑒𝑛𝑔𝑡ℎ) )

𝐼𝑛𝑡𝑒𝑛𝑠𝑖𝑡𝑦 𝑜𝑓 𝑙𝑜𝑎𝑑∗𝐸𝑓𝑓𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑖𝑣𝑒 𝑙𝑒𝑛𝑔𝑡ℎ∗(𝑆𝑖𝑧𝑒 𝑜𝑓 𝑠𝑙𝑎𝑏 𝑎𝑙𝑜𝑛𝑔 𝑠ℎ𝑜𝑡𝑒𝑟 𝑑𝑖𝑟𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛−0.5∗𝑒𝑓𝑓𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑖𝑣𝑒

𝑙𝑒𝑛𝑔𝑡ℎ)
Max. SF =(
𝑠𝑖𝑧𝑒 𝑜𝑓 𝑠𝑙𝑎𝑏 𝑎𝑙𝑜𝑛𝑔 𝑠ℎ𝑜𝑟𝑡𝑒𝑟 𝑑𝑖𝑟𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛
)

=27.79 kN/m

4.5
(6+𝑆𝑖𝑧𝑒 𝑜𝑓 𝑠𝑙𝑎𝑏 𝑎𝑙𝑜𝑛𝑔 𝑠ℎ𝑜𝑡𝑒𝑟
Impact factor =
𝑑𝑖𝑟𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛)
= 0.548

SF including IF = Max. SF x (1 + Impact factor)

=27.79x (1 + 0.548) = 43.02 kN-m/m

Similarly, for other class of vehicle load calculation is done in table.

53
For Bending Moment of Live Load

IRC 70R IRC 70R IRC 70R

IRC ClassA loading
Wheel loading Track loading Bogie loading
wheel load (kN) 57.00 85.00 175.00 100.00
C/C spacing of load (m) 1.20 1.37 0.00 1.20
width of tire contact area (m) 0.25 0.25 4.57 0.25

length of tire contact area (m) 0.50 0.86 0.84 0.86

Breadth of concentration area

0.40 0.40 4.72 0.40
of load , b1 (m)

Distance of C.G. of
concentrated load from the 1.10 1.10 1.10 1.10
nearer support, a (m)

Effective width of slab on

1.91 1.93 6.25 1.93
which load acts, beff (m)

Effective length (m) 1.15 1.51 1.49 1.51

Effective width (m) 3.11 3.30 6.25 3.13
Intensity of load (kN/m2) 31.86 35.33 45.21 43.09
Max. BM (kNm/m) 14.90 19.27 24.50 23.51
Continuity factor 0.80 0.80 0.80 0.80
Impact factor 0.55 0.25 0.25 0.25

BM including CF and IF
18.46 19.27 24.50 23.51
(kNm/m)

54
For Shear Force due to live load

IRC 70R

IRC ClassA Track

IRC 70R IRC 70R
loading loading

Wheel Bogie
loading loading
wheel load (kN) 57 85 175 100
C/C spacing of load (m) 1.2 1.37 0 1.2

length of tire contact area (m) 0.25 0.25 4.57 0.25

width of tire contact area (m) 0.5 0.86 0.84 0.86

Breadth of
Concentration 0.4 0.4 4.72 0.4
area of load , b1 (m)

Distance of C.G. of concentrated load

from the nearer support, a (m)

1.1 0.755 0.745 0.755

Effective width of slab on which load
acts, beff (m) 1.9312 1.78058 6.09172 1.78058
Effective length (m) 1.15 1.51 1.49 1.51
Effective width (m) 3.1312 3.15058 6.09172 2.98058
Intensity of load (kN/m2) 26.6280482 36.4762 46.1637 44.5377
Max. SF (kN/m) 30.3608918 54.7358 68.4452 66.9087
Impact factor 0.541 0.25 0.25 0.25

SF including IF (kN/m)
46.7861343 68.4198 85.5565 83.6359

55
Maximum Bending Moment and Shear Force due to live load
ULS SLS SLS
Mome Mome
Lo ULS Seismi SLS
nt Freq. Quasi Load nt
ad Basic c Rare
kNm kNm
Self-
4.8 1.35 1.35 1 1 1 Self-Weight 8.7
Weight

Surfacing 0.98 1.75 1.75 1.2 1.2 1.2 Surfacing 3.42

Live 24.5 1.5 0.2 1 0.75 0 Live 85.56

Factore
d 44.94 30.47 24.35
13.095 5.976
Mome 5 6 1
nt
Factore 146.0 98.36 76.97 12.80
34.842
d Shear 7 4 4 4

Factored Design Moment = 44.945 kNm

Flexure Design

Design of Slab
Ecu2 =0.0035
Fck =30 MPa

49
0.446×fck =13.98 N/mm2
Xu =126 mm

49
0.416×Xu = 52.340 mm
Depth = 250 mm
Clear cover = 40 mm
Effective cover = Depth-Clear Cover-Diameter of rebar/2 = 46 mm
Effective depth(d) = Depth-Effective Cover = 204 mm
Breadth of slab (Bw) = 1000 mm
β1 = 0.80952
β2 = 0.41597
Compressive Force(C) = β1×0.446Fck×bw×Xu = 1362.700 kN
Cg from steel level =d-0.416Xu = 151.700 mm
Mulim = C×CG from steel level/1000 = 206.680 kNm

Our design moment is 44.945 kN but we get limiting moment as 206.680 kN which is very high.
So, we have to increase tensile strain of steel in such a way that our neutral axis shifts upward
and Xu value then Mulim value is decreased respectively.

Ecu2 = 0.0035
Fck =30 MPa
0.446×fck = 13.98
N/mm2 Xu = 21.32 mm
0.416×Xu = 8.87 mm
Depth = 250 mm
Clear cover = 40 mm
Effective cover = Depth-Clear Cover-Diameter of rebar/2 = 46 mm
Effective depth = Depth-Effective Cover = 204 mm
Bw =1000 mm
β1 =0.80952
β2 =0.41597
C = β1×0.446Fck×bw×Xu = 230.92 kN
Cg from steel level =d-0.416Xu = 195.13 mm
Mulim =C×CG from steel level/1000 = 45.24 kNm (which is nearly equal to our design moment)
50
Reinforcement:
Fe = 500 N/mm2
Fyd = 434.78 N/mm2
Steel Required= Compressive Force×1000/ Fyd = 531.12 mm2
Tensile steel as per code
Fctm = 0.259×fck2/3 = 2.501
Fyk = 500 N/mm2
0.26×Fctm/Fyk = 0.00130
Min. Asmin = min(0.26Fctm/Fyk,0.00130) = 0.00130
Minimum Area of steel = 0.0013×d×bw = 265.265
mm2 Area of concrete (Ac) = D×bw = 250000 mm2
Maximum Area of steel = 0.025Ac = 6250 mm2
Since, steel required is more than minimum area of steel, we are adapting required area of steel.

Required Ast =531.12 mm2

=12mm Ф @ 212.94mm c/c spacing
Provided Ast =12mm Ф @ 150mm c/c spacing
Therefore, area of steel provided=753.980 mm2 (>531.12 mm2, <6250 mm2) (ok)

Distribution Reinforcement
Required Ast =20% of 753.980 mm2
=12mm Ф @ 750 mm c/c spacing
Provided Ast =12mm Ф @ 300 mm c/c spacing

Check for Shear

Minimum Axial (Ned) = 0 KN

Width = 1000 mm

Depth = 250 +150 = 400 mm

Effective depth = 400 – 46 = 354 mm

51
Fck = 30 MPa
ρl = Ast/(bw×d) = 0.0021 < 0.02
k = 1+ (200/d)0.5 = 1.9901 <2
γmin = 0.031k3/2 ck
f 1/2 = 0.4767
γRd, c, min = γmin +0.15 σcp = 0.477
𝑣𝑅𝑑.𝑐 = [0.12(80𝜌1 ∗ 𝑓𝑐𝑘)0.33 + 0.15𝜎𝑐𝑝 = (0.12×1.9901×(80×0.0021×30)0.33
=0.4092 N/mm2
VRd,c = 0.4092 × 1000× 354 = 168.800 kN > (146.07kN)

Check Crack Width

Bending Moment for crack width check (Mc)= 5.98kN-m

Area of Steel provided (As) = 753.98 mm2

Width of slab (Bw) =1000 mm
Total Depth(D) =250 + 150 = 400 mm
Effective Depth(d) =D-Effective cover =400-46 =354 mm
Xu = 14.48 mm
Lever arm(z) = d-0.416 Xu = 345.260 mm
Hc, eff =2.5(h-d)
=2.5×(400-354) =115 mm
=(h-x)/3
= (400-14.48)/3=121.9 mm
=h/2
=400/2 = 200 mm
Ac, eff =min (Hc, eff) ×Bw
=115×1000 = 115000mm2
Es =200000 MPa (N/mm2)
Actual Stress(σsc) = Mc ×106/ (As× z) = 23 N/mm2
Kt =0.5
Fcm =fck+10 = 40MPa

52
Fct, eff =0.259×(Fck)2/3
=0.259×(30)2/3 = 2.5
Ecm =22×(fcm/12.5)0.3×1000MPa(N/mm2)
=31187 MPa
ρ1, eff =As/Ac, eff =753.98/115000 = 0.0066
αe = Es/Ecm=200000/31187 = 6.413
𝑓𝑐𝑡,
𝜎 − ∗
𝛼 ∗ (1 + ∗ 𝜎𝑠𝑐
𝜀𝑠𝑚 − 𝜀𝑐𝑚 𝑠𝑐 𝑘𝑡 𝜌𝑝,𝑒𝑓𝑓 𝜌𝑝,𝑒𝑓𝑓) ≥ 0.6
𝑒
𝐸𝑠
=
𝐸
𝑠

εsm-εcm = 0.000087 > 0.000069

c = 75mm
Sr, max=3.4c+0.17×Φ/Ρ1, eff) =3.4×75+0.17×12/0.0066
=566.15 mm
Crack width=Sr,max×(εsm-εcm)
=566.15 × 0.000085
=0.048 mm < 0.3mm (ok for severe case)

53
6.1.2 Analysis and Design of Main Girders

There are three main girders, two at edge and one at the middle.

Fig. Cross Section of Main Girder at end

Fig. Cross section of Main Girder at mid

54
 Bending Moment and Shear Force Due to Dead Loads:

Bending Moment and Shear Force Due to Dead Loads = Dead loads at mid-section of main girder

Weight of slab = 10 × 0.25 × 1 × 25 = 62.5 kN/m

Weight of fillet = 1/2 × 0.45 × 0.15 × 6 × 25 = 5.06 kN/m

Weight of middle web of girder = 0.3 × 1.55 × 4 × 25 = 46.5 kN/m

Weight of bottom T of girder = (0.3+0.75)/2 × 0.15 × 4 × 25 = 7.875 kN/m

Weight of bottom of girder = 0.75 × 0.45 × 4 × 25 = 33.75 kN/m

Total weight of girder = 93.185 kN/m

Weight of railing = 2 kN/m

Weight of footpath = 1.2 × 0.275 × 2 × 25 = 16.5 kN/m

Weight of surfacing = 6 × 0.075 × 1 × 22 = 9.9 kN/m

Total load at mid-section = 182.085 kN/m

Dead loads at end(support) of main girder:

Weight of slab = 10 × 0.25 × 1 × 25 = 62.5 kN/m

Weight of girder = 0.75 × 2.15 × 4× 25 = 161.25 kN/m

Weight of railing = 2 kN/m

Weight of footpath = 1.25 × 0.275 × 2 × 25 = 16.5 kN/m

Weight of surfacing = 7.5 × 0.075 × 1 × 22 = 12.375kN/m

Total load at support = 254.625 kN/m

55
Load from cross girders:

Weight of one end cross girder = 1.7 × 0.45 × 3.3× 25 + 2 × 0.975 × 0.45 × 1.7 × 25

= 101.503 kN/m

Weight of one mid cross girder = 1.575 × 0.3 × 3.3 × 25+ 2 × 0.975 × 0.3 × 1.575 × 25
= 62.015 kN/m

Bending moment and shear force due to load from cross girder:

The self-weight of cross girders, in this case, acts at the center of main girder as concentrate load.

101.503 62.015 62.015 62.015 101.503

0 8.75 17.5 26.25 35

R1 R2

101.503*35+62.015*26.25+62.015*17.5+62.015*8.75
R = = 194.525 𝑘𝑁
35
1

R2 = 2 × 101.503 + 3 × 62.015 – 194.525 = 194.525 kN

BM at mid span:

M17.5 = 194.525× 17.5 – 101.503× 17.5 – 62.015× 8.75 = 1085.254 kNm

BM at quarter span:

M8.75,26.25= 194.525× 8.75 – 101.503× 8.75 = 814 kNm

SF at mid span:

SF = 194.525– 101.503 – 62.015 = 31kN

56
SF at quarter span:

SF8.75 = 194.525– 101.503= 93.022 kN

SF26.25 = 194.525- 101.503- 62.015- 62.015= -31kN

SF at support(0 m) = 194.525 kN

SF at support(35 m) = -194.525kN

57
Further calculation in tabular form:

BM due to dead
load 0 0 4.375 8.75 13.125 17.5 21.875 26.25 30.625 35
406.971 813.942 1220.91 1627.88 2034.85 2441.82 2848.79 3255.7
93.022 0 0 0 3 5 4 5 6 8 9 7
-
- - - - - 1627.8
-62.015 8.75 0 0 0 0 271.316 542.631 813.947 1085.26 1356.58 9
-
- - - 1085.2
-62.015 17.5 0 0 0 0 0 0 271.316 542.631 813.947 6
-
- 542.63
-62.015 26.25 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 271.316 1
93.022 35 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
406.971 813.942 949.598 1085.25 949.593 813.933 406.958
0 3 5 1 4 8 8 1 -0.0175

SF just left 0 0 4.375 8.75 13.125 17.5 21.875 26.25 30.625 35

93.022 0 0 0 93.022 93.022 93.022 93.022 93.022 93.022 93.022 93.022
-62.015 8.75 0 0 0 0 -62.015 -62.015 -62.015 -62.015 -62.015 -62.015
-62.015 17.5 0 0 0 0 0 0 -62.015 -62.015 -62.015 -62.015
-62.015 26.25 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 -62.015 -62.015
93.022 35 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
0 93.022 93.022 31.007 31.007 -31.008 -31.008 -93.023 -93.023

SF just right
35 0 4.375 8.75 13.125 17.5 21.875 26.25 30.625 35
93.022 0 35 93.022 93.022 93.022 93.022 93.022 93.022 93.022 93.022 93.022
-62.015 8.75 35 -62.015 0 -62.015 -62.015 -62.015 -62.015 -62.015 -62.015 -62.015
-62.015 17.5 35 -62.015 0 0 0 -62.015 -62.015 -62.015 -62.015 -62.015
-62.015 26.25 35 -62.015 0 0 0 0 0 -62.015 -62.015 -62.015

58
93.022 35 35 93.022 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 93.022
-0.001 93.022 31.007 31.007 -31.008 -31.008 -93.023 -93.023 -0.001

58
Bending Moment summary from dead load:

At mid span:

BM due to slab and cross girder = 62.5×35 × 17.5 − + 1085.254 =

62.5×17.52

10655.567 𝑘𝑁𝑚
2 2

BM due to self weight of main girder = 93.185×35 × 17.5 – =

93.185×17.52

14268.95𝑘𝑁𝑚
2 2

BM due to railing = 2×35 × 17.5 − = 306.25 𝑘𝑁𝑚

2×17.52

2 2

BM due to footpath = 18.75×35 × 17.5 − = 2871.094𝑘𝑁𝑚

18.75×17.52

2 2

BM due to surfacing = 12.375×35 × 17.5 – = 1894.922 𝑘𝑁𝑚

12.375×17.52

2 2

Due to additional load at support:

Length of girder at support = 3 m

Load at support = 3 × 49.78 = 149.34 kN

BM due to load at support(one end) = 149.34×33.5 × 17.5 − 149.34 × 16 = 112 𝑘𝑁𝑚

35

BM due to load at support(other end) = 149.34×33.5 × 17.5 − 149.34 × 16 = 112 𝑘𝑁𝑚

35

Total BM due to additional load at support = 224 kNm

At quarter span:

BM due to slab and cross girder = 62.5×35 × 8.75 − + 813.94 = 7991.67

62.5×8.752

𝑘𝑁𝑚
2 2

BM due to self weight of main girder = 93.185×35 × 8.75 − = 10701.71𝑘𝑁𝑚

2
93.185×8.75

2 2

BM due to railing = 2×35 × 8.75 − = 229.6875 𝑘𝑁𝑚

2×8.752

2 2

59
BM due to footpath = 18.75×35 × 8.75 − = 2153.32 𝑘Nm
18.75×8.752

2 2

60
BM due to surfacing = 12.375×35 × 8.75 – = 1421.191𝑘𝑁𝑚
12.375×8.752

2 2

Due to additional load at support:

Length of girder at support = 3 m

Load at support = 3 × 49.78 = 149.34 kN

BM due to load at support (one end) = 149.34×33.5 × 8.75 − 149.34 × 7.25 = 168
𝑘𝑁𝑚
35

BM due to load at support (other end) = 149.34×33.5 × 26.25 − 149.34 × 24.75 = 56

𝑘𝑁𝑚
35

Total BM due to additional load at support = 224 kNm

Shear Force summary from dead load:

At mid span:

SF due to slab and cross girder = 62.015×35 – 62.015× 17.5 + 30.001 = 30.001 𝑘𝑁
2

SF due to main girder = 93.022×35 – 93.022 × 17.5 = 0 𝑘𝑁

2

SF due to railing = 2×35 − 2 × 17.5 = 0 𝑘𝑁

2

SF due to footpath = 16.5×35 − 16.5 × 17.5 = 0 𝑘𝑁

2

SF due to surfacing = 9.9×35 − 9.9 × 17.5 = 0 𝑘𝑁

2

Due to additional load at support:

Length of girder at support = 3 m

Load at support = 3 × 49.78 = 149.34 kN

SF due to load at support (one end) = 149.34×33.5 − 149.34 = −6.4 𝑘𝑁

35

BM due to load at support (other end) = − + 149.34 = 6.4 𝑘𝑁

149.34×33.5

35

Total BM due to additional load at support = 0 kN

61
At quarter span:

At 8.75m:

SF due to slab and cross girder = 62.015×35 – 62.015 × 8.75 + 93.02 = 635.65𝑘𝑁
2

SF due to main girder = 93.022×35 – 93.022× 8.75 = 813.94𝑘𝑁

2

SF due to railing = 2×35 − 2 × 8.75 = 17.5 𝑘𝑁

2

SF due to footpath = 16.5×35 − 16.5 × 8.75 = 144.4 𝑘𝑁

2

SF due to surfacing = 9.9×35 − 9.9 × 8.75 = 86.63 𝑘𝑁

2

Due to additional load at support:

Length of girder at support = 3 m

Load at support = 3 × 49.78 = 149.34 kN

SF due to load at support (one end) = 149.34×33.5 − 149.34 = −6.4 𝑘𝑁

35

BM due to load at support (other end) = − + 149.34 = 6.4 𝑘𝑁

149.34×33.5

35

Total BM due to additional load at support = 0 kN

At 26.25m:

SF due to slab and cross girder = − + 52.5 × 8.75 − 27.46 = −486.84 𝑘𝑁

52.5×35

SF due to main girder = − + 71.16 × 8.75 = −622.65 𝑘𝑁

71.16×35

SF due to railing = − + 2 × 8.75 = −17.5 𝑘𝑁

2×35

SF due to footpath = − + 16.5 × 8.75 = −144.4 𝑘𝑁

16.5×35

SF due to surfacing = − + 9.9 × 8.75 = −86.63 𝑘𝑁

9.9×35

62
Due to additional load at support:

Length of girder at support = 3 m

Load at support = 3 × 49.78 = 149.34 kN

SF due to load at support(one end) = 149.34×33.5 − 149.34 = −6.4 𝑘𝑁

35

BM due to load at support(other end) = − + 149.34 = 6.4 𝑘𝑁

149.34×33.5

35

Total BM due to additional load at support = 0 kN

At Support:

At 0 m:

SF due to slab and cross girder = 62.015×35 + 194.024 = 1279.29 𝑘𝑁

2

SF due to main girder = 93.022×35 = 1627.88 𝑘𝑁

2

SF due to railing = 2×35 = 35 𝑘𝑁

2

SF due to footpath = 16.5×35 = 288.75 𝑘𝑁

2

SF due to surfacing = 9.9×35 = 173.25 𝑘𝑁

2

Due to additional load at support:

Length of girder at support = 3 m

Load at support = 3 × 49.78 = 149.34 kN

SF due to load at support (one end) = 149.34×33.5 = 142.94 𝑘𝑁

35

SF due to load at support (other end) = − + 149.34 = 6.4 𝑘𝑁

149.34×33.5

35

Total SF due to additional load at support = 149.34 kN

63
At 35 m:

SF due to slab and cross girder = − – 194.04 = −1279.29 𝑘𝑁

62.015×35

SF due to main girder = − = −1627.88 𝑘𝑁

93.022×35

SF due to railing = − = −35 𝑘𝑁

2×35

SF due to footpath = − = −288.75 𝑘𝑁

16.5×35

SF due to surfacing = − = −173.25 𝑘𝑁

9.9×35

Due to additional load at support:

Length of girder at support = 3 m

Load at support = 3 × 49.78 = 149.34 kN

SF due to load at support(one end) == 149.34×33.5 − 149.34 = −6.4 𝑘𝑁

35

SF due to load at support(other end) = − = −142.94 𝑘𝑁

149.34×33.5

35

Total SF due to additional load at support = -149.34 kN

Total Bending Moment summary from dead load:

At mid span:

BM due to slab and cross girder = 10655.57 kNm

BM due to main girder = 14243.99 + 224 =14467.99kNm

BM due to railing = 306.3 kNm

BM due to footpath = 2871.094 kNm

BM due to surfacing = 1894.922 kNm

64
At quarter span:

BM due to slab and cross girder = 7991.677 kNm

BM due to main girder = 10683+ 224=10907kNm

BM due to railing = 229.7 kNm

BM due to footpath = 2153.32 kNm

BM due to surfacing = 1421.91 kNm

Total Shear Force summary from dead

loads: At mid span:

SF due to slab and cross girder = 31.007 kN

SF due to main girder = 0 + 0= 0 kN

SF due to railing = 0 kN

SF due to footpath = 0 kN

SF due to surfacing = 0 kN

At quarter span:

At 8.75 m:

SF due to slab and cross girder =639.897kN

SF due to main girder = 12 kN

SF due to railing = 17.5 kN

SF due to footpath = 164.0625 kN

SF due to surfacing = 108.28 kN

65
 At 26.25 m:

SF due to slab and cross girder = -639.897kN

SF due to main girder = -12 kN

SF due to railing = -17.5 kN

SF due to footpath = -164.0625 kN

SF due to surfacing = -108.28 kN

At support:

At 0 m:

SF due to slab and cross girder = 1186.773 kN

SF due to main girder = 1627.88 + 151.1= 1778.98 kN

SF due to railing = 35 kN

SF due to footpath = 328.125 kN

SF due to surfacing = 216.56 kN

At 35 m:

SF due to slab and cross girder = -1186.773 kN

SF due to main girder = -1627.88 - 151.1=- 1778.98

kN SF due to railing = -35 kN

SF due to footpath = -328.125 kN

SF due to surfacing = -216.56 kN

66
Bending Moment summary from dead load:

udl 0 4.375 8.75 13.125 17.5 21.875 26.25 30.625 35

slab 62.5 0 4187.012 7177.734 8972.168 9570.313 8972.168 7177.734 4187.012 0

railing 2 0 133.9844 229.6875 287.1094 306.25 287.1094 229.6875 133.9844 0

footpath 18.75 0 1256.104 2153.32 2691.65 2871.094 2691.65 2153.32 1256.104 0

surfacing 12.375 0 829.0283 1421.191 1776.489 1894.922 1776.489 1421.191 829.0283 0

cross girder 0 406.9713 813.9425 949.5981 1085.254 949.5938 813.9338 406.9581 -0.0175

girder 93.022 0 6231.747 10683 13353.74 14243.99 13353.74 10683 6231.747 0

Additional 1.5 0 196 168 140 112 84 56 28 0

33.5 0 28 56 84 112 140 168 196 0

Sum 0 13268.85 22702.87 28254.76 30195.83 28254.75 22702.86 13268.83 -0.0175

67
Shear Force summary from dead load

shear
force

udl 0 4.375 8.75 13.125 17.5 21.875 26.25 30.625 35

slab 62.5 1093.75 820.3125 546.875 273.4375 0 -273.438 -546.875 -820.313 -1093.75

railing 2 35 26.25 17.5 8.75 0 -8.75 -17.5 -26.25 -35

footpath 18.75 328.125 246.0938 164.0625 82.03125 0 -82.0313 -164.063 -246.094 -328.125

surfacing 12.375 216.5625 162.4219 108.2813 54.14063 0 -54.1406 -108.281 -162.422 -216.563

cross girder 93.023 93.022 93.022 31.007 31.007 -31.008 -31.008 -93.023 -93.023

girder 93.022 1627.885 1220.914 813.9425 406.9713 0 -406.971 -813.943 -1220.91 -1627.89

Additional 1.5 142.9 -6.4 -6.4 -6.4 -6.4 -6.4 -6.4 -6.4 -6.4

33.5 6.4 6.4 6.4 6.4 6.4 6.4 6.4 6.4 -142.9

Sum 5124.06 2569.014 1743.683 856.3376 31.007 -856.339 -1681.67 -2569.01 -3543.65

68
 Bending Moment and Shear Force Due to Pedestrian Loads:

No. of footpath = 2
Width of footpath = 1.025m

P’ = 500 kg/m2

P = (𝑃′ − 260 + )×( ) = (500 − 260 + ) × ) = 450.98 kg/m2

4800 16.5−𝑊 4800

(
16.5−1.025

𝐿 15 35 15

Total pedestrian load = 450.98 ×10

× 2 × 1.025= 9.245 kN/m
1000

Reactions at two ends = 9.245×35×17.5 = 161.79 kN

35

BM at mid span = 161.79 × 17.5 – 9.245 × 17.5 × 17.5 = 1415.64 kNm

2

BM at quarter span = 161.79× 8.75 – 9.245 × 8.75 × 8.75 = 1061.76 kNm

2

SF at mid span =161.79 – 9.245 × 17.5 = 0 kN

SF at 8.75 m = 161.79 – 9.245 × 8.75 = 80.9 kN

SF at 26.25 m = -161.79+ 9.245 × 8.75 = -80.9 kN

SF at 0 m = 161.79 kN

SF at 35 m = -161.79 kN

Reaction
0 4.38 8.75 13.13 17.5 21.88 26.25 30.63 35
@

SF 161.7875 121.294 80.8938 40.4007 0 -40.493 -80.894 -121.39 -161.79

BM 0 619.949 1061.73 1327.37 1415.64 1326.96 1061.73 618.736 0

69
Bending Moment and Shear Force Due To Live Loads:

Bending moment and shear force due to moving vehicles of various relevant classes from IRC 6-
2017 are determined using VBA programs/code.

Program to find Bending Moment using ILD:

Function FindBM(SS As Double, uLoadAt As Double, bmat As Double) As Double

Dim LocalLen As Double, LocalR As Double

If uLoadAt < 0 Or uLoadAt > SS Then

FindBM = 0

Exit Function

End If

If uLoadAt <= bmat Then

LocalLen = SS - bmat

LocalR = (uLoadAt) / SS

Else

LocalLen = bmat

LocalR = (SS - uLoadAt) / SS

End If

FindBM = LocalLen × LocalR

End Function

70
Program to find Shear Force using ILD:

Function FindSF(SS As Double, uLoadAt As Double, SFAt As Double) As Double

If uLoadAt < 0 Or uLoadAt > SS Then

FindSF = 0

Exit Function

End If

If SFAt = 0 Then

FindSF = 1 - (uLoadAt / SS)

Exit Function

ElseIf SFAt = SS Then

FindSF = -uLoadAt / SS

Exit Function

ElseIf uLoadAt < SFAt Then

FindSF = -uLoadAt / SS

Else

FindSF = (SS - uLoadAt) / SS

End If

End Function

71
Program to find Left support reaction using ILD:

Function FindRL(S1 As Double, CC As Double, S2 As Double, ULat As Double) As Double

If ULat <= 0 Then

FindRL = 0

ElseIf ULat > 0 And ULat <= S1 Then

FindRL = ULat / S1

ElseIf ULat > S1 And ULat < S1 + CC / 2 Then

FindRL = 1 + (ULat - S1) / S1

ElseIf ULat = S1 + CC / 2 Then

FindRL = 0.5

Else

FindRL = 0

End If

End Function

Program to find right support reaction using ILD:

Function FindRR(S1 As Double, CC As Double, S2 As Double, ULat As Double) As Double

If ULat < (S1 + CC / 2) Then

FindRR = 0

ElseIf ULat = S1 + CC / 2 Then

FindRR = 0.5

ElseIf ULat > S1 + CC / 2 And ULat <= S1 + CC Then

FindRR = (S1 + CC - ULat) / S2 + 1

ElseIf ULat > S1 + CC And ULat <= S1 + CC + S2 Then

72
 FindRR = (S1 + CC + S2 - ULat) / S2

Else

FindRR = 0

End If

End Function

Program to find Maximum Bending moment using ILD:

Sub MoveVehBM35()

Dim L As Double, bm As Double, BmX As Double, LmX As Double

Dim m As Integer, n As Integer, A As Integer, B As Integer, C As Integer

Dim D As Integer, E As Integer, F As Integer

For m = 1 To 4

For n = 1 To 4

A = 20 × m - 12

B=3×n+3

C = 20 × m + 4

D=3×n+4

E = m + 251

F=n+4

L = 0: bm = 0: BmX = 0

Do While L <= Sheet3.Cells(3, 4) + Sheet3.Cells(C, 4)

Sheet3.Cells(A, B) = L

73
 bm = Sheet3.Cells(C, D)

If bm > BmX Then

BmX = bm

LmX = L

End If

L = L + 0.1

Loop

Sheet3.Cells(E, F) = BmX

Sheet2.Cells(E, F + 5) = LmX

Next n

Next m

End Sub

Program to find Maximum Shear Force using ILD:

Sub MoveVehSF35()

Dim L As Double, SF As Double, SFmax As Double, SFmin As Double

Dim Lmax As Double, Lmin As Double

Dim m As Integer, n As Integer, A As Integer, B As Integer, C As Integer

Dim D As Integer, E As Integer, F As Integer

For m = 1 To 4

For n = 1 To 4

74
 A = 20 × m + 70

B=3×n+3

C = 20 × m + 86

D=3×n+4

E = 2 × m + 256

F=n+4

L = 0: SF = 0: SFmax = 0: SFmin = 0

Do While L <= Sheet3.Cells(3, 4) + Sheet3.Cells(C, 4)

Sheet3.Cells(A, B) = L

SF = Sheet3.Cells(C, D)

If SF > SFmax Then

SFmax = SF

Lmax = L

End If

If SF < SFmin Then

SFmin = SF

Lmin = L

End If

L = L + 0.1

Loop

Sheet3.Cells(E, F) = SFmax

Sheet3.Cells(E, F + 5) = Lmax

Sheet3.Cells(E + 1, F) = SFmin

75
 Sheet3.Cells(E + 1, F + 5) = Lmin

Next n

Next m

End Sub

Program to find Maximum Reaction using ILD:

Sub MoveVehRXN35()

Dim L As Double, RXN As Double, RXNmax As Double, RXNmin As Double

Dim Lmax As Double, Lmin As Double

Dim m As Integer, n As Integer, A As Integer, B As Integer, C As Integer

Dim D As Integer, E As Integer, F As Integer

For m = 1 To 4

For n = 1 To 2

A = 20 × m + 152

B=3×n+3

C = 20 × m + 168

D=3×n+4

E = 2 × m + 267

F=n+4

L = 0: RXN = 0: RXNmax = 0: RXNmin = 0: Lmax = 0: Lmin = 0

Do While L <= Sheet3.Cells(3, 4) + Sheet3.Cells(C, 4)

Sheet3.Cells(A, B) = L

RXN = Sheet3.Cells(C, D)

76
 If RXN > RXNmax Then RXNmax = RXN Lmax = L

End If

If RXN < RXNmin Then RXNmin = RXN Lmin = L

End If L = L + 0.1

Loop

Sheet3.Cells(E, F) = RXNmax Sheet3.Cells(E, F + 5) = Lmax

Sheet3.Cells(E + 1, F) = RXNmin Sheet3.Cells(E + 1, F + 5) = Lmin

Next n Next m

End Sub

Calculations for Bending Moment

77
 position section SF position section SF
Class
Class A 53.7 0 AA 53.7 4.375
27 0 53.7 0 0 27 0 53.7 4.375 0
27 1.1 52.6 0 0 27 1.1 52.6 4.375 0
114 3.2 49.4 0 0 114 3.2 49.4 4.375 0
114 1.2 48.2 0 0 114 1.2 48.2 4.375 0
68 4.3 43.9 0 0 68 4.3 43.9 4.375 0
68 3 40.9 0 0 68 3 40.9 4.375 0
68 3 37.9 0 0 68 3 37.9 4.375 0
68 3 34.9 0 0.194286 68 3 34.9 4.375 0.194286
18.8 0.194286 18.8 0.194286

position section SF position section SF

Class A 53.7 8.75 Class A 53.7 13.125
27 0 53.7 8.75 0 27 0 53.7 13.125 0
27 1.1 52.6 8.75 0 27 1.1 52.6 13.125 0
114 3.2 49.4 8.75 0 114 3.2 49.4 13.125 0
114 1.2 48.2 8.75 0 114 1.2 48.2 13.125 0
68 4.3 43.9 8.75 0 68 4.3 43.9 13.125 0
68 3 40.9 8.75 0 68 3 40.9 13.125 0
68 3 37.9 8.75 0 68 3 37.9 13.125 0
68 3 34.9 8.75 0.194286 68 3 34.9 13.125 0.194286
18.8 0.194286 18.8 0.194286

position section SF position section SF

Class A 53.7 17.5 Class A 53.7 21.875
27 0 53.7 17.5 0 27 0 53.7 21.875 0
78
 27 1.1 52.6 17.5 0 27 1.1 52.6 21.875 0
114 3.2 49.4 17.5 0 114 3.2 49.4 21.875 0
114 1.2 48.2 17.5 0 114 1.2 48.2 21.875 0
68 4.3 43.9 17.5 0 68 4.3 43.9 21.875 0
68 3 40.9 17.5 0 68 3 40.9 21.875 0
68 3 37.9 17.5 0 68 3 37.9 21.875 0
0.19428 0.19428
68 3 34.9 17.5 6 68 3 34.9 21.875 6
0.19428 0.19428
18.8 6 18.8 6

position section SF position section SF

Class A 53.7 26.25 Class A 53.7 30.625
27 0 53.7 26.25 0 27 0 53.7 30.625 0
27 1.1 52.6 26.25 0 27 1.1 52.6 30.625 0
114 3.2 49.4 26.25 0 114 3.2 49.4 30.625 0
114 1.2 48.2 26.25 0 114 1.2 48.2 30.625 0
68 4.3 43.9 26.25 0 68 4.3 43.9 30.625 0
68 3 40.9 26.25 0 68 3 40.9 30.625 0
68 3 37.9 26.25 0 68 3 37.9 30.625 0
0.19428 0.19428
68 3 34.9 26.25 6 68 3 34.9 30.625 6
0.19428 0.19428
18.8 6 18.8 6

position section SF

79
Class A 53.7 35
27 0 53.7 35 0
27 1.1 52.6 35 0
114 3.2 49.4 35 0
114 1.2 48.2 35 0
68 4.3 43.9 35 0
68 3 40.9 35 0
68 3 37.9 35 0
-
68 3 34.9 35 67.8057
-
18.8 67.8057

position section SF position section SF

Class Class
70R 48.4 0 70R 48.4 4.375
80 0 48.4 0 0 80 0 48.4 4.375 0
120 3.96 44.44 0 0 120 3.96 44.44 4.375 0
120 1.52 42.92 0 0 120 1.52 42.92 4.375 0
170 2.13 40.79 0 0 170 2.13 40.79 4.375 0
170 1.377 39.413 0 0 170 1.377 39.413 4.375 0
170 3.05 36.363 0 0 170 3.05 36.363 4.375 0
170 1.37 34.993 0 0.034 170 1.37 34.993 4.375 0.034
13.407 0.034 13.407 0.034

position section SF position section SF

Class Class
70R 48.4 8.75 70R 48.4 13.125
80
 80 0 48.4 8.75 0 80 0 48.4 13.125 0
120 3.96 44.44 8.75 0 120 3.96 44.44 13.125 0
120 1.52 42.92 8.75 0 120 1.52 42.92 13.125 0
170 2.13 40.79 8.75 0 170 2.13 40.79 13.125 0
170 1.377 39.413 8.75 0 170 1.377 39.413 13.125 0
170 3.05 36.363 8.75 0 170 3.05 36.363 13.125 0
170 1.37 34.993 8.75 0.034 170 1.37 34.993 13.125 0.034
13.407 0.034 13.407 0.034

position section SF position section SF

Class Class
70R 48.4 17.5 70R 48.4 21.875
80 0 48.4 17.5 0 80 0 48.4 21.875 0
120 3.96 44.44 17.5 0 120 3.96 44.44 21.875 0
120 1.52 42.92 17.5 0 120 1.52 42.92 21.875 0
170 2.13 40.79 17.5 0 170 2.13 40.79 21.875 0
170 1.377 39.413 17.5 0 170 1.377 39.413 21.875 0
170 3.05 36.363 17.5 0 170 3.05 36.363 21.875 0
170 1.37 34.993 17.5 0.034 170 1.37 34.993 21.875 0.034
13.407 0.034 13.407 0.034

position section SF position section SF

Class Class
70R 48.4 26.25 70R 48.4 30.625
80 0 48.4 26.25 0 80 0 48.4 30.625 0

81
 120 3.96 44.44 26.25 0 120 3.96 44.44 30.625 0
120 1.52 42.92 26.25 0 120 1.52 42.92 30.625 0
170 2.13 40.79 26.25 0 170 2.13 40.79 30.625 0
170 1.377 39.413 26.25 0 170 1.377 39.413 30.625 0
170 3.05 36.363 26.25 0 170 3.05 36.363 30.625 0
170 1.37 34.993 26.25 0.034 170 1.37 34.993 30.625 0.034
13.407 0.034 13.407 0.034

position section SF
Class
70R 48.4 35
80 0 48.4 35 0
120 3.96 44.44 35 0
120 1.52 42.92 35 0
170 2.13 40.79 35 0
170 1.377 39.413 35 0
170 3.05 36.363 35 0
-
170 1.37 34.993 35 169.966
-
13.407 169.966

position section SF position section SF

Class Class
70RT 39.5 0 70RT 39.5 4.375
50 0 39.5 0 0 50 0 39.5 4.375 0
100 0.653 38.847 0 0 100 0.653 38.847 4.375 0

82
 100 0.653 38.194 0 0 100 0.653 38.194 4.375 0
100 0.653 37.541 0 0 100 0.653 37.541 4.375 0
100 0.653 36.888 0 0 100 0.653 36.888 4.375 0
100 0.653 36.235 0 0 100 0.653 36.235 4.375 0
100 0.653 35.582 0 0 100 0.653 35.582 4.375 0
0.10142 0.10142
50 0.653 34.929 0 9 50 0.653 34.929 4.375 9
0.10142 0.10142
4.571 9 4.571 9

position section SF position section SF

Class Class
70RT 39.5 8.75 70RT 39.5 13.125
50 0 39.5 8.75 0 50 0 39.5 13.125 0
100 0.653 38.847 8.75 0 100 0.653 38.847 13.125 0
100 0.653 38.194 8.75 0 100 0.653 38.194 13.125 0
100 0.653 37.541 8.75 0 100 0.653 37.541 13.125 0
100 0.653 36.888 8.75 0 100 0.653 36.888 13.125 0
100 0.653 36.235 8.75 0 100 0.653 36.235 13.125 0
100 0.653 35.582 8.75 0 100 0.653 35.582 13.125 0
0.10142 0.10142
50 0.653 34.929 8.75 9 50 0.653 34.929 13.125 9
0.10142 0.10142
4.571 9 4.571 9

position section SF position section SF

Class Class
70RT 39.5 17.5 70RT 39.5 21.875

83
 50 0 39.5 17.5 0 50 0 39.5 21.875 0
100 0.653 38.847 17.5 0 100 0.653 38.847 21.875 0
100 0.653 38.194 17.5 0 100 0.653 38.194 21.875 0
100 0.653 37.541 17.5 0 100 0.653 37.541 21.875 0
100 0.653 36.888 17.5 0 100 0.653 36.888 21.875 0
100 0.653 36.235 17.5 0 100 0.653 36.235 21.875 0
100 0.653 35.582 17.5 0 100 0.653 35.582 21.875 0
0.10142 0.10142
50 0.653 34.929 17.5 9 50 0.653 34.929 21.875 9
0.10142 0.10142
4.571 9 4.571 9

position section SF position section SF

Class Class
70RT 39.5 26.25 70RT 39.5 30.625
50 0 39.5 26.25 0 50 0 39.5 30.625 0
100 0.653 38.847 26.25 0 100 0.653 38.847 30.625 0
100 0.653 38.194 26.25 0 100 0.653 38.194 30.625 0
100 0.653 37.541 26.25 0 100 0.653 37.541 30.625 0
100 0.653 36.888 26.25 0 100 0.653 36.888 30.625 0
100 0.653 36.235 26.25 0 100 0.653 36.235 30.625 0
100 0.653 35.582 26.25 0 100 0.653 35.582 30.625 0
0.10142 0.10142
50 0.653 34.929 26.25 9 50 0.653 34.929 30.625 9
0.10142 0.10142
4.571 9 4.571 9

position section SF
84
Class
70RT 39.5 35
50 0 39.5 35 0
100 0.653 38.847 35 0
100 0.653 38.194 35 0
100 0.653 37.541 35 0
100 0.653 36.888 35 0
100 0.653 36.235 35 0
100 0.653 35.582 35 0
-
50 0.653 34.929 35 49.8986
-
4.571 49.8986

85
BM section

0 4.375 8.75 13.125 17.5 26.25 26.25 30.625 35

BM ClassAA 0 617.2875 2509.825 3172.988 3448.65 3392.512 2768.075 1586.113 0

BM 70R 0 3184.971 5389.253 6666.394 7125.615 6647.836 5240.258 2970.229 0

BM 70RT 0 2503.931 4290.613 5361.844 5716.875 5362.206 4290.338 2502.819 0

SF section

Class AA min 0 -5.78571 -37.3286 -80.2371 -145.58 -215.226 -284.871 -354.517 -416.949

Class AA max 398.74 330.6771 261.0314 191.3857 124.48 66.83429 33.22286 10.88 0

70R min 0 -10.9943 -52.4714 -169.149 -294.864 -420.578 -546.292 -669.149 -785.949

70R max 850.8506 727.9934 602.2791 476.5649 350.8506 228.6791 115.5591 35.18514 0

70RT min 0 -40.6771 -128.29 -216.29 -304.29 -390.29 -478.29 -566.29 -652.29

70Rt max 653.71 565.71 477.71 391.71 303.71 215.71 127.71 41.99571 0

86
Unfactored Reactions (without
IF)

Max Min

Class A 398.74 -416.949

70 R
Wheel 850.8506 -785.949
70 R
Track 653.71 -652.29

87
Summary Table

Max BM s section
0 4.375 8.75 13.125 17.5 26.25 26.25 30.625 35 ImpF Lane

BM ClassAA 0 278.1075 1130.756 1429.531 1553.726 1528.434 1247.105 714.5938 0 0.1098 2

BM 70R 0 2869.861 4856.057 6006.842 6420.63 5990.121 4721.803 2676.364 0 0.1098 1

BM 70RT 0 2276.301 3900.557 4874.403 5197.159 4874.733 3900.307 2275.29 0 0.1 1

Max SF section
Class AA min 0 -2.60665 -16.8177 -36.1494 -65.5884 -96.966 -128.344 -159.721 -187.849 0.1098 2
Class AA
max 179.645 148.9805 117.6029 86.22532 56.08218 30.11096 14.96795 4.901784 0 0.1098 2

70R min 0 -9.90655 -47.2801 -152.414 -265.691 -378.967 -492.244 -602.946 -708.19 0.1098 1

70R max 766.6702 655.9681 542.6916 429.4151 316.1386 206.0544 104.1261 31.70404 0 0.1098 1

70RT min 0 -36.9792 -116.627 -196.627 -276.627 -354.809 -434.809 -514.809 -592.991 0.1 1

70Rt max 594.2818 514.2818 434.2818 356.1 276.1 196.1 116.1 38.17792 0 0.1 1

88
 TRANSVERSE DISTRIBUTION OF LIVE LOAD

Class
Distribution Factor A

CW 7.500 Kerb = 0.225

Total
Footpath 1.025 Width = 10.000

Load positions from left edge 1.650 3.450 5.150 6.950

Loads 1.000 1.000 1.000 1.000

Beam Positions from

Left edge ->

1.625 3.875 6.125 8.375

-3.375 -1.125 1.125 3.375

CG of Loads 1.000 1.000 1.000 1.000 KN

Sum = 4.000 KN
1.650 3.450 5.150 6.950 m
Load x
Distance = 1.650 3.450 5.150 6.950 KNm

Eccentricty= 0.700 m
CG = 4.300 m
Moment = 2.800 KNm

Square of beams distances from CG = 11.391 1.266 1.266 11.391

Sum= 25.313

Reactions on the beams ( L) 1.000 1.000 1.000 1.000

Reactions on the beams ( M) 0.373 0.124 -0.124 -0.373
1.373 1.124 0.876 0.627
Distribution Factor 0.343 0.281 0.219 0.157

89
 Distribution Factor 70R Track
Load positions from left
edge -> 2.870 4.930
Loads 1.000 1.000

Beam 1.625 3.875 6.125 8.375

Positions
from Left -
edge -> 3.375 -1.125 1.125 3.375

CG of Loads 1.000 1.000 KN

Sum= 2.000 KN
2.870 4.930 m
Load x Distance = 2.870 4.930 KNm

Eccentricty= 1.100 m
CG= 3.900 m
Moment = 2.200 KNm

Square of beams distances from CG = 11.391 1.266 1.266 11.391

Sum= 25.313

Reactions on the
beams ( L) 0.500 0.500 0.500 0.500
Reactions on the -
beams ( M) 0.293 0.098 0.098 -0.293
0.793 0.598 0.402 0.207
0.29 0.20
Distribution Factor 0.397 9 1 0.103

90
 70R
Distribution Factor Wheel

91
 Load positions from left edge -> 2.880 4.810
Loads 1.000 1.000

CG of
Loads 1.000 1.000 KN
Sum= 2.000 KN
2.880 4.810 m
Load x Distance = 2.880 4.810 KNm

Eccentricty= 1.155 m
CG= 3.845 m
Moment = 2.310 KNm

Square of beams distances from 11.39 11.39

CG = 1 1.266 1.266 1

25.31
Sum= 3

Reactions on the beams ( L) 0.500 0.500 0.500 0.500

Reactions on the beams ( M) 0.308 0.103 -0.103 -0.308
0.808 0.603 0.397 0.192
Distribution Factor 0.404 0.301 0.199 0.096

Distribution Factor
Summary

0.21888 0.15666
Class A 0.343333 0.281111 9 7
70R 0.20111 0.10333
Track 0.396667 0.298889 1 3
70R 0.19866
Wheel 0.404 0.301333 7 0.096

92
Design of T-Beam

Material and Properties:

Grade of concrete=M45

Characteristics strength(fck)=45 N/mm2

Reinforcement=Fe500

Yield stress of steel(fy)=500 N/mm2

Post tensioning Cables Properties IS 6006/IRC 112

Class II 7 ply19K13

Diameter of strand=12.7mm

No of strand per cable=19

Breaking stress, fpk=1860

N/mm2 Safety factor=1.15

Yield stress, fp0.1k=1618.2 N/mm2

Design stress, fpd=1407.13 N/mm2

Area of one tendon=98.7 mm2

Modulus of elasticity=195000 N/mm2

93
A. Calculation of Moment

Bm
udl 0 4.375 8.75 13.125 17.5
slab 62.5 0 4187.012 7177.734 8972.168 9570.313
railing 2 0 133.9844 229.6875 287.1094 306.25
footpath 18.75 0 1256.104 2153.32 2691.65 2871.094
surfacing 12.375 0 829.0283 1421.191 1776.489 1894.922
cross girder 0 406.9713 813.9425 949.5981 1085.254
girder 161.25 0 10802.49 18518.55 23148.19 24691.41
Pedestrian 0 618.5 1060.3 1325.4 1413.2

BM section
0 4.375 8.75 13.125 17.5
BM ClassAA 0 617.2875 2509.825 3172.988 3448.65
BM 70R 0 3184.971 5389.253 6666.394 7125.615
BM 70RT 0 2503.931 4290.613 5361.844 5716.875

Calculation of effective width

At mid:

b = C/C spacing of main girder/2 + edge = 2.625/2 + 1.575 = 2.888 m

b w = girder web thickness = 0.3 m

b1 = (b- bw )/2 = 1.294 m

b2 = edge-girder web thickness/2 = 1.575 – 0.3/2 = 1.430 m

beff,1 = 0.2 × b1 + 0.1 × span = 0.2 × 1.294 + 0.1 × 35 = 3.759 m <(0.2lo = 7) and > (bi = 1.294)

beff,2 = 0.2 ×b2 + 0.1 × span = 0.2 × 1.430 + 0.1 × 35 = 3.785 m < (0.2lo = 7) and > (bi = 1.294)

94
95
 The effective flange width beff for a T beam is given by,

beff = ∑ beff,i + bw ≤ b
with beff,i = 0.2bi +0.1lo ≤ 0.2lo

and beff,i ≤ bi

Now,

beff = ∑ beff,i + bw = 1.294 + 1.294 + 0.3 = 2.888 m ≤ (b = 2.888)

So, Adopted beff = 2.888 m

At support:

b = C/C spacing of main girder/2 + edge = 2.625/2 + 1.575 = 2.888 m

b w = girder web thickness = 0.75 m

b1 = (b- bw )/2 = 1.069 m

b2 = edge-girder web thickness/2 = 1.575 – 0.75/2 = 1.200 m

beff,1 = 0.2 × b1 + 0.1 × span = 0.2 × 1.069 + 0.1 × 35 = 3.714 m <(0.2lo = 7) and > (bi = 1.069)

beff,2 = 0.2 ×b2 + 0.1 × span = 0.2 × 1.200 + 0.1 × 35 = 3.740 m < (0.2lo = 7) and > (bi = 1.069)

The effective flange width beff for a T beam is given by,

beff = ∑ beff,i + bw ≤ b

with beff,i = 0.2bi +0.1lo ≤ 0.2lo

and beff,i ≤ bi

Now,

beff = ∑ beff,i + bw = 1.069+ 1.069 + 0.75 = 2.888 m ≤ (b = 2.888)

So, Adopted beff = 2.888 m

96
 B. Calculation of moment due to prestressing force

At mid
CG from Moment
Sections Breadth Height Area
bottom of Area
Slab 2.45 0.25 0.6125 2.275 1.39344
Fillet 0.9 0.15 0.0675 2.1 0.14175
Web 0.3 1.55 0.465 1.375 0.63938
Bulb-
0.3 0.15 0.0788 0.514 0.0405
Trapezium
Rectangle 0.75 0.45 0.3375 0.225 0.07594
Depth 2.4 1.5613 sum 2.291003
CG from
1.46736899 m
bottom=
CG from
0.93263101 m
top=

Moment of Inertia

Sections A h I Ah2 I+Ah2

Slab 0.6125 0.807631013 0.003190104 0.39951406 0.40270416
Fillet 0.0675 0.632631013 8.44E-05 0.02701498 0.02709938
Web 0.465 -0.24236899 0.093097 0.02731537 0.12041237
Bulb-
0.0788 -1.10307899 0.000139 0.09588252 0.09602152
Trapezoid
Rectangle 0.3375 -1.39236899 0.005695 0.65430835 0.66000335
1.30624078

97
 At support
CG from Area
Sections Breadth Height Area
bottom moment
Slab 2.45 0.25 0.6125 2.275 1.39344
Web 0.3 1.55 0.465 1.375 0.63938
Depth = 2.4 1.0775 sum= 2.03281

CG from bottom= 1.88660093 m

CG from top= 0.51339907 m

Moment of Inertia

Sections A h I Ah2 I+Ah2

Slab 0.6125 0.25 0.003190104 0.03828125 0.04147135
Web 0.465 1.55 0.093096875 1.1171625 1.21025938
1.25173073

Profile of Cable and number in tabular form

Distance between two cables at end = 0.3 m

Distance between two cables at mid = 0.18 m

Nos of Angle of
End Mid 4.375 8.750 13.125 17.500
cables emergence
3.15 1.590 2.468 1.980 1.688 1.590 0 10.21 C10
2.85 1.410 2.220 1.770 1.500 1.410 0 9.44 C9
2.55 1.230 1.973 1.560 1.313 1.230 0 8.66 C8
2.25 1.050 1.725 1.350 1.125 1.050 0 7.89 C7
1.95 0.870 1.478 1.140 0.938 0.870 0 7.11 C6
1.65 0.690 1.230 0.930 0.750 0.690 1 6.32 C5
1.35 0.510 0.983 0.720 0.563 0.510 0 5.54 C4
1.05 0.330 0.735 0.510 0.375 0.330 1 4.75 C3
0.75 0.150 0.488 0.300 0.188 0.150 1 3.96 C2
0.45 0.150 0.319 0.225 0.169 0.150 2 1.98 C1
5

Force Applied= 2730 kN

98
 Cable Profile
1.750
1.500
1.250
1.000
0.750
0.500
0.250
0.000
0.000 5.000 10.000 15.000 20.000 25.000 30.000 35.000 40.000

Calculation of eccentricity
0.00 4.38 8.75 13.13 17.50
C10 1.704 0.947 0.460 0.167 0.070
C9 1.404 0.700 0.250 -0.020 -0.110
C8 1.104 0.452 0.040 -0.208 -0.290
C7 0.804 0.205 -0.170 -0.395 -0.470
C6 0.504 -0.043 -0.380 -0.583 -0.650
C5 0.204 -0.290 -0.590 -0.770 -0.830
C4 -0.096 -0.538 -0.800 -0.958 -1.010
C3 -0.396 -0.785 -1.010 -1.145 -1.190
C2 -0.696 -1.033 -1.220 -1.333 -1.370
C1 -0.996 -1.202 -1.295 -1.352 -1.370

Calculation of effective depth

0.00 4.38 8.75 13.13 17.50
C10 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000
C9 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000
C8 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000
C7 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000
C6 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000
C5 1.650 1.230 0.930 0.750 0.690
C4 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000
C3 1.050 0.735 0.510 0.375 0.330

99
 C2 0.750 0.488 0.300 0.188 0.150
C1 0.900 0.638 0.450 0.338 0.300
sum 4.350 3.090 2.190 1.650 1.470
CG of cable from bottom 0.870 0.618 0.438 0.330 0.294
deff 1.530 1.782 1.962 2.070 2.106
Calculation of average eccentricity
0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00
C10 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000
C9 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000
C8 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000
C7 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000
C6 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000
C5 0.204 -0.290 -0.590 -0.770 -0.830
C4 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000
C3 -0.396 -0.785 -1.010 -1.145 -1.190
C2 -0.696 -1.033 -1.220 -1.333 -1.370
C1 -1.992 -2.403 -2.591 -2.703 -2.741
-2.880 -4.511 -5.411 -5.951 -6.131
Average eccentricity -0.576 -0.902 -1.082 -1.190 -1.226

100
Calculation of moment due to pre-stressing:

1. Taking loss (30%)

Taking 78.30 % of fpk

Limiting force = 0.783 × No. of strands per cable × fpk × area of one tendon
= 0.783 × 19 × 1860 × 98.7 .
=2731.1 kN
Force applied = 2730.0 kN
Force in each cable = (1 – 0.3) × 2730.0
= 1911.0 kN
Total force applied = 1911 × total no of cable
= 1911 × 5
= 9555 kN

Moment @ 0.000 4.375 8.750 13.125 17.500

C10 - - - - -
C9 - - - - -
C8 - - - - -
C7 - - - - -
C6 - - - - -
C5 389.7 - 554.7 - 1,128.0 - 1,472.0 - 1,586.7
C4 - - - - -
C3 -756.9 -1500.7 -1930.7 -2188.6 -2274.6
C2 -1330.2 -1973.7 -2332.0 -2547.0 -2618.6
C1 -3807.0 -4592.3 -4950.6 -5165.6 -5237.2
-5504.5 -8621.3 -10341.2 -11373.2 -11717.2

101
2. Taking no loss
Maximum force in each cable = 2730.0 kN
Loss = 0%
Force applied in each cable = 2730.0 kN
Total force applied = 2730 × 5
= 13650.0 kN
Moment @ 0.000 4.375 8.750 13.125 17.500
C10 - - - - -
C9 - - - - -
C8 - - - - -
C7 - - - - -
C6 - - - - -
C5 556.7 - 792.5 - 1,611.5 - 2,102.9 - 2,266.7
C4 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0
C3 -1081.3 -2143.8 -2758.1 -3126.6 -3249.5
C2 -1900.3 -2819.5 -3331.4 -3638.5 -3740.9
C1 -5438.6 -6560.4 -7072.3 -7379.4 -7481.8
-7863.6 -12316.2 -14773.2 -16247.4 -16738.8

102
Unfactored moment due to DL & LL Factors

BM 0 4.375 8.75 13.125 17.5 DistF LoadF

Permanent dead
loads
slab 4593.98 9921.76 10655.5
0 7991.677 0.333 1
&^CG 3 6 7
barriers 0 0 0 0 0 0.333 1
10802.4 23148.1 24691.4
girder 0 18518.55 0.333 1
9 9 1
Added dead loads
133.984 287.109
railing 0 229.6875 306.25 0.5 1
4 4
1256.10 2871.09
footpath 0 2153.32 2691.65 0.5 1
4 4
829.028 1776.48 1894.92
surfacing 0 1421.191 0.333 1.2
3 9 2
Pedestria
0 618.5 1060.3 1325.4 1413.2 0.5 1
n
Live Load
BM 617.287 3172.98 0.34333
0 2509.825 3448.65 1
ClassA 5 8 3
3184.97 6666.39 7125.61
BM 70R 0 5389.253 1
1 4 5 0.404
2503.93 5361.84 5716.87 0.39666
BM 70RT 0 4290.613 1
1 4 5 7

103
 Factored Moment summary:

BM 0 4.375 8.75 13.125 17.5

Case 1: Rare combination Permanent dead loads
slab &^CG 0 1529.796 2661.228 3303.948 3548.305
barriers 0 0 0 0 0
At mid
girder 0 Atsupport
3597.229 6166.677 7708.347 8222.24
Yt= 0.880 m Yt= Added dead 0.954
loads m
railing
Yb= 0
-1.520 m 66.9922
Yb= 114.8438
-1.446 m 143.5547 153.125
footpath 0 628.052 1076.66 1345.825 1435.547
Area =
surfacing 1.671 0 m2 Area =
331.2797 2.334
567.9079 m2 709.885 757.2108
Pedestrian
MOI = 1.192 0 m4 309.25
MOI = 530.15
1.343 m4 662.7 706.6
Live Load
z top 1.355 z top 1.408
BM ClassA 0 211.9354 861.7066 1089.393 1184.037
BMz bottom
70R -0.784 0 z bottom
1286.728 -0.929
2177.258 2693.223 2878.748
BM 70RT 0 0.000993.226 4.380 1701.9438.750 2126.865
13.130 2267.694
17.500
BM due to Dead and live loads
BM 5127.026 8827.907
11012.296 11770.542
Permanent dead
0 5127.026 8827.907 11012.3 11770.54
loads σTop 0.000 3785.052 6517.247
8129.883 8689.662 KN/m2
Permanent -
Added dead loads 0 1335.574 2289.562 2861.965 3052.483
dead load σbot 0.000 -5520.238 -9504.954 -11856.873 12673.271 KN/m2
Live Load Axial 0 13650.002507.96 4753.029 5923.84 6345.219
force(P)= 0 KN BM from Prestressing
Reduced due to
-5504.49 -8621.34 -10341.2 -11373.2 -11717.2
loss - - - - -
BM 7864.000 12316.000 14773.000 16247.000 16739.000
FullPre
(nostressing
loss) -7863.55 -12316.2 -14773.2 -16247.4 -16738.8
-
full σTop -5585.056 -9089.617 -10903.510 -11991.846 12354.624 KN/m2
C.
σbot 8465.399 15700.248 18833.336 20713.188 21339.805 KN/m2
Resultant stress σTop -5585.056 -5304.565 -4386.263 -3861.962 -3664.962 KN/m2
σbot 8465.399 10180.011 9328.381 8856.315 8666.534 KN/m2
Check: σTop OK OK OK OK OK
σbot OK OK OK OK OK
Calculation of Extreme Stresses

104
 Case 2: Quasi Permanent combination
Axial Force= 9555 KN

BM -5504 -8621 -10341 -11373 -11717

- - - - -
3909.5388 6362.73221 7632.45704 8394.29194 8648.23691
Prestressing σTop 8 5 7 6 3 KN/m2
- - - -
- 6330.70818 7594.04241 8352.04295 8604.70979
with loss σbot 3413.4472 8 6 3 9 KN/m2
1335.57366 2289.56199 3052.48265
BM 0 2 2 2861.96499 6
985.993978 1690.28066 2253.51068
σTop 0 7 5 2112.86006 6 KN/m2
- - - -
1703.08050 2919.57569 3649.48555 3892.42754
Additional loads σbot 0 9 5 8 8 KN/m2
Stress before σTop 183.3 2192.7 2934 3355.1 3515.2 KN/m2
Service 10020.4 11814.1 10533.1 9805.3 9528.7 KN/m2
σbot
BM 0
1,760 2,985 3,700 3,954
Addition of
(PLL / σTop 0 1298.4 2202.4 2730.1 2916.8 KN/m2
VLL) 0 -2243.8 -3806.1 -4718 -5040.8 KN/m2
σbot
183.3 KN/m2
σTop 3,491.10 5,136.40 6,085.20 6,432.00
Final Stress 4487.9 KN/m2
σbot 10,020.40 9,570.30 6,726.90 5,087.30
Check: σTop OK OK OK OK OK 16200
σbot OK OK OK OK OK -3270

105
 D. Ultimate strength check

UDL 0 4.375 8.75 13.125 17.5 DF LF

slab & CG 62.5 0 4593.983 7991.677 9921.766 10655.57 0.333 1.35

Barrier 0 0 0 0 0 0 0.333 1.35

girder 161.25 0 10802.49 18518.55 23148.19 24691.41 0.333 1.35

railing 2 0 133.9844 229.6875 287.1094 306.25 0.5 1.35

footpath 18.75 0 1256.104 2153.32 2691.65 2871.094 0.5 1.35
surfacing 12.375 0 829.0283 1421.191 1776.489 1894.922 0.333 1.75

Pedestrian 0 618.5 1060.3 1325.4 1413.2 0.5 1.5

Live Loads DF LF

BM ClassAA 0 617.2875 2509.825 3172.988 3448.65 0.333 1.5

BM 70R 0 3184.971 5389.253 6666.394 7125.615 0.41 1.5

BM 70RT 0 2503.931 4290.613 5361.844 5716.875 0.398 1.5

106
 Factored bending moment

DEAD
LOADS
UDL 0 4.375 8.75 13.125 17.5 DF LF
slab & CG 62.5 0 2065.225 3592.658 4460.33 4790.21 0.333 1.35
Barrier 0 0 0 0 0 0 0.333 1.35
girder 161.25 0 4856.259 8325.014 10406.27 11100.02 0.333 1.35
railing 2 0 90.43947 155.0391 193.7988 206.7188 0.5 1.35
footpath 18.75 0 847.8702 1453.491 1816.864 1937.988 0.5 1.35
surfacing 12.375 0 483.1162 828.1991 1035.249 1104.266 0.333 1.75
Pedestrian 0 463.875 795.225 994.05 1059.9 0.5 1.5

Live Loads DF LF

BM ClassAA 0 308.3351 1253.658 1584.908 1722.601 0.333 1.5

BM 70R 0 1958.757 3314.391 4099.832 4382.253 0.41 1.5
BM 70RT 0 1494.847 2561.496 3201.021 3412.974 0.398 1.5

Adopted Stress Strain Curve for Ultimate Strength Check

Parabolic rectangular stress – strain block

e𝑐
[1 − (1 −
e𝑐
= 𝑛 ≤ e𝑐2
𝑓𝑐𝑑 ] e𝑐
for 0 ≤

e
)
𝑐2

e𝑐 = 𝑓𝑐𝑑 for e𝑐2 ≤ 𝑐 ≤ e𝑐𝑢2

𝛼 𝑓𝑐𝑑
fcd =
e𝑚

107
 fck= 45.00 N/mm2 εcu2 = 0.0035
fcd= 20.10 N/mm2 εc2= 0.0020
n= 2
Stress of concrete for different values of strain
25.00

Concrete 20.00

Strain Stress,σcd 15.00

0.0000 0.00 10.00
0.0005 8.79 5.00
0.0010 15.08 0.00
0.0015 18.84 0.0000 0.0010 0.0020 0.0030 0.0040

0.0020 20.10
0.0025 20.10
0.0030 20.10
0.0035 20.10
fpk= 1860.0 N/mm2 Es = 195000 N/mm2
fp0.1= 1618.2 N/mm2 εuk = 0.0222
fpd = 1407.1 N/mm2 εud= 0.02000
Design strain (ε) = 0.00722

Stress of concrete for different values of strain

Steel
2000
Strain Stress,σcd
- 1000

-0.0222 1653.94077 0
-0.03 -0.02 -0.01 0.00 0.01 0.02 0.03
-0.0200 -1617.4
-1000
-0.0072 -1407.1
-2000
0.0000 0.0
0.0072 1407.1
0.0200 1617.4

108
Strain distribution at mid

Check
actual limiting
xu 411.32 687.85 OK
εbottom cable 0.01565 0.02000 OK
Moment 17781 28303 OK
tensile stress 1545.8 1617.4 OK for bottom cable

Strain Distribution at 3L/8

Check
actual limiting
xu 409.27 676.09 OK
εbottom cable 0.01558 0.02000 OK
Moment 16640 27733 OK
tensile stress 1544.7 1617.4 OK for bottom cable

Strain Distribution at 2L/8

Check
actual limiting
xu 403.20 640.81 OK
εbottom cable 0.01538 0.02000 OK
Moment 13391 26037 OK
tensile stress 1541.4 1617.4 OK for bottom cable

109
Strain Distribution at L/8

Check
actual limiting
xu 390.40 582.02 OK
εbottom cable 0.01516 0.02000 OK
Moment 7854 23216 OK
tensile stress 1537.8 1617.4 OK for bottom cable

Strain Distribution at 0

Check
actual limiting
xu 347.20 499.72 OK
εbottom cable 0.01616 0.02000 OK
Moment 0 19172 OK
tensile stress 1554.2 1617.4 OK for bottom cable

110
Shear Check for Main Beam:

Live load and Dead load calculation of shear force:

Sections SF DF LF Factored SF
Dead Load KN
Slab & CG 1095.8109 0.333 1.350 493.1
Barriers 0 0.333 1.350 0.0
Girder 1394.5781 0.333 1.350 627.6
Railing 35 0.500 1.350 23.6
Footpath 288.75 0.500 1.350 194.9
Surfacing 173.25 0.333 1.750 101.1
Pedestrain 161.568 0.500 1.500 121.2
1561.4
Live Loads inculding impact
Class A 929.45 0.333 1.500 464.7
70 R Wheel 947.29 0.410 1.500 583.3
70R Boogie 436.29 0.410 1.500 268.6
70 R Track 719.73 0.398 1.500 429.8

583.3

Total 2144.7

Design stress, fpd =1407.130 N/mm2

Flexural tensile stress, σp = 1545.772

N/mm2

111
Design for cracked section

Provide 32mm bar and provided 4 number of bars.

Depth of reinforcement (D) = 2400 mm

Effective depth of reinforcement (d) = 1530 mm

Minimum Axial (NED) = 9555 kN

fck = 45 N/mm2
0.67∗45
fcd = = 20.1 N/mm2
1.5

0.2fcd = 0.2 × 20.10 = 4.02 N/mm2

Z = 1386.95 mm
𝑁𝑒𝑑 0.67
σcp= = 4.02 N/mm2 < (0.2fcd=0.22×45× = 4.02N/mm2)
𝐴𝑐 1.5

lever arm factor j= 0.91

𝐴𝑠𝑡
ρl = 𝑏𝑤× =0.0028 ≤ 0.02
𝑑

k =1 + √ ≤ 2=1.3615 ≤ 2.0
200

𝑉𝑅𝑑.𝑐 = [0.12(80𝜌1 × 𝑓𝑐𝑘)0.33 + 0.15𝜎𝑐𝑝 = (0.12×1.3615 × (80×0.0028×45)0.33 + 0.15×4.02

=0.95

𝑉𝑅 750
𝑑.𝑐 1000
= 0.95 × 1530 × = 1094.00 kN

VRd.c,min = (0.031k3/2 f 1/2 + 0.15 σcp ) × Bw × d = 1071.06

ck
kN The beam can withstand a shear of
VRd.c= 1094.00kN minimum 1071.16 kN >1094.00 kN (ok)
When VRd.c > Applied Shear Force then shear Design is necessary in given condition.
Characteristics Strength (fck) = 30

N/mm2 αcw = 1.0

112
 for σcp values (in between) αcw

0.00 1
0.00 5.03 1.2
10.05
5.03 1.25
10.05 20.10 2

Applied Shear Force = 2144.7 kN

Applied shear stress, VED = 2.02

N/mm2 V1=0.6(1- fck/310) = 0.513

N/mm2

Max. allowable shear stress for (ϑ)=45° = αcw×0.225× v1× fck= 6.2318 < 2.262 (ok)

Shear stress , for ϑ=21.8°, αcw×0.155×v1×fck = 4.293

N/mm2 ϑ=0.5×sin-1[ ] = 9.660°

𝑉𝑒𝑑
.225 ×𝑉1 ×𝑓𝑐𝑘

Determine ϑ, ϑ= 2.062< 4.293 then, 21.8°

Provided 20 mm diameter of bar and with 2 legged along with spacing of 100 mm .

Asw = × 202 × 2 = 402.12 mm2

𝜋
4

fy = 500.00 N/mm2

𝑓𝑦𝑘
= = 434.78 N/mm2
fywd = fyd =
500
1.15 1.1
5

Spacing required,S = 282.68 mm which is greater then 180 mm condition is acceptable.

For uncracked section

bf =2887.5mm

113
Df = 250mm

bw = 300 mm

114
bw/8 = 37.5 mm

Dia. of duct (Ф) = 90mm

bwc=bw,nom= 300mm

CG from Top = 879.714 mm

first moment of area,s = 0.604 m3

Second moment of area,I = 1.192 m4

fckt = 2.3 N/mm2

fctd = 1.533 N/mm2

k1 = 1

VRd.c = 1727.399 kN

115
D. Shear Design at support (I- 8)

Live load and Dead load calculation of shear force:

Sections SF DF LF Factored SF
Dead Load KN
Slab & CG 771.45 0.333 1.350 347.2
Barriers 0.00 0.333 1.350 0.0
Girder 933.93 0.333 1.350 420.3
Railing 26.25 0.500 1.350 17.7
Footpath 216.56 0.500 1.350 146.2
Surfacing 129.94 0.333 1.750 75.8
Pedestrain 121.18 0.500 1.500 90.9
1098.0
Live Loads inculding impact
Class A 786.86 0.333 1.500 393.4
70 R Wheel 807.78 0.410 1.500 497.4
70R Boogie 380.49 0.410 1.500 234.3
70 R Track 622.93 0.398 1.500 372.0

497.4

Total 1595.4

Design stress, fpd =1407.130 N/mm2

Flexural tensile stress, σp = 1545.772

N/mm2

116
Design for cracked section

Provide 32mm bar and provided 4 number of bars.

Depth of reinforcement (D) = 2400 mm

Effective depth of reinforcement (d) = 1782 mm

Minimum Axial (NED) = 9555 kN

fck = 45 N/mm2
0.67∗45
fcd = = 20.1 N/mm2
1.5

0.2fcd = 0.2 × 20.10 = 4.02 N/mm2

Z = 1621.16 mm
𝑁𝑒𝑑 0.67
σcp = = 4.02 N/mm2 < (0.2fcd=0.22×45× = 4.02N/mm2)
𝐴𝑐 1.5

lever arm factor j= 0.91

𝐴𝑠𝑡
ρl = 𝑏𝑤× =0.0060 ≤ 0.02
𝑑

k =1 + √ ≤ 2=1.335 ≤ 2.0
200

𝑣𝑅𝑑.𝑐 = [0.12(80𝜌1 × 𝑓𝑐𝑘)0.33 + 0.15𝜎𝑐𝑝 = (0.12×1.3615 × (80×0.0028×45)0.33 + 0.15×4.02

=1.05 N/mm2

𝑉𝑅
= 1.05 × 300 × 1782 = 558.67 kN
𝑑.𝑐 1000

VRd.c,min = (0.031k3/2 f 1/2 + 0.15 σcp ) × Bw × d = 493.85 kN

ck
The beam can withstand a shear of
VRd.c= 558.67 kN minimum 493.85 kN >558.67 kN (ok)
When VRd.c > Applied Shear Force then shear Design is necessary in given condition.
Characteristics Strength (fck) = 30

N/mm2 αcw = 1.0

117
 for σcp values (in between) αcw

0.00 1
0.00 5.03 1.2
5.03 10.5 1.25
10.05 20.10 2

Applied Shear Force = 1595.4 kN

Applied shear stress, VED = 3.280

N/mm2 V1=0.6(1- fck/310) = 0.513

N/mm2

Max. allowable shear stress for (ϑ)=45° = αcw×0.225× v1× fck= 6.2318 < 2.262 (ok)

Shear stress, for ϑ=21.8°, αcw×0.155×v1×fck = 4.293

N/mm2 ϑ=0.5×sin-1[ ] = 15.881°

𝑉𝑒𝑑
.225 ×𝑉1 ×𝑓𝑐𝑘

Determine ϑ, ϑ = 3.280< 4.293 then, 21.8°

Provided 20 mm diameter of bar and with 2 legged along with spacing of 100 mm.

Asw = × 202 × 2 = 402.12 mm2

𝜋
4

fy = 500.00 N/mm2

𝑓𝑦𝑘
= = 434.78 N/mm2
fywd = fyd =
500
1.15 1.1
5

Spacing required,S = 444.19 mm which is greater then 180 mm condition is acceptable.

For uncracked section

bf =2887.5mm

Df = 250mm
118
bw = 300 mm

bw/8 = 37.5 mm

119
Dia. of duct (Ф) = 90mm

bwc=bw,nom= 300 mm

CG from Top = 879.714 mm

first moment of area,s = 0.604 m3

Second moment of area,I = 1.192 m4

fckt = 2.3 N/mm2

fctd = 1.533 N/mm2

k1 = 1

VRd.c = 1727.399 kN

6.1.3 Design of Cross Girder (Intermediate)

Material and Properties:

Grade of concrete =M45

Characteristics strength(fck) =45 N/mm2

Reinforcement =Fe500

Yield stress of steel(fy) =500

N/mm2

Young’s modulus of Elasticity (Es) =200000 N/mm2

Geometric Properties

Slab thickness = 250 mm

Wearing Course = 75 mm

Cross Girder

Depth of Cross Girder =1825 mm

120
Size of Fillets = 0 mm

121
Spacing of girders = 0 kN/m

Number of fillets = 0 nos

Width = 6.25 kN/mm2

Length of Cross girder (c/c) = 2625 mm

Dead load Calculation LF

a) Self Wt. of CG = 11.812 kN/m 1.35

b) Wt. of fillets = 0 kN/m

c) Wt. of Deck slab a = 6.25 kN/m 1.35

d) Wt. of WC =1.875 kN/m 1.75

Each cross girder will receive triangular load from deck slab panels on its either side.

Factored loads

Total load from deck slab = 29.0698 kN

Total load from WC = 11.304 kN

Self Wt. of CG = 15.946 kN

Load per meter of deck slab = 11.074 kN

Load per meter of WC = 4.306 kN

Total Dead = 31.327 kN/m

Rxn due to Wc = 7.536 kN

Rxn due to Slab/CG = 47.286 kN

The cross girder is assumed to be rigid

Reaction on each main girder = 47.594 kNm

Max BM occurs under load = 1.595

Dist. Load from edge = 6.542 kNm

122
BM due to WC = 41.051 kNm

Live Load Calculation impact factor

Load = 700 kN 1.521

Track length = 4.57 m LF

Width over track = 2.9 m 1.5

Tyer width = 0.84

Magnitude of section = 608.6 kN

The cross girder is assumed to be rigid

Load on CG from one wheel = 304.3 kN

Reaction on each main girder = 202.8667 kN

Dist of load from edge = 1.595m

Max BM occurs at mid

Max live load BM = 738.589 kNm including impact & LF

Max live load SF = 463.065 kNm including impact & LF

Design BM (DL+LL) = 786.1833 kNm

Design SF (DL+LL) = 517.888 kN

123
CG T beam

Material and Properties:

Grade of concrete =M45

Characteristics strength(fck) =45 N/mm2

Reinforcement =Fe500

Yield stress of steel(fy) =500

N/mm2

Young’s modulus of Elasticity (Es) =200000 N/mm2

Design of Cross Girder

Max moment =786.2 kN/m

Continuity factor =0.8

Design BM =628.9 kN/m

Moment of inertia (I) = 2.625

b = 8.75 m

bw = 0.3 m

bi = 4.225 m

beff1 = beff2 = 0.2 × 4.225 + 0.1 × 2.625 = 1.1075 ≤ 0.2lo = 0.2 × 2.625 = 0.525

≤ bi = 4.225

beff = 1.35 mm

beff, (min) = 1350 mm

Slab thickness = 250 mm

Top fiber concrete stress (0.67/1.5×fck ) = 20.100

124
Area of stress block = b1× fcd × Xu

CG of parabolic / rectangular stress block = b2 × Xu

125
Web only = 1575 mm

Total Depth = 1825 mm

Cover = 80 mm

effective (d) = 1745 mm

1. Calculation of limiting values:

Area Factor β1 = 0.8095
CG Factor β2 = 0.4159
εcu2 = 0.0035
0.87∗
𝑓𝑦 = 0.002175
𝐸𝑠

Xu = 1076.21 mm
fck = 45 N/mm2
fy = 500
fcd = 20.10
fyd = 434.78 MPa
CG @ =447.70 mm from top

C z(mm) C×z
Web 5253.4 1297.30 6,815
Flange 5276.3 1620.00 8,548
Total C= 10529.7 Total M 15,363
So, Mu,lim = 15362.77 kNm CG of C is @ 1459.00 mm from bottom
Ast = 24218.25 mm2
20 mm dia = 𝜋 ∗ 202 =314mm2 = 77.09 nos.
4

So,this section can take 15362.8 kNm with 78 nos. of 20mm dia bars

126
Design of Cross Girder:

d= 1745 mm Md= 628.9 KNm

Df = 250 mm fcd= 20.10 N/mm2
3/7xu= 7.06 mm fyd= 434.78 N/mm2
4/7xu= 9.41 mm
bf= 1350 mm
bw= 300 mm
fc, avg F=fc,avg×A CG from
M(KNm
Limit Ac, mm2 bottom(mm
(N/mm2) c (KN) )
)
Cf
Rectangle 0.00
lower
9530.70 20.10 191.57 1741.47 333.61
Cf
Rectangle 7.06
Flange
upper
Cf Parabolic
7.06
lower
12707.59 13.40 170.28 1734.41 295.34
Cf Parabolic
16.47
upper
Cw
Rectangle 0.00
lower
Cw 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00
Rectangle 0.00
upper 0.00
Web Cw
Parabolic 0.00
lower
Cw 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00
Parabolic 0.00
upper

Total C= 361.85 MoRwrt conc 628.95

CHECK MoR wrt
0
conc-Md=

Neutral axis xu= 16.473 Trial OK

Lever arm= 1738.15 1738.15
Result: NA lies within Flange

127
Provided reinforcement:

Ast=832.25

mm2 Required:

∗ 252=491mm2=1.70nos Ast=832.25mm2
𝜋

4
25 mm dia =

Provided:

25 mm dia= ∗ 252 = 491mm2 = 4nos Ast = 1963.50mm2

𝜋

(Here, Ast provided=193.50mm2 >Ast required=832.25mm2(ok))

Min and Max Tensile steel as per code

Minimum and Maximum Tensile steel as per

code Fctm = 3.3

fyk = 500 N/mm2

(Asmin) = 0.26 ×
3.3
= 0.001716
500

Minimum Area of steel (AS.min) = 0.001716, if (Asmin <0.0013) then adopt that greater value.

Area of steel = 898.326 mm2

For Maximum Ast

Ac = 547500 mm2 0.025 Ac = 13687.5 mm2

Here (𝐴𝑠𝑡)m𝑖𝑛 < 𝐴𝑠𝑡 < (𝐴𝑠𝑡)𝑚𝑎𝑥.

2.Limit State of Serviceability Check:

Dead Loads : Slab/CG/WC

BM =95.19kNm

Distribution Factor =0.5

Load Factor =1

128
Factored BM =95.19×0.5×1 =47.6kNm

Live Load

70R Tracked

BM =738.59kNm

Distribution Factor =1

Load Factor =1

Factored BM = 738.59×1×1 =738.59kNm

Total =738.59+47.6 =786.2kNm

Continuity factor =0.8

Design BM =0.8×786.2 =628.946kNm

Crack width

Bending Moment for Crack width check = 628.95 kNm

Area of Steel provided (As) = 1963 mm2

Lever Arm (d-B2 xu) = 1738 mm

Actual Stress(σsc) =

184.29N/mm2 bw =300mm

(Effective depth of reinforcement) Hc,eff

Case I:

Hc,eff = 2.5×(h-d) = 200 mm

Case II:

Hc,eff = (h-xu)/3 =

= 1820 mm

Case III:
129
Hc,eff = h/2= 913 mm

Ac,eff = 60000 mm2

σsc = 184.29 N/mm2

Es = 200000 Mpa(N/mm2)

Kt = 0.50

fcm= fck+10 = 55

N/mm2 Fct,eff = 3.3

Ecm = 34313 Mpa(N/mm2)

ρ1, eff = 0.0327

𝐸𝑠
α e= = 5.829
𝐸𝑐𝑚

εsm - εcm = 0.0006 > 0.6 σsc/Es (Ok)

= 0.6 ×
𝜎𝑠𝑐
= .0006 (εsm - εcm > 0.6 σsc/Es, safe)
𝐸𝑠

Srmax = 265.870

Crack width = (εsm - εcm) × Srmax

= 0.1652 mm, (IF Crack width <0.3 then given value is safe).

Shear check

Factors for structural design

Dead Load SF Distribution Load Factored SF
Slab/CG 70.05 0.500 1.350 47.3
Surfacing 8.61 0.500 1.750 7.5
54.8
Live Load
70R Tracked 308.71 1.000 1.500 463.1
463.1
Total Shear Force 517.9
130
 Design for cracked section

fck = 45 N/mm2
0.67∗45
fcd = = 20.1 N/mm2
1.5

0.2fcd = 0.2 × 20.10 = 4.02 N/mm2

Z = 1738.1 mm

ρl = 𝑏𝑤×
𝐴𝑠𝑡 =0.0038 ≤ 0.02
𝑑

k =1 + √ ≤ 2=1.338 ≤ 2.0
200

𝑉𝑅𝑑.𝑐 = [0.12(80𝜌1 × 𝑓𝑐𝑘)0.33 + 0.15𝜎𝑐𝑝 = (0.12×1.3338 × (80×0.0038×45)0.33 + 0.15×0

=0.38

𝑉𝑅 300
𝑑.𝑐 1000
= 0.38 × 1745 × = 198.50 kN

VRd.c,min = (0.031k3/2 f 1/2 + 0.15 σcp ) × Bw × d = 168.59kN

ck
The beam can withstand a shear of
VRd.c= 198.50 kN minimum 168.59kN >198.50 kN (ok)
When VRd.c > Applied Shear Force then shear Design is necessary in given condition.
Characteristics Strength (fck) = 45 N/mm2

Applied Shear Force = 517.9kN

Applied shear stress, VED = 0.171

N/mm2 V1=0.6(1- fck/310) = 0.513

N/mm2

Max. allowable shear stress for (ϑ)=45° = αcw×0.225× v1× fck= 5.193 > 0.171 (ok)

Shear stress , for ϑ=21.8°, αcw×0.155×v1×fck = 3.578

N/mm2 ϑ=0.5×sin-1[ ] = 0.942°

𝑉𝑒𝑑
.225 ×𝑉1 ×𝑓𝑐𝑘

Determine ϑ, ϑ= 0.171 < 3.578 then, 21.8°

131
Provided 10 mm diameter of bar and with 2 legged along with spacing of 300 mm .

132
Asw = × 102 × 2 = 157.08 mm2
𝜋

fy = 500.00 N/mm2

𝑓𝑦𝑘
= = 434.78 N/mm2
fywd = fyd =
500
1.15 1.1
5

Spacing required, S = 573.08 mm which is greater than 300 mm condition is acceptable.

133
Design Of End Block

Number of Cable = 5
Side of end block ( 2Yo) = 0.75 m
Side of loaded area ( 2Yp) = 0.244 m
Load in tendon (Pk) = 2730 KN
Yeild strength of steel (fy) = 500 N/m2
Height of girder = 2.4 m
Table for Design brusting tensile strength (Fbst) according to IRC 112
Ypo/Yo 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7
Fbst/Pk 0.26 0.23 0.19 0.16 0.12

134
Table for individual square end block design brusting tensile strength
Cable1 Cable 3
For Vertical direction
Yo 0.15 0.15
Ypo 0.122 0.122
Ypo/Yo 0.81333 0.81333
3 3
Fbst/Pk 0.12 0.12
Fbst 327.6 327.6
For Horizontal direction
Yo 0.225 0.375
Ypo 0.122 0.122
Ypo/Yo 0.54222 0.32533
2 3
Fbst/Pk 0.17733 0.2524
3
Fbst 484.12 689.052

Reinforcement in End Block

Maximum bursting force = 689.05 kN
Tensile Strength = 0.87*500 = 435 N/mm2
Required Ast = 689.05 * 1000/435=1584.03 mm2
Provide 16 mm, 6 legged bar @ 3 nos
Area of steel provided = π*162*6*3 = 3619.115 mm2
4

Check for stress

σc behind anchorage = 21 N/ mm2
σt behind anchorage = 240 N/ mm2
Stress in steel = 689.05 *1000/3619.115 = 190.3924 N/ mm2
σc for cable 1 = 20.222 N/ mm2
σc for cable 3 = 12.133 N/ mm2

Table for overall group rectangle end block design brusting tensile strength
Equivalent 2Ypo = √5 ∗ 0.244 ∗ 0.244 = 0.5456

135
 For V For H
Yo 1.2 0.375
Ypo 0.2728 0.2728
Ypo/Yo 0.22733 0.72746
4 7
Fbst/Pk 0.26 0.12
Fbst 709.8 327.6
Maximum bursting force = 709.8 kN
Tensile Strength = 0.87*500 = 435 N/ mm2
Required Ast = 709.8 * 1000/435=1631.7241
mm2 Provide 16 mm, 6-legged bar @ 3 nos
Area of steel provided = π*162*6*3 = 3619.115 mm2
4

Minimum Reinforcement = 0.15*P/(fy*0.87) *1.2 = 0.15*2730*1000/ (0.87*500)*1.2 =

1129.6551 mm2

Check for stresses

σc behind anchorage = 21 N/ mm2
σt behind anchorage = 240 N/
mm2
Stress in steel = 709.8 *1000/3619.115 = 196.1253 N/mm2 < 240 N/ mm2 (ok)
σc for concrete = n*Pk/(Yov*2*Yho*2) = 5*2730*1000/(1.2*0.375*2*2*106) = 7.5833 N/mm2 <
21 N/ mm2 (ok)

136
Maximum bursting force = 709.8 kN
Tensile Strength = 0.87*500 = 435 N/ mm2
Required Ast = 709.8 * 1000/435=1631.7241
mm2 Provide 16 mm, 6-legged bar @ 3 nos
Area of steel provided = π*162*6*3 = 3619.115 mm2
4

Minimum Reinforcement = 0.15*P/(fy*0.87) *1.2 = 0.15*2730*1000/ (0.87*500) *1.2

= 1129.6551 mm2

Check for stresses

σc behind anchorage = 21 N/ mm2
σt behind anchorage = 240 N/
mm2
Stress in steel = 709.8 *1000/3619.115 = 196.1253 N/mm2 < 240 N/ mm2 (ok)
σc for concrete = n*Pk/(Yov*2*Yho*2) = 5*2730*1000/ (1.2*0.375*2*2*106) = 7.5833 N/mm2
< 21 N/ mm2 (ok)
Spalling Reinforcement
σmax = 250 N/mm2
Ast required = (0.03*Pk*1.2)/ σmax = 0.03*2730*1.2/250 = 393.12 mm2

π
Ast Provided = 16 mm @ 2 nos
*162*2 = 402.12 mm2 > 393.12 mm2 (ok)
4
=

Spiral Reinforcement
Spiral reinforcement is provided as per M/S Dynamic Prestress
Provide 16 mm dia. bar @ 16 mm = π*162*9 = 1809.5573 mm2
4

137
7. Design of Elastomeric Bearing

Different loads of the bridge superstructure have been calculated and bearings have been
designed for the critical combinations of the calculated loads

1. Unfactored Dead Load from Superstructure

Weight of Wearing Coat = 22 × 6 × 0.075 = 9.90 kN /m

Weight of Railing = 2 kN/m

Weight of Kerb = 0 kN/m

Weight of Slab = 0.25 × 8.4 × 25 = 52.5 kN/m

Weight of Footpath = 0.275 × 1.2 × 25 = 8.25 kN/m

Weight of fillet (Main girder) = ½ × 0.15 × 0.45 × 25× 2 = 1.6875 kN/m

Weight of Main girder Web part = 0.3 × 1.55 × 25 = 11.625 kN/m

Bulb trapezoid part = ½× (0.3+0.75) × 0.2 × 25 = 2.625 kN/m

Bulb rectangle part = 0.75 ×0.4 × 25 = 7.5 kN/m

Weight of Cross girder End Cross Girder = 97.45 kN (load calculation in girder)

Intermediate Cross Girder = 54.9281 kN

Shear force due to Cross girder = 179.8 kN

Total Reaction due to Dead Load from Superstructure without Wearing Coat (Wu) = DL of slab
+ DL of railing + DL of Cross Girder + DL of Longitudinal girder + DL of Footpath

= 52.5 × 35/6 +2 × 35/2 + 179.8 + (1.6875 + 11.625 + 2.625 +7.5 +8.25) × 35/2 + 50.625×3/3

= 1108.75 kN

Wearing coat load = 9.90 × 35/6 = 57.5 kN

2. Unfactored Live Load from Superstructure

Live load = Max reaction at the support of main girder = 559.99 kN

138
3.Braking Load

70RW, Braking load = 0.2 × (170 × 4+120 × 2+80) = 200 kN

70RT, Braking Load = 0.2 × (700) = 140 kN

70R Boogie, Braking Load = 0.2 × (200+200) = 80 kN

Class A, Braking load = 0.2 × (27 × 2+114 × 2+68 × 4) = 110.8 kN

Maximum Braking Load = 200 kN

Horizontal Load in each girder = 200 = 66.667 kN

3

Braking loads acts at 1.2m above wearing coat.

So, point of application of braking load from bearing= 1.2 + depth of girder + depth of Slab +
depth of wearing Coat = 1.2 + 0.075 +2.4 = 3.675 m

Vertical Reaction on the bearing = 66.667 × 3.675

35
= 7 kN

4.Wind Load
Wind load in transverse direction of bridge (𝐹𝑊𝑇) = PZ × A × G ×
CD Height of bridge < 10.0 m
For plain terrain and basic wind 33.0 m/s,
Vz = 27.8 m/s
Pz= 463.7 N/𝑚2
Basic Design wind speed = 47 m/s
Then,
Vz = 47 × 27.8 = 33.5939 m/s
33

Pz = ( ) × 463.7 = 940.6 N/𝑚2

47 2

33

Taking 36 m/s speed

Vz = 36 × 27.8 = 30.3273 m/s

33

Pz = ( ) × 463.7 = 551.841 N/𝑚2

36 2

33

139
Gust factor, G = 2 for span up to 150 m

𝑊𝑖𝑑𝑡ℎ 𝑜𝑓
𝑏𝑟𝑖𝑑𝑔𝑒 = 8.4 = 3.5
𝐷𝑒𝑝𝑡ℎ 𝑜𝑓 𝑠𝑢𝑝𝑒𝑟 2.4
B/D =
𝑠𝑡𝑟𝑢𝑐𝑡𝑢𝑟𝑒

CD = 1.3 for B/D ≥

6 CD = 1.5 for B/D

≤ 2 CD = 2.0625 for B/D

= 3.5

Area in transverse direction of bridge (A) = 35 × 2.4 + 21 × 1.1 × 0.15 + 0.11 × (35-21×0.15) =
90.9685 𝑚2

Case 1 - (𝐹𝑤𝑇) = Pz × A × G × CD = 90.9685 × 940.6 × 2 × 2.0625 = 352.995 kN

(90.9685 × 551.841 × 2 × 2.0625 + 3 × 18.8 ×551.841)
Case 2- (𝐹𝑤𝑇) = Pz × A × G × CD = 1000 = 238.2 kN

Wind load in Longitudinal direction of (𝐹𝑊𝐿) each bearing = 352.995 /3 = 117.651 kN

Wind load in Transverse direction of (𝐹𝑊𝑇) each bearing = 0.25Max (𝐹𝑊𝑇)/6 = 0.25 × 352.995/3
= 79.399 kN
Wind load in Vertical direction of bridge (𝐹𝑊𝑇) = PZ × A × G ×
CL CL = 0.75
Plan Area (A) = 8.4 × 35 = 294 𝑚2
𝐹𝑊𝑉 = Pz × A × G × CD = (294× 940.6 ×2 × 0.75)
1000
= 414.805 kN

Vertical Wind Load in each bearing = 414.805/6 = 69.1341 kN

5. Seismic Load
Seismic load = 𝑍 × × ×W
𝐼 𝑆𝑎

2 𝑅 𝑔

Where, Z = zone factor = 0.35

I = Importance factor = 1 for normal bridge
R = Response reduction factor = 2

𝑆𝑎
𝑔
= average response acceleration coefficient,

For 5% damping of RCC structure, 𝑆𝑎 = 2.5

140
𝑔

141
W = Total Dead load along the longitudinal and sum of appropriate live load in transverse
direction.
W along longitudinal direction = 6999.01 kN
W along transverse direction =6999.01 + 0.2 × (853.6057+161.57) = 7202.04 kNF𝑠𝐿

× × 2.5 × 6999.01 = 3149.554 kN

0.36 1
= 2 1

× × 2.5 ×
𝑇 0.36
1
7202.04
= 3240.92 kN
2 1
F𝑠 =

F𝑠𝑉 = 2 × 3149.554 = 2099.703 kN

3

Longitudinal Seismic load in each bearing = 3149.554 = 1049.851 kN

3

Transverse Seismic load in each bearing = 3240.92 = 1080.31 kN

3

Vertical Seismic load in each bearing = 2099.703 = 360.1022 kN

6

6. Load due to Temperature variation, Creep and Shrinkage effect

∆
2ℎ0
Maximum horizontal force on a bearing (Fcst) =
×G×A

For common reinforced concrete bridge deck, the longitudinal strain due to temperature
variation,creep and shrinkage is 5 × 10−4.

Horizontal load due to creep, shrinkage and temperature has been distributed to expansion
bearing only.
Horizontal deformation of bearing, ∆ = 5×10-4 × 25300 = 12.65 mm

Shear modulus of elastomeric bearing, G = 1 N/𝑚2

Approximate minimum height of bearing, h0 = 76.0 mm
Approximate size of bearing = 400 mm × 600 mm Maximum horizontal force on a bearing,
Clear Cover = 4 mm
Effective Area = (400-4) × (600-4) = 236016 𝑚2
× 1 × (2306016) = 27.172 kN
12.656
Fcst =
2 ×76

142
Summary of Loads on bearing

Unfactored Load on each Bearing Notation Load

Dead Load without w/c DL 1108.75
Wearing Course Dl w/c 57.75
Live Load LL 559.99
Braking Load Horizontal 𝐹𝑏𝑟𝐻 66.667
Braking Load Vertical 𝐹𝑏𝑟𝑉 7
Longitudinal Wind Load 𝐹𝑤𝐿 29.413
Transverse Wind Load 𝐹𝑤𝑇 117.651
Vertical Wind Load 𝐹𝑤𝑉 69.134
Longitudinal seismic Load F𝑠𝐿 1049.85
Transverse seismic Load F𝑠𝑇 1080.31
Vertical seismic seismic Load F𝑠𝑉 360.1022
Temperature load Fcst 27.172

Loads and their combination

a) Basic Combination

Total vertical load (Carriageway live load as leading) = 1.35DL + 1.75WC + 1.5LL + 0.9𝐹�𝑉 +
1.15𝐹𝑏𝑉
�

= 1.35 × 1108.75 + 1.75 × 57.75 + 1.5 × 559.99 + 1.15 × 7 + 0.9 × 69.134

= 2532.58 kN
Total horizontal load along longitudinal direction = 0.9 𝐹𝐶𝑆𝑇 + 0.9𝐹𝑉 + 1.5𝐹𝐻
𝑊 𝑏𝑟

= 0.9 × 27.172 + 0.9 × 29.413 + 1.5 × 66.667

= 150.927 kN

143
b) Seismic Combination

Total Vertical load due to seismicity along longitudinal direction

= 1.35DL + 1.75WC + 0.2LL + 1.5𝐹𝑉𝐿 + 0.2𝐹𝑉𝐿

𝑆 𝑏𝑟

= 1.35 × 1108.75 + 1.75 × 57.75 + 0.2 × 559.99 + 1.15 × 7 + 1.5 ×

360.1022

= 2078.03 kN

Total horizontal load along longitudinal direction = 0.5 𝐹𝐶𝑆𝑇 + 0.2 𝑏𝐹𝐻
𝑟

= 26.9198 kN

Design of Bearing

Nmin = 1496.815 kN

Nmax=2532.58kN

Hmax = 150.927kN

Laminated bearing with following dimensions has been chosen:

Length, l = 600 mm

Width, b = 400 mm

Thickness of steel plate, hs = 5 mm

Thickness of middle elastomer layer, hi = 14 mm

Thickness of elastomer layer at top and bottom, he = 7.0 mm

Number of steel plate = 4

Number of middle elastomer layer = 3

Total thickness of elastomer layer, h = 3× 14 + 2 × 7= 56 mm

⸫ Total height of bearing, h0 = 3× 14 + 5 × 4 + 2 × 7 = 76

mm Provide 4 mm gap on either side of elastomer.

144
Effective length, l’ = (600 – 2 × 4) = 592 mm

Effective width, b’ = (400 – 2 × 4) = 392 mm

Effective area of bearing, A1 = 392 × 592 = 232064 mm2.

Check for Geometry

𝑙 60
𝑖) 0 = 1.5 < 2 (𝑂𝐾)
�=
� 40
0

40
0 = 80 > ℎ = 76 𝑚𝑚 (𝑂𝐾)
�
𝑖𝑖) =
�
5 5
𝑏 30
𝑖𝑖𝑖) 0 = 30 < ℎ = 76 𝑚𝑚 (𝑂𝐾)
1 =
0 10
𝐴1
𝑖𝑣) 𝑆ℎ𝑎𝑝𝑒
𝑓𝑎𝑐𝑡𝑜𝑟, 𝑆 = 𝑙𝑃 × 𝑡𝑒

where, lP = 2 × (a’ + b’) = 2 × (392 +592 ) = 1968 mm

𝑡𝑒
=ℎ𝑖 = = 12.32 mm
2 × 1.4 × ℎ 𝑒+ 4 2 × 1.4 × 7+ 4 × 14
× 5
𝑡𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑙 𝑛𝑢𝑚𝑏𝑒𝑟 𝑜𝑓
𝑙𝑎𝑦𝑒𝑟𝑠

232064
𝑆 = 9.5713 > 6 & < 12 (𝑂𝐾)
= 1968 ×
12.32

Check for Bearing Pressure

Bearing pressure ≤ Allowable bearing pressure

𝑀𝑎𝑥𝑖𝑚𝑢𝑚 𝑣𝑒𝑟𝑡𝑖𝑐𝑎𝑙 𝑙𝑜𝑎𝑑 2532.58 × 1000

𝐵𝑒𝑎𝑟𝑖𝑛𝑔
𝑁/𝑚𝑚
2 𝑝𝑟𝑒𝑠𝑠𝑢𝑟𝑒 = = = 10.913
𝐵𝑒𝑎𝑟𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝑎𝑟𝑒𝑎 232064

𝐴𝑙 𝑙𝑜𝑤𝑎𝑏𝑙𝑒 𝑏𝑒𝑎𝑟𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝑝𝑟𝑒𝑠𝑠𝑢𝑟𝑒 = 0.25

145
× 𝑓𝐶𝐾
×
𝐴1 = 0.25 × 45 × √2 = 15.9 𝑁/𝑚𝑚2
√
𝐴2

𝐴
√ 𝑖𝑠 𝑙𝑖𝑚𝑖𝑡𝑒𝑑 𝑡𝑜 2)
𝐴2
1

146
Here, Allowable bearing pressure > Bearing pressure. Hence, OK.

Check for Basic Design Requirements

a. Maximum design strain

𝜀𝑡,𝑑 = 𝐾𝐿 (𝜀𝑐,𝑑 + 𝜀𝑞,𝑑 + 𝜀𝛼,𝑑) 𝜀𝑢,𝑘

≤ 𝜀𝑢,𝑑 = 𝛾𝑚

where, KL = 1, is type loading factor

𝜀𝑐,𝑑 = 𝑆𝑡𝑟𝑎𝑖𝑛 𝑑𝑢𝑒 𝑡𝑜 𝑐𝑜𝑚𝑝𝑟𝑒𝑠𝑠𝑖𝑣𝑒 𝑑𝑒𝑠𝑖𝑔𝑛 𝑙𝑜𝑎𝑑

𝜀𝑞,𝑑 = 𝑆𝑡𝑟𝑎𝑖𝑛 𝑑𝑢𝑒 𝑡𝑜 𝑠ℎ𝑒𝑎𝑟

𝜀𝛼,𝑑 = 𝑆𝑡𝑟𝑎𝑖𝑛 𝑑𝑢𝑒 𝑡𝑜 𝑎𝑛𝑔𝑢𝑙𝑎𝑟 𝑟𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛

𝜀𝑢, = 7 (𝑁𝑜𝑡𝑒 1 𝑜𝑓 𝐶𝑙𝑎𝑢𝑠𝑒 5.1.3) 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝛾𝑚 = 1

𝜀𝑢,
= 7.0
⸫
𝜀𝑢,𝑑
7
= =
𝛾𝑚 1

● Strain due to Compressive design load

1.5 × 𝐹𝑍,
𝜀𝑐,𝑑 =
𝐺 × 𝐴𝑟 × 𝑆

Where, FZ, d = Maximum vertical load = 2525.338 kN

G = Shear modulus of elasticity of elastomer, generally taken as 1.0 N/mm2

S = Shape factor

Ar = Reduced effective plan area due to the loading effects given by,

= 1 × (1 − 𝑉𝑥,𝑑 𝑉𝑦,𝑑
)
𝑎′ 𝑏′
−

𝑉𝑥,𝑑 =
147
� 𝑥𝑖𝑚𝑢𝑚 ℎ𝑜𝑟𝑖𝑧𝑜𝑛𝑡𝑎𝑙 𝑙𝑜𝑎𝑑 𝑖𝑛 𝑡ℎ𝑒
𝑑𝑖𝑟𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝑜𝑓 𝑎
�
� ×ℎ
�
𝐺 × 𝐴1

150.927 ×
1000 × 76
=
1 × 232064

148
 = 36.4207 𝑚𝑚

Similarly, 𝑉𝑦, = 0

36.420
𝐴 7 − 0) = 210502.96 𝑚𝑚2
= 232064 × (1 −
𝑟
392
1.5 × 2532.58 × 1000
𝜀𝑐,𝑑 = 1.885 𝑚𝑚
1 × 210502.96 × 9.5713
=

● Strain due to shear

𝑉𝑥𝑦,𝑑 √𝑉𝑥 2 + 𝑉𝑦, 𝑉𝑥,𝑑 36.4207

2

𝜀𝑞,𝑑 = ,𝑑 = = = 0.650 𝑚𝑚 < 1 (𝑂𝐾)

𝑇𝑞 𝑇𝑞 𝑇𝑞 56
=

● Strain due to angular rotation

𝑎′2 ∗ 𝖺𝑎,+ 𝑏′2 ∗ 𝖺𝑏,𝑑
∗ 𝑡
𝜀𝛼,𝑑
∑
2 ∗ �𝑡
𝑖
=
2

Where, 𝖺b, d = 0 as there is no rotation along longitudinal axis

𝖺𝑎,𝑑 = 𝖺𝐷𝐿+ 𝖺𝐿𝐿

𝑑 𝑑

400 × 𝑀𝑀𝑎𝑥, × 𝑙 × 10−3

= 400 × 𝑀𝑀𝑎𝑥, × 𝑙 ×
+ 10−3
0.5 × 𝐸𝐼𝑔𝑟 × 1.35 𝐸𝐼𝑔𝑟 ×
1.5

400 × 24241.25 × 106 × 35000 × 10−3

=
0.5 × 5000 × √25 × 4.452 × 1011 × 1.35
400 × 7909.68 × 106 × 35000 × 10−3
+
5000 × √25 × 4.452 × 1011 × 1.5

= 0.008665

So,

𝜀𝛼,𝑑 =
149
3922 × 5 + 4922 × 0
0.00866 × 14 = 1.598
2 × (4 × 143 + 2 × 73 )

Now,

150
𝜀𝑡,𝑑 = 𝐾𝐿 (𝜀𝑐,𝑑 + 𝜀𝑞,𝑑 + 𝜀𝛼,𝑑)

= 1 × (1.598 + 1.885 + 0.650)

= 4.134 < 𝜀𝑢, = 7 (OK)

b. Reinforcing plate thickness (Clause 5.1.3.5, IRC 83: 2018 (part II))

𝐾𝑝 × × (𝑡1 + 𝑡2) × 𝐾ℎ ×
𝑡𝑠
,
𝛾𝑚
=
𝐴𝑟 × 𝑓𝑦

Where, Kp = Stress correction factor = 1.3

t1 and t2 are the thickness of elastomer layer on either side of the

plate fy = yield stress of the steel = 250.0 N/mm2

Kh = factor for induced tensile stresses in reinforcing plate whose value is given as,

Without holes: Kh = 1

With holes: Kh = 2

So, for elastomer without holes

1.3 × 2532.58 × 1000 × (14 + 14) × 1

𝑡𝑠 × 1
=
213085.2 × 250

= 1.068 mm < 3.0 mm

So, for elastomer with holes

1.3 × 2532.58 × 1000 × (14 + 14) × 2 × 1

𝑡𝑠
= 213085.2 × 250

= 2.136 mm < 3.0 mm

Provide thickness of plate 3mm

c. Limiting conditions

151
i. Rotational limitation condition

For laminated rectangular bearing

152
 𝑎′ × 𝖺𝑎,𝑑 + 𝑏′ × 𝖺𝑏,𝑑
∑ 𝑉𝑍,𝑑 ≥0
𝐾𝑟,𝑑
−

where,

𝐾𝑟, = 3)

∑ 𝑉𝑍, is vertical deflection

∑ 𝐹𝑍, × 𝑡𝑖 1
∑ 𝑉𝑍,𝑑 × ( 1 )
𝐴
=
1 5 × 𝐺 × 𝑆2
𝐸𝑏𝑒𝑎𝑟𝑖𝑛𝑔
+

𝐸𝑏𝑒𝑎𝑟𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝑖𝑠 𝑔𝑖𝑣𝑒𝑛 𝑖𝑛 𝑁𝑜𝑡𝑒 − 1𝑜𝑓 𝑠𝑎𝑚𝑒 𝑐𝑙𝑎𝑢𝑠𝑒 𝑎𝑠 2000 𝑁/𝑚𝑚2

2532.58 × 1000 × 1 )
∑ 𝑉𝑍,𝑑 76 1
= 213085.2 × (
5 × 1 × 9.57132
2000
+
= 1.3342 mm

Now,

𝑎′ × 𝖺𝑎,𝑑 + 𝑏′ × 392 × 0.012 + 592

∑ 𝑉𝑍,𝑑 𝖺𝑏,𝑑 = 1.3342 × 0
− −
𝐾𝑟,𝑑 3

=0.202 > 0.0 (OK)

i. Buckling stability

For laminated rectangular bearing

𝐹𝑍 2 × 𝑎′ × 𝐺 × 𝑆
<
3 × 𝑇𝑒
,𝑑
𝐴
𝑟

153
 2532.58 × 2 × 392 × 1 × 9.57
1000 <
3 × 76
213085.2

i.e., 12.031 < 44.666 (OK)

154
ii. Non sliding condition

𝐹𝑥𝑦,𝑑 ≤ 𝜇𝑒 × 𝐹𝑧,𝑑 𝑀𝑖𝑛

where, Fxy, d = 150.927 kN

Fz, d Min is the minimum value of dead load from superstructure. As rubber has the unique
property that it behaves differently below certain minimum load, F z, d Min has been taken as DL
without considering wearing course, i.e.,

Fz, d Min = 1496.815 kN

𝐾𝑓
𝜇𝑒 = 0.1 +
1.5 × 𝜎𝑚

Kf = 0.6 for concrete

𝐹𝑜𝑟𝑐𝑒 1496.815 ×
1000 = 11.851 𝑁/𝑚𝑚2
𝜎 = =
𝑚
𝐴𝑟𝑒 213085.2
𝑎
Then,

0.6
𝜇𝑒 = 0.1 + = 0.1759
11.851
1.5 ×

𝜇𝑒 × 𝐹𝑧, 𝑀𝑖𝑛 = 0.1759 × 1496.815 = 263.351 𝑁

Here,

𝐹𝑥𝑦, = 150.927 ≤ 𝜇𝑒 × 𝐹𝑧, 𝑀𝑖𝑛 = 263.351 𝑘𝑁

Hence, OK.

155
8. Analysis and Design of Pier

For the design of pier, following data has been obtained from hydrological and geotechnical
investigation report.

Allowable bearing capacity of soil = 400 kN/m2

Bridge span = 35 m

Size of bearing = 600x400x76 mm

Lane width = 6 m

c/c distance between outermost girders = 2.625 m

Depth of girder (main) = 2.4m

Velocity of water current = 3.0623 m/s

Type of foundation = open foundation

RL of bottom of pier = 143.611m

Depth of pier = Difference between depth of HFL from bed level + scour depth +free Board height
=2.447+2+2.5+1.5 = 8.447 m

RL of HFL = 150.558 m

Material

Concrete: M30 for pier cap and M30 for pier stem (as minimum grade of concrete specified in
IRC SP114-2018)

Rebar: TMT500D

156
Type of Pier

RCC single column hammer headed pier has been selected. As the length of pier is more than 5m
so wall pier system will not be economical. Moreover, for 35m span, strength is also not
sufficient. Also, carriage way is only 6m so single column may be sufficient.

8.1 Pier Preliminary sizing

Diameter of stem=2.2m

Length of pier cap = c/c spacing of main girder × 2 + bearing length + 2 × clearance

= 2.625 × 2 + 2×0.6/2 + 2 × 0.5 = 6.85 m (As Clearance is taken as 0.5m (0.4-0.6m)

Width of pier cap:

Case I:

= Diameter of stem + 2 × 150

= 2 × 2.2 + 2 × 0.150 = 2.5 m

Case II:

= C/C of bearing distance + projection of span from bearing centre×2

= 1.5 + 0.5 × 2 = 2.5 m
Plan area of pier cap= 6.85 × 2.5 =17.125m2

Height of pier at edge = 0.5 m

Height of pier cap at stem = 1.25m

Length of one edge of pier cap excluding stem portion = (6.85 – 2.85)/2 =2.325m

Area of edge of pier cap = 2× (0.5 + 1.25)/2 × 2.325 = 4.068 m2

Self-weight of pedestal = 0.8×0.8×0.5×25×6 =48 kN

Self-weight of pier = ((4.068×2 + 2.2×1.25) ×2.5 + (8.447-1.25) × 𝜋× (2.2)2) × 25

4

=1364.698 kN

157
 Figure: Preliminary sizing of pier cap

Check for depth of pier Cap for punching shear

Height of pier cap at edge = 500 mm

Height of pier cap at support ie, stem = 750 mm

Distance of bearing from support = 2.325-0.5-0.6/2 = 1.525 m

Average depth = (0.5+1.25)

2 = 0.875 m

Vertical force from bearing = 2233.58 kN

Moment at support = 2233.58 × 1.525 = 3406.21 kNm

Ast = 9728.901 m2 100×Ast/bd = 0.4782

Permissible shear stress (Tc) = 0.3030

Kc (constant value depend on depth) = 1

KcTc = 0.3030

Punching shear = 0.28051 (KcTc > Punching shear,"safe","recheck")

Perimeter = 9100 mm. So provided thickness are sufficient.

158
8.2 Analysis

1. Unfactored Dead Load from Superstructure

Dead load of cross Girders = 177.06 kN

Dead load of cross slab and Girders = 1095.81 kN

Dead load of cross Girders =1394.58 kN

Dead load of railing = 35 kN

Dead load of footpath = 288.75 kN

Dead load of surfacing = 173.25 kN

2. Vehicle position load:

Option Explicit

Dim S1 As Double, S2 As Double

Sub Maximize ()

Dim LL (1 To 4, 1 To 4) As Double, LeL as Double

Dim MaxP as Double, MaxBM As Double, PMaxRL As Double, PMaxRR As Double,

BMMaxRL As Double, BMMaxRR As Double, PMaxBM As Double

Dim i As Integer

S1 = Cells(2, 4): S2 = Cells(2, 8)

For i = 1 To 4

LeL = 0

MaxP = 0: MaxBM = 0

Do While LeL <= (S1 + S2 + 30)

Cells(13, 5 × i) = LeL

159
'If Cells(49, 5 × i - 2) > MaxRL Then

' MaxRL = Cells(49, 5 × i - 2)

' LL(i, 1) = LeL

'End If

'If Cells(49, 5 × i - 1) > MaxRR Then

' MaxRR = Cells(49, 5 × i - 1)

' LL(i, 2) = LeL

'End If

If Cells(50, 5 × i - 1) > MaxP Then

MaxP = Cells(50, 5 × i - 1)

LL(i, 3) = LeL

PMaxRL = Cells(49, 5 × i - 2)

PMaxRR = Cells(49, 5 × i - 1)

PMaxBM = Cells(52, 5 × i - 1)

End If

If Cells(52, 5 × i - 1) > MaxBM Then

MaxBM = Cells(52, 5 × i - 1)

LL(i, 4) = LeL

BMMaxRL = Cells(49, 5 × i - 2)

BMMaxRR = Cells(49, 5 × i - 1)

End If

LeL = LeL + 0.05

160
 Loop

Cells (53, i × 5 - 2) = PMaxRL

Cells (54, i × 5 - 2) = PMaxRR

Cells (54, i × 5 - 1) = PMaxBM

Cells (55, i × 5 - 2) = BMMaxRL

Cells (56, i × 5 - 2) = BMMaxRR

Cells (57, i × 5 - 2) = LL(i, 3): Cells(57, i × 5 - 1) = MaxP

Cells (58, i × 5 - 2) = LL(i, 4): Cells(58, i × 5 - 1) = MaxBM

Next i

End Sub

Class A Loading:

MaxP RL 429.09
RR 103.38 244.28
MaxBM RL 421.18
RR 0.00
MaxP 78.85 532.5
MaxBM 35.70 315.9

Class 70R Wheel load:

MaxP RL 484.21
RR 444.53 29.76
MaxBM RL 10.88
RR 873.61
MaxP 44.70 928.7
MaxBM 49.20 647.0

161
Class 70R Track load:

MaxP RL 310.46
RR 381.66 53.40
MaxBM RL 0.00
RR 668.70
MaxP 38.05 692.1
MaxBM 40.35 501.5

Class 70R Boogie Load:

MaxP RL 287.4
RR 401.7 85.71
MaxBM RL 0.0
RR 674.3
MaxP 37.0 689.1
MaxBM 48.2 505.7

Summary Dead and live Load:

Summary Dead load without wearing course = 2814.14 kN

Summary Dead load wearing course = 173.25 kN

Maximum Live load by distribution = 542.792 kN

3. Load by braking effect:

Load = 0.3 ×484.21 + 0.2 × 444.53

=234.168 kN

Point of application of braking load = 3.751 m

Vertical Braking Load = 25.0961 kN

162
4. Due to Temperature & Shrinkage:

Temperature variation = 30 ˚C

Coeff. Of thermal expansion(α)= 0.000012 m/ ˚C / m

Length = 35 m

strain due to shrinkage = 0.0002

Thermal Elongation = 0.0126

shrinkage Elongation = 0.007

Total elongation due to temp. and shrinkage= 0.0126

Shear Rating of elastomer bearing = 0.007

Area of bearing= 0.0196

Ht. of bearing without plates= 1000 kN/m/m2

No of bearing = 6

.27
.096
Force on pier = 1.1 × (1000 ×
×.0196) × 6

= 363.825 kN

Vertical Force = 363.825 kN

Horizontal Force= 363.825 kN

5. Wind load from Super Structure:

Wind load in transverse direction of bridge (𝐹𝑊𝑇) = PZ × A × G ×

CD Height of bridge < 10.0 m
For plain terrain and basic wind 33.0 m/s,
Vz = 27.8 m/s
Pz= 463.7 N/𝑚2

Basic Design wind speed = 47 m/s

163
Then,
47
Vz = × 27.8 = 33.5939 m/s
33

Pz = ( )2× 463.7 = 940.6 N/𝑚2

47

33

Taking 36 m/s speed

36
Vz = × 27.8 = 30.3273 m/s
33

Pz = ( )2× 463.7 = 551.841 N/𝑚2

36

33

Gust factor, G = 2 for span up to 150 m (Clause 209.3.3, IRC 06: 2014)

𝑊𝑖𝑑𝑡ℎ 𝑜𝑓
𝑏𝑟𝑖𝑑𝑔𝑒 = 8.4 = 3.5
𝐷𝑒𝑝𝑡ℎ 𝑜𝑓 𝑠𝑢𝑝𝑒𝑟 2.4
B/D =
𝑠𝑡𝑟𝑢𝑐𝑡𝑢𝑟𝑒

CD = 1.3 for B/D ≥ 6

CD = 1.5 for B/D ≤ 2

CD = 1.35 for B/D = 3.5

Area in transverse direction of bridge (A)= 35 × 2.4 + 21 × 1.1 × 0.15 + 0.11 × (35-21×0.15) =
93.845 m2

Case 1 - (𝐹𝑤𝑇) = Pz × A × G × CD = 90.9685 × 940.6 × 2 × 2.4375 = 417.129

(90.9685 × 551.841 × 2 × 2.4375 + 3 × 18.8
Case 2- (𝐹𝑤𝑇) = Pz × A × G × CD=
kN

×551.841)
1000

= 275.85 kN

Wind load in Longitudinal direction of (𝐹𝑊𝐿) each bearing = 417.129 /6 =69.5215 kN

Wind load in Transverse direction of (𝐹𝑊𝑇) each bearing = 0.25Max (𝐹𝑊𝑇)/6 = 0.25 × 417.129/6
= 17.3804 kN
Wind load in Vertical direction of bridge (𝐹𝑊𝑇) = PZ × A × G × CL

164
CL = 0.75

165
 Plan Area (A) = 8.4 × 35 = 294 𝑚2
𝐹𝑊𝑉 = Pz × A × G × CD
(294× 940.6 ×2 × 0.75)
= 1000

= 414.805 kN
Vertical Wind Load in each bearing = 414.805/6 = 69.1341 kN
Total Load = 2 × (0.78 × 30.885+0.824 × 30.885+0.952 × 130.425+1 × 130.425+
77.805 × (0.828+0.708+0.588+0.468))

Total Load = 1011.60 kN

This load is taken by pier only. Braking load on pier is given by:

FH br= 291.6kN

291.6 × 3.345
𝐹𝑏 = = 19.508𝑘𝑁
𝑉
𝑟
25 × 2

Wind load from substructure

Wind load in transverse direction

FTW = 𝑃𝑍 × 𝐴 × 𝐺 × 𝐶𝐷 = 940.6 × (2.2 × (8.447 – 2) × 2 × 0.75 = 20.011kN

Wind load in longitudinal direction (FLW) = 0.25 × 20.011 = 5.002kN

Seismic load from superstructure (Clause 219.5.1, IRC 06: 2014)

Seismic load = 𝑍 × × ×W
𝐼 𝑆𝑎

2 𝑅 𝑔

Where, zone factor (Z) = 0.36

Importance factor (I) = 1 for normal bridge (Clause 219.5.1.1, IRC 06: 2014)
R = Response reduction factor = 2 (Table 9, IRC 06: 2014)
𝑆𝑎
𝑔
= average response acceleration coefficient,

For 5% damping of RCC structure, 𝑆𝑎 = 2.5 (Clause 219.5.1, IRC 06: 2014)
𝑔

W = Total Dead load along the longitudinal and sum of appropriate live load in transverse
direction.
166
W along longitudinal direction =4102.28 kN
W along transverse direction 4102.28 + 0.2 × (928.74 + 689.14) = 4347.58 kN

×
× 2.5 ×
(Total Seismic Load in longitudinal) F𝑠𝐿 = 0.36
1

1 4102.28
= 615.3412 kN
2

×
× 2.5 ×
(Seismic Load in transverse) F𝑠𝑇 = 0.36
1

1 4347.58
= 652.1367 kN
2

(Seismic Load vertical in longitudinal) F𝑠𝑉 = 2 × 652.1367 = 410.227 kN

3

Vertical transverse bearing (F𝑠𝑡) = 2 × 652.1367 = 434.7579 kN

3

Longitudinal Seismic load in each girder = 615.3412 = 205.1137 kN

3

Transverse Seismic load in each girder = 652.1367 = 217.3789 kN

3

Vertical Seismic load = ×

2 217.3789

3 6
= 144.919 kN

Total Seismic load in longitudinal direction (𝐹𝐿𝑆)= 615.34

kN Seismic load in Transverse direction 𝐹𝑇𝑆 = 652.14 kN

Vertical reaction due to seismic load = 434.76 kN

Summary of Seismic Loads in superstructure

Heights in longitudinal direction = 11.147 m

Heights in longitudinal direction = 11.147 m

Lever arm in longitudinal direction = 6.85 = 3.425 m

2

Lever arm in longitudinal direction = 1.25 m

Horizontal Horizontal
Moment in Moment in
Cases Force Force in Force
Longitudinal Transverse
longitudinal Transverse
Longitudinal 0.0 615.3 0.0 6859.2 0.0
Transverse 0.0 0.0 652.1 0.0 7269.4

167
Vertical Up /
434.8 0.0 0.0 1489.0 543.4
Down

168
 Horizontal
Horizontal Force Moment in Moment in
Seismic cases Force Force
in longitudinal Longitudinal Transverse
Transverse
rl + 0.3rt + 0.3rv 130.4 615.3 195.6 7305.9 2343.8
rl + 0.3rt - 0.3rv -130.4 615.3 195.6 6412.5 2017.8
0.3 rl + rt +0.3rv 130.4 184.6 652.1 2504.5 7432.4
0.3 rl + rt -0.3rv -130.4 184.6 652.1 1611.0 7106.3
0.3 rl + 0.3 rt + rv 434.8 184.6 195.6 3546.8 2724.3
0.3 rl + 0.3 rt - rv -434.8 184.6 195.6 568.7 1637.4

Seismic load from sub-structure

Seismic load = 𝑍 × × ×W
𝐼 𝑆𝑎

2 𝑅 𝑔

Where, zone factor (Z) = 0.36

Importance factor (I) = 1 for normal bridge (Clause 219.5.1.1, IRC 06: 2014)
R = Response reduction factor = 3 (Table 9, IRC 06: 2014)
𝑆𝑎
𝑔
= average response acceleration coefficient,

For 5% damping of RCC structure, 𝑆𝑎 = 2.5 (Clause 219.5.1, IRC 06: 2014)
𝑔

W = Total Dead load along the longitudinal and sum of appropriate live load in transverse
direction.
W along longitudinal direction = 2063.295 kN
W along transverse direction = 2063.295 kN

Total Seismic Load in longitudinal ( F𝑠𝐿) = 0.36

×
1 × 2.5 ×
1 2063.295
= 309.4943 kN
2

×
× 2.5 ×
Seismic Load in transverse (F𝑠𝑇)= 0.36
1

1 2063.295
= 928.483 kN
2

Seismic Load vertical in longitudinal (F𝑠𝑉) = 2 × 309.4943 = 206.3296 kN

3

Vertical transverse bearing (F𝑠 ) = × 928.483 = 618.9887 kN

𝑡 2
3

169
Vertical Seismic load = 2 ×
217.3789

3 6
= 144.919 kN

170
Total Seismic load in longitudinal direction (𝐹𝐿𝑆)= 309.49
kN Seismic load in Transverse direction 𝐹𝑇𝑆 = 928.48 kN

Vertical reaction due to seismic load = 618.99

kN Summary of Seismic Loads in

superstructure Heights in longitudinal direction

= 5.723 m Heights in longitudinal direction =

5.723 m Lever arm in longitudinal direction = 0

Lever arm in longitudinal direction = 0 m

Horizontal Horizontal
Moment in Moment in
cases Force Force in Force
Longitudinal Transverse
longitudinal Transverse
Longitudinal 0.0 309.5 0.0 1771.4 0.0
Transverse 0.0 0.0 928.5 0.0 5314.2
Vertical Up /
Down 619.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0

Horizontal
Horizontal Force Moment in Moment in
Seismic cases Force Force
in longitudinal Longitudinal Transverse
Transverse
rl + 0.3rt + 0.3rv 185.7 309.5 278.5 1771.4 1594.3
rl + 0.3rt - 0.3rv -185.7 309.5 278.5 1771.4 1594.3
0.3 rl + rt +0.3rv 185.7 92.8 928.5 531.4 5314.2
0.3 rl + rt -0.3rv -185.7 92.8 928.5 531.4 5314.2
0.3 rl + 0.3 rt + rv 619.0 92.8 278.5 531.4 1594.3
0.3 rl + 0.3 rt - rv -619.0 92.8 278.5 531.4 1594.3

171
Load due to water current:

𝐹𝑇𝑊𝐶 = 𝑃×𝐴

P = 52KV2 where K = 0.66 for circular pier (For

Transverse) (For parallel and Longitudinal)

V = 3.0623 m/s

Intensity of pressure in transverse (PT) = 3.22 kN/m2

Intensity of pressure in Longitudinal (PL) = 3.22 kN/m2

Height of HFL from pier base = 4.947 m

Width at HFL= 3 m

Water current acts at 3.298 m.

𝐸𝑥𝑖𝑠𝑡𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝑑𝑖𝑟𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝑜𝑓 𝑓𝑙𝑜𝑤 𝑎𝑛𝑔𝑙𝑒 𝑤𝑖𝑡ℎ 𝑝𝑖𝑒𝑟 𝑎𝑥𝑖𝑠 𝑖𝑛 𝑟𝑖𝑣𝑒𝑟 𝜃 = 0° (𝑓𝑜𝑟𝑚 𝑡𝑜𝑝𝑜
𝑚𝑎𝑝)

5o

Now as per clause 210.5, Design angle is 𝛼 = 𝜃 ±

20° For transverse direction 𝛼𝑇 = 20°

For longitudinal direction 𝛼𝐿 = 20°

And, Area A = 4.947 × 3 = 14.841 m2

∴𝐹
𝑤 = 52 × 0.66 × (3.0623 × 𝑐𝑜𝑠15)^2 × 14.841 × 9.81/1000 = 44.883𝑘𝑁
𝑇

∴𝐹
𝑤 = 52 × 0.66 × (3.0623 × 𝑠𝑖𝑛25)^2 × 14.841 × 9.81/1000 = 16.336𝑘𝑁
𝐿

Load due to Hydrodynamic Force

172
Scour Depth = 4.947m

173
Height of submerged portion of pier(H) = 6.947m

Radius of enveloping cylinder (a) = 1.1 m

(Coefficient) Ce = 0.81235 kg/m3

H/re = 4.4972

H/Re=3, Ce=.675

H/Re=4, Ce=0.73

Design horizontal seismic coefficient (Ah)=0.150

Unit weight of water=1000

Weight of the water in the enveloping cylinder (We) = 481.918kN

𝐹𝑇ℎ𝑦𝑑 = 𝐹𝐿ℎ𝑦𝑑 = 𝐶𝑒 × 𝐴ℎ × 𝑊𝑒= 481.91 × 0.150 × 0.81235 = 58.772 kN

Load due to buoyancy

𝐹𝑏𝑢𝑜𝑦 = 𝑉𝑠𝑢𝑏𝑚𝑒𝑟𝑔𝑒𝑑 × 𝛾𝑤

𝑉𝑠𝑢𝑏𝑚𝑒𝑟𝑔𝑒𝑑 = 𝜋 /4 × (diameter of pier)2 × (Height of pier – 1.5) =26.4184

m3 Unit weight of water = 1000 kg/m3

𝐹𝑏𝑢𝑜𝑦 = 26.4184 × 9.81 = 259.164 𝑘𝑁

Point of application = 4.2235 m

8.3 Design

Design of pier cap

Pier cap has been designed as cantilever beam and detailed as per IRC-112

174
 Figure. Pier cap (section and plan) showing critical sections

Load Combinations

a) Basic Combination

Loads Vertical Load Factor Leading Accompanying

Self Wt of pedestal 48 1.35
Self Wt of Pier Cap 127.1484375 1.35
Dead 938.0463542 1.35
Wearing Coarse 173.25 1.75
Live 542.7924844 1.5 1.15
Wind 69.13409325 1.5 0.9
Braking 25.09614971 1.5 1.15
Temperature 121.275 1.5 0.9

Case I:

Live load Leading = 2820.418 kN

Case II:

Wind loads leading = 2671.921 kN

175
Case III:

Braking load leading = 2639.224 kN

Case IV:

Temperature load leading = 2703.205 kN

Maximum Combination Load from all case = 2820.418 kN

b) Seismic Combination

Loads Vertical Load Factor Leading Accompanying

Self Wt of pedestal 48 1.35
Self Wt of Pier Cap 127.1484 1.35
Dead 938.0464 1.35
Wearing Coarse 173.25 1.75
Live 542.792 0 0.2
Wind 69.1341 0 0
Braking 25.0961 0 0.2
Temperature 121.275 0 0.5
Seismic 434.758 1.5

Total Load due to Seismic combination = 2632.352 kN

Maximum Moment due combination of pier cap at stem:

Moment Due to Super Structure = 3940.5505 kNm

Moment Due to Self-weight = 244.237 kNm

Lever Arm = 0.9964 m

Design Bending Moment = 4232.643 kNm

Eccentricity (ec2) = 0.002

Depth of rectc. = 500 mm

176
Depth of Triangle = 750 mm

Width = 2325 mm

Limiting strain = 0.0022

Cover = 0.075 m

177
Finding Area Of the given Geometry
Area CG of
SNo of C C Area of C
. Depth Width Stripe stripe Strain Stress Stress CG Force Moment
1 1250 2325 0.0035 13.4
11625 1557.7
2 1200 2325 0 1225 0.0023 13.4 670.000 1225 5 1908.244
11625 10.49 1176. 1388.7
3 1150 2325 0 1175 0.0011 3 597.315 014 58 1633.199
11625 1133. 609.88
4 1100 2325 0 1125 -1E-04 0 262.315 333 28 691.2005
11625
0 0 0
5 1050 2325 0 1075 -0.001 0 0.000
11625
0 0 0
6 1000 2325 0 1025 -0.003 0 0.000
11625
0 0 0
7 950 2325 0 975 -0.004 0 0.000
11625
0 0 0
8 900 2325 0 925 -0.005 0 0.000
11625
0 0 0
9 850 2325 0 875 -0.006 0 0.000
11625
0 0 0
10 800 2325 0 825 -0.007 0 0.000
11625
0 0 0
11 750 2325 0 775 -0.009 0 0.000
11237 725.2
0 0 0
12 700 2170 5 874 -0.01 0 0.000
10462 675.3
0 0 0
13 650 2015 5 086 -0.011 0 0.000

178
 625.3
0 0 0
14 600 1860 96875 333 -0.012 0 0.000
575.3
0 0 0
15 550 1705 89125 623 -0.014 0 0.000
525.3
0 0 0
16 500 1550 81375 968 -0.015 0 0.000
475.4
0 0 0
17 450 1395 73625 386 -0.016 0 0.000
425.4
0 0 0
18 400 1240 65875 902 -0.017 0 0.000
375.5
0 0 0
19 350 1085 58125 556 -0.018 0 0.000
325.6
0 0 0
20 300 930 50375 41 -0.02 0 0.000
275.7
0 0 0
21 250 775 42625 576 -0.021 0 0.000
225.9
0 0 0
22 200 620 34875 259 -0.022 0 0.000
176.1
0 0 0
23 150 465 27125 905 -0.023 0 0.000
126.6
0 0 0
24 100 310 19375 667 -0.024 0 0.000
77.77
0 0 0
25 50 155 11625 778 -0.026 0 0.000
33.33
0 0 0
26 0 0 3875 333 -0.027 0 0.000
0.115
xu/d= 151 Moment 4232.643

179
Check For Provided Depth

Taking M25 concrete and diameter of Bars 32mm and average depth 875 mm. characteristics
strength of concrete is 30 MPa. Clear cover of concrete is 40mm.

Depth at support =1.25m

Length of pier Cap=2.325m

Effective Depth =1.194m

Moment (Mulim) = 4232.643 kNm

Moment = 6639.6859 kNm

Required Depth =843.1238m < 875m which is Singly Reinforced beam.

Design of reinforcement

Design of tension reinforcement (Ast1)

fy =500 N/mm2

Compression Force = 3556.390 kN

Area of steel (Ast) = 8179.698mm2

Provide bar of = 32 mm

Area of bar = 804.247mm2

Number of bars = 10.051= approx. 11 nos. of bar provided.

Provide Ast = 19301.945 mm2

Spacing =104.167 mm = approx.100mm

Transverse reinforcement

Ast (0.15 %) = 3051.5625 mm2

No of bar =3.794 =approx. 4 no of bar

Spacing = 612.760 mm

180
Spacing adopted =200 mm c/c

Area of steel (Ast) = 9349.379

mm2

Check for minimum and maximum reinforcement

Minimum and Maximum Tensile steel as per code

fctm = 2.5

fyk = 500 N/mm2

(Asmin) = 0.26 ×
2.5
= 0.0013
500

Minimum Area of steel (AS.min) = 0.00130, if (Asmin >0.0013) then adopt that greater value.

Area of steel = 2644.69 mm2

For Maximum Ast

Ac = 2034375 mm2 0.025 Ac = 50859.4 mm2

Here (𝐴𝑠𝑡)m𝑖𝑛 < 𝐴𝑠𝑡 < (𝐴𝑠𝑡)𝑚𝑎𝑥.

Check Limit State of Serviceability

Loads Load Load Factor Total Load(kN)

Self Wt of Pier Cap 127.1484375 1 127.148

Dead 938.0463542 1 938.046
Wearing Coarse 173.25 1 173.250
Live 542.7924844 1 542.792
Wind 69.13409325 1 69.134
Braking 25.09614971 1 25.096
Temperature 121.275 1 121.275

Total 1996.742

181
Total Moment = 2851.130 kNm

182
Crack width

Bending Moment for Crack width check = 2851.31 kNm

Area of Steel provided (As) = 19302 mm2

Lever Arm (d-B2xu) = 833.088 mm

Actual Stress(σsc) = 177.11

N/mm2 Length of pier Cap= 2.325

(Effective depth of reinforcement) Hc,eff

Case I:

Hc,eff = 2.5×(h-d) = 140 mm

Case II:

Area Factor β1 = 0.80952

Hc,eff = (h-x)/3 =

= 352 mm

CG Factor β2 = 0.41597

Case III:

Hc,eff = h/2= 597 mm

Ac,eff = 325500 mm2

σsc = 177.31 N/mm2

Es = 200000 Mpa(N/mm2)

Kt = 0.05

fcm= fck+10 = 40

183
N/mm2 Fct,eff = 2.50

Ecm =31187 Mpa (N/mm2)

184
ρ1, eff = 0.0593
𝐸𝑠
α e= = 6.413
𝐸𝑐𝑚

εsm - εcm = 0.0007 > 0.6 σsc/Es (Ok)

= 0.6 ×
𝜎𝑠𝑐
= .0005 (εsm - εcm > 0.6 σsc/Es, safe)
𝐸𝑠

Srmax = 227.738

Crack width = (εsm - εcm) × Srmax

= 0.1685 mm, (IF Crack width <0.3 then given value is safe).

Shear check

Applied Shear Force = 4386.987 kN

Diameter of Bars = 32 mm

Characteristics Strength (fck) = 30

N/mm2 Clear Cover = 40 mm

Depth at support = 1250 mm

Length of pier Cap = 2325 mm

Effective Depth = 1194 mm

Moment = 4232.678 kNm

fyk = 500 N/mm2

500
𝑓𝑦𝑘
fyd =
1.15
= = 434.8 N/mm2
1.15

Es = 2000000 N/mm2
0.200
εuk = = 0.0222
.9

εud = 0.200

185
 434.8
ε = 200000 = 0.00022
0

Stress of concrete for different values of strain

Steel
Strain Stress, σcd
-0.02222 -483.0917874
-0.02000 -434.78261
0.00000 0.00000
0.02000 434.78261

500
𝑓𝑦𝑘
Design stress, fpd=
1.15
= = 434.8 N/mm2
1.15

Flexural tensile stress, σp = 584.673N/mm2

Design stress < Flexural tensile stress Section is cracked

Design for cracked section

Provide 32mm bar and provided 4 number of bars.

Depth of reinforcement = 1250.0 mm

Effective depth of reinforcement = 875.00 mm

Minimum Axial (NED) = 0.00 kN

fck = 30 N/mm2
0.67∗30
fcd = = 13.4 N/mm2
1.5

0.2fcd = 0.2 × 13.4 = 2.68

N/mm2 Z = 833.09 mm
𝑁𝑒𝑑 0.67
σcp= = 0 < (0.2fcd=0.22×30× = 2.68 N/mm2)
𝐴𝑐 1.5

bw = 2350 mm
lever arm factor j= 0.95

186
 𝐴𝑠𝑡
ρl = 𝑏𝑤× =0.0095 ≤ 0.02
𝑑

187
 k =1 + √ ≤ 2=1.47809 ≤ 2.0
200

𝑉𝑅𝑑.𝑐 = [0.12(80𝜌1 × 𝑓𝑐𝑘)0.33 + 0.15𝜎𝑐𝑝 = (0.12×1.4780 × (80×0.0017×30)0.33 + 0.15×0 =0.50

𝑉𝑅 875
𝑑.𝑐 1000
= 0.50 × 2325 × = 1012.16 kN

VRd.c,min = (0.031k3/2 f 1/2 + 0.15 σcp ) × Bw × d = 620.73 kN

ck
VRd.c= 0.50×bw×d = 1012.16 kN > 620.73 kN (ok)
When VRd.c > Applied Shear Force then shear Design is necessary in given condition.
Characteristics Strength (fck) = 30

N/mm2 αcw = 1.0

for σcp values (in between) αcw

0.00 1
0.00 3.35 1
3.35 6.70 1.25
6.70 20.10 2.5

Applied Shear Force = 4387.0 kN

Applied shear stress, VED = 2.265

N/mm2 V1=0.6(1- fck/310) = 0.542

N/mm2

Max. allowable shear stress for (ϑ)=45° = αcw×0.225× v1× fck= 3.6581 < 2.262 (ok)

Shear stress, for ϑ=21.8°, αcw×0.155×v1×fck = 2.520

N/mm2 ϑ=0.5×sin-1[ ] = 19.127°

𝑉𝑒𝑑
.225 ×𝑉1 ×𝑓𝑐𝑘

Determine ϑ, ϑ= 2.262 < 3.6581 then, 21.8°

Provided 20 mm diameter of bar and with 2 legged along with spacing of 100 mm.

188
Asw = × 202 × 2 = 628.32 mm2
𝜋
4

fy = 500.00 N/mm2

189
𝑓𝑦𝑘
= = 434.78 N/mm2
fywd = fyd =
500
1.1
1.15 5

Spacing required, S = 119.98 mm which is lesser then100 mm condition is acceptable.

190
Analysis And Design of pier Stem

Point of
Load Type Unfactor load Unit application from
bottom(m)
Vertical Combination
DL, super (DLss) 2814.14 kN 0
DL, wearing coat (DLwc) 173.25 kN 0
Braking Load -25.10 kN 0.75
Live Load on span (LLs) 3256.75 kN 0.75
Seismic Vertical Super (FvS) 434.757855 kN 0.75
Seismic Vertical Sub (FvSu) 618.988661 kN 0.75
Wind Vertical 414.80 kN 0.75
Pedestal 48.00 kN 0
Pier (Wpier) 1364.70 kN 0
Horizontal Combination
Check Transverse
Water current (Fwa) 44.88 kN 3.298
Wind super (Fwi) 430.32 kN 7.723
Wind sub (Fwi) 20.01 kN 3.2235
Seismic super (Fse) 184.60 kN 7.723
Seismic sub (Fse) 92.85 kN 3.2235
Hydrodynamic (Fhyd) 58.72 kN 3.298
Buoyancy (Fbuoy) 259.16 kN 4.2235
Horizontal Temperature (Ftem) 363.83 kN 8.485

Check Longitudinal
Water Current (Fwa) 16.3361265 kN 3.298
Wind Super (Fwi) 107.579792 kN 7.723
Wind sub (Fwi) 5.00283928 kN 3.2235
Seismic Super (Fse) 615.341285 kN 7.723
Seismic Sub (Fse) 92.8482991 kN 3.2235
Braking (Fba) 234.168286 kN 12.198
Long Temperature (Ftem) 363.825 kN 8.485

191
Load combination for ultimate state:

Basic Load Combinations Seismic Load

Live Wind Temp Braking Seismic
Load Type
Leading lead Leading lead Leading
Vertical Combination LF1 LF2 LF3 LF4 LF1
DL, super (DLss) 1.35 1.35 1.35 1.35 1.35
DL, wearing coat (DLwc) 1.75 1.75 1.75 1.75 1.75
Braking Load 1.15 1.15 1.15 1.5 0.2
Live Load on span (LLs) 1.5 1.15 1.15 1.15 0.2
Seismic Vertical Super (FvS) 0 0 0 0 1.5
Seismic Vertical Sub (FvSu) 0 0 0 0 0
Wind Vertical 0.9 1.5 1.5 0.9 0.5
Pedestal 1.35 1.35 1.35 1.35
Pier (Wpier) 1.35 1.35 1.35 1.35 1.35
Water current (Fwa) 1 1 1 1 1
Wind super (Fwi) 0.9 1.5 0.9 0.9 0
Wind sub (Fwi) 0.9 1.5 0.9 0.9 0
Seismic super (Fse) 0 0 0 0 1.5
Seismic sub (Fse) 0 0 0 0 1.5
Hydrodynamic (Fhyd) 0 0 0 0 1
Buoyancy (Fbuoy) 0.15 0.15 0.15 0.15 1
Horizontal Temperature (Ftem) 0.9 0.9 1.5 0.9 0.5
Water Current (Fwa) 1 1 1 1 1
Wind Super (Fwi) 0.9 1.5 0.9 0.9 0
Wind sub (Fwi) 0.9 1.5 0.9 0.9 0
Seismic Super (Fse) 0 0 0 0 1.5
Seismic Sub (Fse) 0 0 0 0 1.5
Braking (Fba) 1.15 1.15 1.15 1.5 0.2
Long Temperature (Ftem) 0.9 0.9 1.5 0.9 0.5

192
Load combination for serviceability state:

SERVICEABILITY STATE

Quasi
Rare Load Combinations Frequent Load Combinations Combination
Live Live wind wind Thermal Thermal Braking Braking Live Live wind wind Thermal Thermal Braking Braking
Quasi Quasi
Load Type leading leading leading leading leading leading leading leading leading leading leading leading leading leading leading leading
while while
while while while while while while while while while while while while while while while while
dead dead
Dead Dead Dead Dead Dead Dead Dead Dead Dead Dead Dead Dead Dead Dead Dead Dead
leading relieving
Adding relieving Adding relieving Adding relieving Adding relieving Adding relieving Adding relieving Adding relieving Adding relieving
Vertical Combination LF1 LF2 LF3 LF4 LF5 LF7 LF8 LF9 LF1 LF2 LF3 LF4 LF5 LF7 LF8 LF9 LF1 LF2
DL, super (DLss)
1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1
DL, wearing coat (DLwc)
1.2 1 1.2 1 1.2 1 1.2 1 1.2 1 1.2 1 1.2 1 1.2 1 1.2 1
Braking Load 0.75 0.75 0.75 0.75 0.75 0.75 1 1 0.2 0.2 0.2 0.2 0.2 0.2 0.75 0.75 0 0
Live Load on span (LLs) 1 1 0.75 0.75 0.75 0.75 0.75 0.75 0.75 0.75 0.2 0.2 0.2 0.2 0.2 0.2 0 0
Seismic Vertical Super (FvS)
0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
Seismic Vertical Sub (FvSu)
0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
Wind Vertical 0.6 0.6 1 1 0.6 0.6 0.6 0.6 0.5 0.5 0.6 0.6 0.5 0.5 0.5 0.5 0 0
Pedestal 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1
Pier (Wpier) 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1
Water current (Fwa)
1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 0 0
Wind super (Fwi)
0.6 0.6 1 1 0.6 0.6 0.6 0.6 0.5 0.5 0.6 0.6 0.5 0.5 0.5 0.5 0 0
Wind sub (Fwi)
0.6 0.6 1 1 0.6 0.6 0.6 0.6 0.5 0.5 0.6 0.6 0.5 0.5 0.5 0.5 0 0
Seismic super (Fse)
0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
Seismic sub (Fse)
0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
Hydrodynamic (Fhyd)
0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
Buoyancy (Fbuoy)
0.15 0.15 0.15 0.15 0.15 0.15 0.15 0.15 0.15 0.15 0.15 0.15 0.15 0.15 0.15 0.15 0.15 0.15
Horizontal Temperature (Ftem)
0.6 0.6 0.6 0.6 1 1 0.6 0.6 0.6 0.6 0.5 0.5 0.6 0.6 0.6 0.6 0.5 0.5
Water Current (Fwa) 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 0 0
Wind Super (Fwi)
0.6 0.6 1 1 0.6 0.6 0.6 0.6 0.5 0.5 0.6 0.6 0.5 0.5 0.5 0.5 0 0
Wind sub (Fwi)
0.6 0.6 1 1 0.6 0.6 0.6 0.6 0.5 0.5 0.6 0.6 0.5 0.5 0.5 0.5 0 0
Seismic Super (Fse)
0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
Seismic Sub (Fse)
0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
Braking (Fba)
0.75 0.75 0.75 0.75 0.75 0.75 0.75 0.75 0.2 0.2 0.2 0.2 0.2 0.2 0.75 0.75 0 0
Long Temperature (Ftem)
0.6 0.6 0.6 0.6 1 1 0.6 0.6 0.5 0.5 0.5 0.5 0.6 0.6 0.5 0.5 0.5 0.5

174
Ultimate Shear and Bending moment:

Ultimate Shear force and Bending moment

Resultant Resultant
Case
PZ HL HT ML MT Mpz moment(kNm shear
s ) force(kN)
Case 11496.230 816.49 714.39 6139.63 6879.3 3922.196 1084.9106
1 4 8 7 7 4 9 13142.85 6
Case 10605.248 781.94 8172.35 7387.5 3253.960 1338.7861
2 9 1086.7 6 4 2 8 14270.44 2
Case 10605.248 1034.7 932.69 8731.5 3253.960 1393.0935
3 9 9 2 7991.87 7 8 15090.78 8
Case 10347.582 816.49 796.35 6139.63 7879.0 1140.5484
4 5 8 5 7 7 3060.711 13049.45 3
Case 7707.7052 926.56 1273.0 5456.72 1129.403 1574.5588
5 9 5 7 7 9635.5 1 12202.74 8
Maximum Resultant 15090.78 1574.558

175
Serviceability Shear and Bending moment:

Resultant
Resultant
Cases PZ HL HT ML MT Mpz shear
moment(kNm)
force(kN)
Case 1 8112.084 572.2512 477.8069 4197.1621 4556.577 2615.1116 8810.1554 745.5004
Case 2 8077.434 572.2512 477.8069 4197.1621 4556.577 2615.1116 8810.1554 745.5004
Case 3 7463.817 752.3834 522.84 5552.3067 4895.364 2128.9115 9531.1202 916.2109
Case 4 7429.167 752.3834 522.84 5552.3067 4895.364 2128.9115 9531.1202 916.2109
Case 5 7297.895 717.7812 623.3369 5431.9841 5791.399 2004.4701 9944.6691 950.6623
Case 6 7263.245 717.7812 623.3369 5431.9841 5791.399 2004.4701 9944.6691 950.6623
Case 7 7291.621 572.2512 477.8069 4197.1621 4556.577 1999.7646 8194.8083 745.5004
Case 8 7256.971 572.2512 477.8069 4197.1621 4556.577 1999.7646 8194.8083 745.5004
Case 9 7270.217 527.2181 301.3736 3858.3759 2592.164 1983.7119 6631.978 607.2767
Case 10 7235.567 527.2181 301.3736 3858.3759 2592.164 1983.7119 6631.978 607.2767
Case 11 5520.483 535.8687 312.6319 3888.4566 2676.86 671.41087 5392.1815 620.3982
Case 12 5485.833 535.8687 312.6319 3888.4566 2676.86 671.41087 5392.1815 620.3982
Case 13 5479.002 527.2181 337.7561 3858.3759 2900.869 640.30052 5467.5262 626.1295
Case 14 5444.352 527.2181 337.7561 3858.3759 2900.869 640.30052 5467.5262 626.1295
Case 15 5465.199 527.2181 430.1662 3858.3759 4163.175 629.94836 6306.1349 680.4424
Case 16 5430.549 527.2181 430.1662 3858.3759 4163.175 629.94836 6306.1349 680.4424
Case 17 4625.268 220.7872 181.9125 1707.7151 1543.528 0 2301.9053 286.0755
Case 18 4590.618 220.7872 181.9125 1707.7151 1543.528 0 2301.9053 286.0755
Maximum Resultant 9944.6691 950.6623

176
Design of pier stem:

1. Slenderness ratio

Constant value (k) =1.2

Height of pier (l) = 8.447 m

Diameter of pier (d) = 2.2 m

Slenderness ratio = 𝑘𝑙 = 1.2 ×8.447

𝑑 2.2
= 4.607 m (if slenderness ratio < 12, value became short column

which became bottom end rigidly fixed with foundation & top end is free to translate as well as
rotate.

2. Minimum Eccentricities
𝐿 𝐷 8447 2200
emin = + = + = 90.227 mm
500 30 500 30

e = 0.05d = 110 mm

So, based on minimum eccentricity this column is axially loaded.

Hence, column must be designed by taking moments and forces due to external loads only.

3. Longitudinal Reinforcement:

fy = 500 N/m2

fck = 30

N/mm2

Effective cover = 60 mm

Clear cover = 44 mm

Diameter of bar = 32 mm

Here, d'/D = 60×1000 = 0.02727

2200

177
 p/fck from area of
cases pu/fckd2 mu/fckd3 graph p% steel
1 0.0791751 0.04114 0.0075 0.225 8552.99
2 0.0730389 0.04467 0.0105 0.315 11974.2
3 0.0730389 0.04724 0.012 0.36 13684.8
4 0.0712643 0.04085 0.01 0.3 11404
5 0.0530834 0.0382 0.035 1.05 39913.9

Maximum P % = 1.05 %

Adopted P % = 1.4 % (If adopted pier > 0.8 % “ok”, “Not ok”)

× × 𝑑𝑖𝑎𝑚𝑒𝑡𝑒𝑟2 × 1000 × 1000

𝑃 𝜋
100
Area of steel required =
4

= 53218.579 m2

Number of 32 mm diameter of bar = 66.171 assume 70 bars

= 𝜋∗2200 = 98.735 < 200 mm

Spacing of Bars =
𝑃𝑒𝑟𝑖𝑚𝑒𝑡𝑒𝑟
70
𝑛𝑜.𝑜𝑓 𝑏𝑎𝑟𝑠

Area of steel provided = 𝜋×(32 )2 × 70 = 56297.34 mm2

2

Check for minimum and maximum reinforcement:

Minimum and Maximum Tensile steel as per IS code

Maximum area of steel = 0.04 × 𝜋× (2200)2 = 152053.08 mm2

4

Minimum area of steel = 2299.246 mm2

fctm = 2.2

fyf = 500 N/mm2

Area of steel minimum = 0.001144 mm2

178
Minimum Area of steel (Amin) = 0.0013 (If 0.001144 > 0.0013)

Area of steel = 0.0013 × 𝜋× (2200)2 = 4941.725 mm2

4

Transverse Reinforcement:

Shear Design:

Diameter of bars = 32 mm

fck = 30 N/mm2

Clear cover = 40 mm

Depth cover = 1250 mm

Length of pier cap = 2325 mm

Effective Depth = 1194 mm

fyk = 500 N/mm2

f𝑓𝑦𝑘 500
yd =
1.15
= = 434.8 N/mm2
1.15

Young modulus of elasticity of steel (Es) = 2000000 N/mm2

0.200
εuk = = 0.0222
0.9

εud = 0.200

434.8
ε = 200000 = 0.00022
0

Area Factor (β1) = 0.80952

CG Factor (β2) = 0.4159

Total shear force = 1574.559 kN

Characteristics strength of concrete (fck) = 30

N/mm2 Diameter of pier = 2200 mm

179
Area of steel (Ast) = 56297.340 mm2

180
k =1 + √ ≤ 2 = 1.302 ≤ 2.0
200

𝑉𝑅𝑑.𝑐 = [0.12(80𝜌1 × 𝑓𝑐𝑘)0.33 + 0.15𝜎𝑐𝑝 = (0.12×1.4780 ×

(80×0.0017×30)0.33+0.15×0
=0.507 N/mm2
𝐴𝑠𝑡
ρ1 = 𝑏𝑤× = 0.015 ≤ 0.02
𝑑

𝑉𝑅 = 0.507 × 𝜋× (2200)2 = 1928.930 kN

𝑑.𝑐 4

VRd.c,min = (0.031k3/2 ck
f 1/2 + 0.15 σcp ) × bw × d = 1220.224 kN
The column withstand a shear is 1928.930 kN, so, 1220.224 kN is lesser than 1928.930 kN .
So, shear design not required due to 1928.930 kN is greater than 1574.554 kN.

Crack width

Bending Moment for Crack width check = 9944.67 kNm

Area of Steel provided (As) = 56297 mm2

Lever Arm (d-B2 xu) = 7602.30 mm

Actual Stress (σsc) = 23.24

N/mm2 Length of pier Cap=

2.325 m

(Effective depth of reinforcement) Hc,eff

Case I:

Hc,eff = 2.5×(h-d) = 140 mm

Case II:

Area Factor β1 = 0.80952

Hc,eff = (h-x)/3 = 352 mm

CG Factor β2 = 0.41597

181
Case III:

Hc,eff = h/2= 597 mm

182
Ac,eff = 308000 mm2

σsc = 23.24 N/mm2

Es = 200000 Mpa(N/mm2)

Kt= 0.05

fcm= fck+10 = 40

N/mm2 Fct,eff = 2.20

Ecm = 877943 Mpa(N/mm2)

ρ1, eff = 0.1828

𝐸𝑠
α e= = 2.278
𝐸𝑐𝑚

εsm - εcm = 0.0001> 0.6 σsc/Es

= 0.6 ×
𝜎𝑠𝑐

𝐸𝑠
= .0005 (εsm - εcm >0.6 σsc/Es, safe)

Srmax = 136.00

Crack width = (εsm - εcm) × Srmax

= 0.0100 mm, (Crack width <0.3 then given value is safe).

Confinement Of Pier

Characteristics Strength (fck) =

30N/mm2 fyk = 500N/mm2

α = 0.67

γm = 1.5 (For Basic & Seismic Combination)

= 1.2 (For Accidental Combination)

30×.67
1.5
fcd = =13.4 Mpa

fyd = fyk/γs
183
γs is taken as 1.15 for basic and seismic combination, and 1.0 for accidental combination.

γs = 1.15

𝑓𝑦𝑘
= = 434.78 N/mm2
fyd =
500
1.15 1.1
5

Diameter of Pier(D) = 2.2m

Longitudinal Reinforcement ratio = 0.02

Clear cover = 50 mm

Design axial compression force, NED = 11239.0132 kN

Diameter of hoop/spiral (d) = 20mm

Spacing of hoop/spiral (SL) = 90mm

Gross area of concrete section (Ac) = 𝜋 × 2.22 × 10^6 = 3801327.11 m2

4

Confined concrete area (Acc) = 𝜋 × (2.2 − 0.100 )2 × 10^6 = 3463605.9 m2

4

Normalized axial force, ηk = .098553 > 0.064 (Confinement is not required)

Diameter of hoop/spiral (Dsp) = 2.1 m

Area of the spiral or hoop bar (Asp) = 314.159

mm2 Volumetric ratio (ρw) = 0.00664887

ωwd = 0.2157

ωw,req = 0.08220 (ok)

ωw,min = 0.2157

For ωwd =0.2157

Required Asp = 525.745

Required d = 17.9389 m

184
Designed ωwd = 0.215

185
8.4 Analysis and Design of Spread Footing

a) Analysis of Spread Footing:

Foundation dimesion: 9400×7000×2000 mm

Table: Response of footing at its base in basic and seismic combination of loads.

Point of Point of
application application
Load Type Unfactored load Unit
from bottom for from bottom
stability for design
Vertical Combination
DL, super (DLss) 2814.14 KN 4.70115 0
DL, wearing coat (DLwc) 173.25 KN 4.70115 0
Braking Load -25.10 4.70115 0.75
Live Load on span (LLs) 3256.75 KN 4.70115 0.75
Seismic Vertical Super (FvS) 434.76 KN 4.70115 0.75
Seismic Vertical Sub (FvSu) 466.57 KN 4.70115 0.75
Wind Vertical 414.80 KN 4.70115 0.75
Pedestal 48.00 KN 4.70115 0
Pier (Wpier) 1555.23 KN 4.70115 0
Foundation 3290.81 KN 4.70115 0
Check Transverse
Water current (Fwa) 44.88 KN 5.298 5.298
Wind super (Fwi) 430.32 KN 9.723 9.723
Wind sub (Fwi) 20.01 KN 5.2235 5.2235
Seismic super (Fse) 184.60 KN 9.723 9.723
Seismic sub (Fse) 69.99 KN 5.2235 5.2235
Hydrodynamic (Fhyd) 58.72 KN 5.298 5.298
Buoyancy (Fbuoy) 259.16 KN 6.2235 6.2235
HZ Temprature(Ftem) 363.83 KN 10.485 10.485

186
 Check Longitudinal
Water Current(Fwa) 16.34 KN 5.298 5.298
Wind Super(Fwi) 107.58 KN 9.723 9.723
Wind sub(Fwi) 5.00 KN 5.2235 5.2235
Seismic Super(Fse) 615.34 KN 9.723 9.723
Seismic Sub(Fse) 69.99 KN 5.2235 5.2235
Braking(Fba) 234.17 KN 14.198 14.198
Long Temprature(Ftem) 363.83 KN 10.485 10.485

187
 Seismic Load
Load Type Basic Load Combinations
Combinations

Live Wind Braking Seismic

Vertical Combination Temp Leading
Leading lead lead Leading
DL, super (Dss) 0.9 0.9 0.9 0.9 0.9
DL, wearing coat (DLwc) 1 1 1.1 1 1
Braking Load 1.15 1.15 1.15 1.15 0
Live Load on span (LLs) 0 0 0 0 0
Seismic Vertical Super
(FvS) 0 0 0 0 0
Seismic Vertical Sub
(FvSu) 0 0 0 0 0
Wind Vertical 0 0 0 0 0
Pedestal 0.9 0.9 0.9 0.9 0
Pier (Wpier) 0.9 0.9 0.9 0.9 0
Foundation 0.9 0.9 0.9 0.9 0
Check Transverse 0
Water current (Fwa) 1 1 1 1 1
Wind super (Fwi) 0.9 1.5 0.9 0.9 0
Wind sub (Fwi) 0.9 1.5 0.9 0.9 0
Seismic super (Fse) 0 0 0 0 1.5
Seismic sub (Fse) 0 0 0 0 1.5
Hydrodynamic (Fhyd) 0 0 0 0 1
Buoyancy (Fbuoy) 0.15 0.15 0.15 0.15 1
HZ Temprature(Ftem) 0.9 0.9 1.5 0.9 0.5

Check Longitudinal
Water Current(Fwa) 1 1 1 1 1
Wind Super(Fwi) 0.9 1.5 0.9 0.9 0
Wind sub(Fwi) 0.9 1.5 0.9 0.9 0
Seismic Super(Fse) 0 0 0 0 1.5
Seismic Sub(Fse) 0 0 0 0 1.5
Braking(Fba) 1.15 1.15 1.15 1.5 0.2
Long Temprature(Ftem) 0.9 0.9 1.5 0.9 0.5

188
Load combination for ultimate state:

Basic Load Seismic Load

Load Type Basic Load Combinations1
Combinations 2 Combinations

Vertical Live Wind Braking Live Wind Braking live braking

Combination Leading lead lead Leading lead lead leading leading
DL, super (DLss) 1.35 1.35 1.35 1 1.35 1.35 1.35 1.35
DL, wearing coat
1.75 1.75 1.75 1 1.75 1.75 1.75 1.75
(DLwc)
Braking Load 1.15 1.15 1.5 1 1 1.3 0.2 0.75
Live Load on span
1.5 1.15 1.15 1.3 1 1 0.75 0.2
(LLs)
Seismic Vertical
0 0 0 0 0 0 1.5 1.5
Super (FvS)
Seismic Vertical Sub
0 0 0 0 0 0 1.5 1.5
(FvSu)
Wind Vertical 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
Pedestal 1.35 1.35 0.9 1 1.35 1 1.35 1.35
Pier (Wpier) 1.35 1.35 0.9 1 1.35 1 1.35 1.35
Foundation 1.35 1.35 0.9 1 1.35 1 1.35 1.35
Check Transverse
Water current (Fwa) 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1
Wind super (Fwi) 0.9 1.5 0.9 0.8 1.3 0.8 0 0
Wind sub (Fwi) 0.9 1.5 0.9 0.8 1.3 0.8 0 0
Seismic super (Fse) 0 0 0 0 0 0 1.5 1.5
Seismic sub (Fse) 0 0 0 0 0 0 1.5 1.5
Hydrodynamic
0 0 0 0 0 0 1 1
(Fhyd)
Buoyancy (Fbuoy) 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1
HZ
0.9 0.9 0.9 0.8 0.8 0.8 0.5 0.5
Temprature(Ftem)

Check Longitudinal
Water Current (Fwa) 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1
Wind Super (Fwi) 0.9 1.5 0.9 0.8 1.3 0.8 0 0
Wind sub (Fwi) 0.9 1.5 0.9 0.8 1.3 0.8 0 0
Seismic Super (Fse) 0 0 0 0 0 0 1.5 1.5
Seismic Sub (Fse) 0 0 0 0 0 0 1.5 1.5
Braking (Fba) 1.15 1.15 1.5 1 1 1.3 0.2 0.75
Long Temprature
0.9 0.9 0.9 0.8 0.8 0.8 0.5 0.5
(Ftem)

189
 Load Type Load Combinations

Vertical Combination Combination 1 Combination 2 seismic wind

DL, super(DLss) 1 1 1 1
DL, wearing coat(DLwc) 1 1 1 1
Braking Load 1 1 0 0
Live Load on span(LLs) 1 1 0 0
Seismic Vertical Super(FvS) 0 0 1 0
Seismic Vertical Sub(FvSu) 0 0 1 0
Wind Vertical 0 1 0 1
Pedestal 1 1 1 1
Pier(Wpier) 1 1 1 1
Foundation 1 1 1 1
Check Transverse
Water current (Fwa) 0 0 0 0
Wind super(Fwi) 0 1 0 1
Wind sub(Fwi) 0 1 0 1
Seismic super(Fse) 0 0 1 0
Seismic sub(Fse) 0 0 1 0
Hydrodynamic (Fhyd) 0 0 0 0
Buoyancy(Fbuoy) 1 1 1 1
HZ Temprature(Ftem) 1 1 1 1
Check Longitudinal 0
Water Current(Fwa) 1 1 0 0
Wind Super(Fwi) 0 1 0 1
Wind sub(Fwi) 0 1 0 1
Seismic Super(Fse) 0 0 1 0
Seismic Sub(Fse) 0 0 1 0
Braking(Fba) 1 1 0 0
Long Temprature(Fstem) 1 1 1 1

190
 Quasi
Load Type RareLoad Combinations Frequent Load Combinations
Combination
wind Therma Thermal Brakin braking Live wind Therma Thermal Brakin braking
Live Live wind Live wind Quasi
leading l leading g leading leading leading l leading g leading Quasi
leading leading leading leading leading while
while leading while leading while while while leading while leading while while
Vertical Combination while while while while while dead
Dead while Dead while Dead Dead Dead while Dead while Dead dead
Dead Dead Dead Dead Dead relievin
relievin Dead relievin Dead relievin relievin relievin Dead relievin Dead relievin leading
Adding relieving Adding Adding Adding g
g Adding g Adding g g g Adding g Adding g
DL, super(DLss) 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1
DL, wearing coat(DLwc) 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1
Braking Load 1.2 1 1.2 1 1.2 1 1.2 1 1.2 1 1.2 1 1.2 1 1.2 1 1.2 1
Live Load on span(LLs) 0.75 0.75 0.75 0.75 0.75 0.75 1 1 0.2 0.2 0.2 0.2 0.2 0.2 0.75 0.75 0 0
Seismic Vertical Super(FvS) 1 1 0.75 0.75 0.75 0.75 0.75 0.75 0.75 0.75 0.2 0.2 0.2 0.2 0.2 0.2 0 0
Seismic Vertical Sub(FvSu) 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
Wind Vertical 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
Pedestal 0.6 0.6 1 1 0.6 0.6 0.6 0.6 0.5 0.5 0.6 0.6 0.5 0.5 0.5 0.5 0 0
Pier(Wpier) 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1
Foundation 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1

Check Transverse
Water current (Fwa) 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 0 0
Wind super(Fwi) 0.6 0.6 1 1 0.6 0.6 0.6 0.6 0.5 0.5 0.6 0.6 0.5 0.5 0.5 0.5 0 0
Wind sub(Fwi) 0.6 0.6 1 1 0.6 0.6 0.6 0.6 0.5 0.5 0.6 0.6 0.5 0.5 0.5 0.5 0 0
Seismic super(Fse) 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
Seismic sub(Fse) 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
Hydrodynamic (Fhyd) 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
Buoyancy(Fbuoy) 0.15 0.15 0.15 0.15 0.15 0.15 0.15 0.15 0.15 0.15 0.15 0.15 0.15 0.15 0.15 0.15 0.15 0.15
HZ Temprature(Ftem) 0.6 0.6 0.6 0.6 1 1 0.6 0.6 0.6 0.6 0.5 0.5 0.6 0.6 0.6 0.6 0.5 0.5

Check Longitudinal
Water Current(Fwa) 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 0 0
Wind Super(Fwi) 0.6 0.6 1 1 0.6 0.6 0.6 0.6 0.5 0.5 0.6 0.6 0.5 0.5 0.5 0.5 0 0
Wind sub(Fwi) 0.6 0.6 1 1 0.6 0.6 0.6 0.6 0.5 0.5 0.6 0.6 0.5 0.5 0.5 0.5 0 0
Seismic Super(Fse) 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
Seismic Sub(Fse) 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
Braking(Fba) 0.75 0.75 0.75 0.75 0.75 0.75 0.75 0.75 0.2 0.2 0.2 0.2 0.2 0.2 0.75 0.75 0 0
Long Temprature(Ftem) 0.6 0.6 0.6 0.6 1 1 0.6 0.6 0.5 0.5 0.5 0.5 0.6 0.6 0.5 0.5 0.5 0.5

188
Moment at toe due to different load for stability analysis:

Resultant Resultant
Cases PZ HL HT ML MT MPZ
MHZ((kNm)) HZ(kN)
Live Leading 7081.7 816.5 714.4 7772.6 8308.1 33292.3 11377.1 1084.9
10345.
Wind Leading 7081.7 1086.7 781.9 7 8951.4 33292.3 13680.7 1338.8
Temperature 10061. 10597.
Leading 7099.1 1034.8 932.7 5 0 33373.8 14612.6 1393.1
Braking Leading 7081.7 816.5 796.4 7772.6 9471.8 33292.3 12252.7 1140.5
12181.
Seismic Leading 2706.0 926.6 1273.1 7309.9 6 12721.2 14206.6 1574.6

189
Moment at base centre of foundation due to serviceability condition:

Resultant Resultant
Cases PZ HL HT ML MT Mpz
Moment(kNm) SF(kN)
Case
1 10676.6 572.3 477.8 3227.4 3020.9 2615.0 7035.6 745.5
Case
10642.0 572.3 477.8 3227.4 3020.9 2615.0 7035.6 745.5
2
Case
3 10028.4 752.4 522.8 4948.3 3451.1 2128.8 8161.7 916.2
Case
9993.7 752.4 522.8 4948.3 3451.1 2128.8 8161.7 916.2
4
Case
5 9862.4 717.8 623.3 3227.4 3926.6 2004.3 7087.1 950.7
Case
9827.8 717.8 623.3 3227.4 3926.6 2004.3 7087.1 950.7
6
Case
7 9856.1 572.3 477.8 3227.4 3020.9 1999.6 6420.2 745.5
Case
9821.5 572.3 477.8 3227.4 3020.9 1999.6 6420.2 745.5
8
Case
9 9834.9 527.2 301.4 2797.2 2004.6 1983.7 5425.0 607.3
Case
9800.2 527.2 301.4 2797.2 2004.6 1983.7 5425.0 607.3
10
Case
11 8085.1 535.9 312.6 3227.4 2112.1 671.4 4528.5 620.4
Case
8050.5 535.9 312.6 3227.4 2112.1 671.4 4528.5 620.4
12
Case
13 8043.7 527.2 337.8 2797.2 2231.0 640.3 4218.2 626.1
Case
8009.0 527.2 337.8 2797.2 2231.0 640.3 4218.2 626.1
14
Case
15 8029.7 527.2 430.2 2797.2 2686.9 629.8 4508.5 680.4
Case
7995.1 527.2 430.2 2797.2 2686.9 629.8 4508.5 680.4
16
Case
17 7190.0 220.8 181.9 408.2 1132.1 0.0 1203.5 286.1
Case
7155.3 220.8 181.9 408.2 1132.1 0.0 1203.5 286.1
18

190
Check for stability of Pier:

Maximum Moment and Forces at

Toe: Non-Seismic case:

Restoring Factored moment = 33373.58 kNm

Overturning Moment = 14612.6 kNm

Vertical Force = 7099.1 kN

Horizontal Force = 1574.6 kN

Seismic case:

Restoring Factored moment: 33373.58 kNm

Overturning Moment: 14612.6 kNm

Vertical Force = 2706.0 kN

Horizontal Force = 1393.1 kN

FOS Against Overturning for non-seismic case

= Restoring Moment / Overturning

= 33373.58/14612

= 2.3 > 2 (ok)

FOS Against Overturning for non-seismic case

= Restoring Moment / Overturning Moment

= 33373.58/14612.6

= 2.3 > 1.5 (ok)

FOS Against Sliding for seismic case

= Total Resisting Shear / Total Shear at Base

= V tanΦ/H

191
= 7099.1×0.8/1574.6

= 3.6 > 1.5

FOS Against Sliding for non-seismic case

= Total Resisting Shear / Total Shear at Base

= V tanΦ/H

= 7099.1×0.8/1393.1

= 4.1 > 1.25

Calculation of Base Pressure:

Base Pressure for different cases are :

Resultan
Cases PZ HL HT ML MT MPZ Resultan
t Hz
t MHz
Case 1 11113.1 623.0 614.3 5427.6 7226.0 2423.7 9037.4 874.9
Case 2 11527.9 1073.3 726.9 9716.1 8298.1 2734.8 12777.4 1296.3
Case 3 8782.7 877.6 1049.2 7588.1 10163.2 676.0 12683.5 1367.8
Case 4 8296.2 1073.3 476.4 9716.1 4886.8 311.1 10875.9 1174.3

Allowable Bearing Capacity of soil = 400 N/mm2

Cases σmax σmin

Case 1 256.5 81.2 < 400 safe
Case 2 299.0 51.3 < 400 safe
Case 3 256.4 10.5 < 400 safe
Case 4 231.5 20.6 < 400 safe
σmax,min = V/A ± M×y/I

Moment of inertia = 9400× 70002 /12 = 484.9

m4 Area of base = 65.85 m2

192
y = 9.4/2 = 4.7 m

Footing Analysis

Diameter of main bar = 32 mm

fck = 30 N/mm2

Clear cover = 75 mm

Fy = 500 N/mm2

Length = 9400 mm

Breadth = 7000 mm

Depth of foundation = 2000 mm

Effective Depth = 2000-75-32/2 = 1909 mm

Moment and Shear force for foundation Design

Resultant Resultant
Cases PZ HL HT ML MT MPZ
Moment Hz
Case 1 15565.5 1036.8 714.4 9143.6 8308.1 1821.1 14175.5 1259.1
Case 2 14425.6 1307.0 781.9 11716.7 8951.4 1393.7 16138.5 1523.0
Case 3 12214.5 1036.8 796.4 9143.6 9471.8 1390.4 14555.5 1307.3
Case 4 12090.1 955.4 631.6 8333.3 7320.7 1578.3 12670.5 1145.3
Case 5 13940.9 1180.5 687.9 10477.5 7856.8 1211.9 14308.0 1366.3
Case 6 12220.4 955.4 701.9 8333.3 8318.2 1209.0 12983.4 1185.5
Case 7 14498.8 926.6 1273.1 7309.9 12181.6 1421.1 15627.6 1574.6
Case 8 12693.7 926.6 1401.9 7309.9 14010.2 744.2 16546.8 1680.4

193
Calculation of stress for different cases :

Cases σmax σmin

Case 1 373.9 99.1
Case 2 375.7 62.7
Case 3 326.7 44.5
Case 4 306.5 60.8
Case 5 350.5 73.1
Case 6 311.6 59.8
Case 7 371.8 68.8
Case 8 353.3 32.4

Wind as leading combination has maximum stress and braking as leading has minimum stress.

σmax = 375.7 N/mm2

σmin = 32.4 N/mm2

Shear force is critical at a distance d from the stem.

Point Position From left σmax

M 0.0 32.4
A 1.7 94.2
B 3.6 163.9
O 4.7 204.0
C 5.8 244.2
D 7.7 313.9
N 9.4 375.7

194
Bending Moment at different position :

Moment at B = 494.4 kNm

Moment at C = 2151.7 kNm

Shear Force at different position :

Shear Force at A = 107.1 kN

Shear Force at D = 584.3 kN

Design of Foundation:

Design Bending Moment = 2151.7 kNm

Design Shear Force = 583.4 kN

Depth of footing = 2000 mm

Effective depth of footing = 1909 mm

Limiting moment = β1×fck×b×xu×(d-β2xu)

β1 for fck, 30 N/mm2 = 0.80952

β2 for fck, 30 N/mm2 =0.41567 ( sp 105 table 8.1)

Xu/d = (0.0035)/(0.0035+0.002175) = 0.62

Xu= 0.62×1909 =1177 mm

Compressive force = β1×fck×b×xu

= 0.80952×30×1909×0.62

= 189972.5 kN

Mu lim = 0.80952×30×1909×0.62× (1909-0.41567×0.6×1909)

= 170129.67 kNm > design moment

Therefore, design is safe.

195
Reinforcement Detailing

Taking Design Moment = 2151.7 kNm

Mu = β1×fck×b×xu×d×(d-β2xu)

2151.7 ×106 = 0.80952×30×Xu× 9400 × (1909-0.41567×Xu)

Xu actual = 11.098 mm

Compressive force = β1×fck×b×xu×d

= 0.80952×30×11.098 × 9400

= 1129.8 kN

Ast required = Compressive force /(fyd)

= 1129.8/(500/1.15)

= 2598.59 mm2

Calculation of Minimum and Maximum Reinforcement

Minimum Reinforcement = 0.26×fctm/(fyk)× b×d

= 23333.74207 mm2

Maximum Reinforcement = 0.025 × Ac

= 0.025× 2000× 9400

= 470000 mm2

Minimum Reinforcement is required so Ast = 23333.74207 mm2

Taking bar of 32 mm, Area of one bar = 804.25 mm2

Spacing = 23333.74207/(804.25)

= 335.56 mm
196
Provide bar of 32 mm @ 220 mm c/c

Provided Ast = 34502.23 mm2

Transverse Reinforcement

Transverse Reinforcement Area = 0.12% × b×d

= 0.0012×9400×1909

= 2290.8 mm2

Provided diameter of bar = 25 mm

Spacing of bar = Total Reinforcement / Area of one bar

= 2290.8/490.87

= 214.28 mm

Provided Spacing = 200 mm

Ast provide = 2454.369 mm2

197
 Resultant Resultant
Cases PZ HL HT ML MT Mpz
moment SF
2615.11164 745.500428
Case 1 7921.552413 572.2512 477.806919 3218.5061 3018.854 7027.850034
7 3
2615.11164 745.500428
Case 2 7886.902413 572.2512 477.806919 3218.5061 3018.854 7027.850034
7 3
916.210910
Case 3 7273.285511 752.38341 522.839972 4933.9152 3447.706 2128.91147 8148.063907
2
916.210910
Case 4 7238.635511 752.38341 522.839972 4933.9152 3447.706 2128.91147 8148.063907
2
2004.47010
Case 5 7107.363687 717.7812 623.336919 3218.5061 3924.56 7079.994812 950.662278
2
2004.47010
Case 6 7072.713687 717.7812 623.336919 3218.5061 3924.56 7079.994812 950.662278
2
1999.76457 745.500428
Case 7 7101.08965 572.2512 477.806919 3218.5061 3018.854 6412.502961
4 3
1999.76457 745.500428
Case 8 7066.43965 572.2512 477.806919 3218.5061 3018.854 6412.502961
4 3
1983.71192 607.276725
Case 9 7079.686113 527.218148 301.373599 2789.6539 2002.871 5417.902098
2 9

198
 527.218147 301.373599 2789.65388 1983.71192 607.276725
Case 10 7045.036113 2002.8713 5417.902098
9 2 5 2 9
535.868700 312.631862 3218.50614 671.410865 620.398215
Case 11 5329.951371 2110.0843 4519.947956
4 3 4 2 1
535.868700 312.631862 3218.50614 671.410865 620.398215
Case 12 5295.301371 2110.0843 4519.947956
4 3 4 2 1
527.218147 337.756099 2789.65388 640.300523 626.129505
Case 13 5288.470915 2229.2978 4211.28601
9 2 5 3 8
527.218147 337.756099 2789.65388 640.300523 626.129505
Case 14 5253.820915 2229.2978 4211.28601
9 2 5 3 8
527.218147 430.166156 2789.65388 629.948361 680.442427
Case 15 5274.668033 2685.2142 4501.969069
9 3 5 5 8
527.218147 430.166156 2789.65388 629.948361 680.442427
Case 16 5240.018033 2685.2142 4501.969069
9 3 5 5 8
220.787247 407.601723 286.075455
Case 17 4434.736884 181.9125 1132.1324 0 1203.271804
1 1 3
220.787247 407.601723 286.075455
Case 18 4400.086884 181.9125 1132.1324 0 1203.271804
1 1 3
Maximum
8148.063907 950.662278
Resultant

199
Crack Width:

Calculation of the stresses for different cases:

Cases σmax σmin

Case 1 188.4997258 52.2180443
Case 2 187.9732588 51.69157737
Case 3 189.5114587 31.50697022
Case 4 188.9849918 30.98050329
Case 5 176.6346507 39.3417954
Case 6 176.1081838 38.81532847
Case 7 170.0674363 45.71835627
Case 8 169.5409693 45.19188934
Case 9 160.098753 55.03663524
Case 10 159.5722861 54.51016831
Case 11 124.8071336 37.15783762
Case 12 124.2806667 36.6313707
Case 13 121.1841519 39.5203236
Case 14 120.657685 38.99385667
Case 15 123.7928466 36.49219107
Case 16 123.2663796 35.96572414
Case 17 79.04744943 55.71401119
Case 18 78.5209825 55.18754426

σmax = 189.511

N/mm2 σmin = 30.98

N/mm2

Shear force is critical at a distance d from the stem.

200
 Point Position From left σmax
M 0 30.98050329
A 1.69215 59.511624
B 3.60115 91.69902431
O 4.70115 110.245981
C 5.80115 128.7929377
D 7.71015 160.980338
N 9.4023 189.5114587

Fig : Upward Pressure of Soil Fig : Critical Conditions for BM and SF

Calculation of Upward Pressure of Soil at Critical Sections:

At M, σmax = 30.9805

kN/m2 At M, σmin =

189.511 kN/m2

At A, σmax = 30.9805+ (189.511−30.98) ×9.308/11 = 59.511 KN/m2

Maximum BM at B= (30.9805+91.669)/2 × (1.692+3.601)/3 × ((2×30.9805+91.699)/

(30.9805+91.699) × (1.692+3.601)) ×1= 332.117 kNm

Maximum BM at C = 1097.58 kNm

201
Maximum SF at A = (309805+59.511)/2 × (1.69215 − 0) × 1= 76.53 KN

202
Maximum SF at D = (189.511+160.98)/𝟐 × (9.4-7.71) × 1 = 296.51 KN

Bending Moment for Crack width check = 1097.58 kNm

Area of Steel provided (As) = 34502 mm2

Lever Arm (d-β2×xu) =1904 mm

Actual Stress(σsc) = 8148.06/ (1.904×34502) = 16.70

N/mm2 Length of Foundation = 9400 m

(Effective depth of reinforcement) Hc,eff

Case I:

Hc,eff = 2.5×(h-d) = 228 mm

Case II:

Area Factor β1 = 0.80952

Hc,eff = (h-x)/3 =

=636 mm

CG Factor β2 =0 0.41597

Case III:

Hc,eff = h/2= 955 mm

Ac,eff = Maximum Hc,eff × b

= 2139023 mm2

σsc = 124.01 N/mm2

Es = 200000 Mpa(N/mm2)

Kt=0 0.05

fcm= fck+10 = 40

203
N/mm2 Fct,eff=2.50

204
Ecm = 31187 Mpa(N/mm2)

ρ1,eff= 0.0161

𝐸𝑠
𝐸𝑐
αe= = 6.413
𝑚

εsm - εcm = 0.0001 > 0.6 σsc/Es

= 0.6 ×
𝜎𝑠𝑐
= 0.0004 (εsm - εcm >0.6 σsc/Es , 0.0004,Take)
𝐸𝑠

Srmax = 473.262

Crack width = (εsm - εcm) × Srmax

= 0.0237 mm <0.3mm

Hence, crack width is less than permissible so it is safe in crack

Shear check

Applied Shear Force = 583.405 kN

Diameter of Bars = 32 mm

Characteristics Strength (fck) = 30 N/mm2

fyk = 500 N/mm2

f𝑓𝑦𝑘 500
yd =
1.15
= = 434.8 N/mm2
1.15

Es = 2000000 N/mm2
0.200
εuk = = 0.0222
0.9

εud = 0.200

434.8
ε = 200000 = 0.00022
0

500
𝑓𝑦𝑘
Design stress, fpd=
1.15
= = 434.8 N/mm2
1.15
205
Flexural tensile stress, σp = 599.782 N/mm2

206
Width of the foundation = 1000 mm

Ast provided = 34502.227 N/mm2

𝑁𝑒𝑑 0.67
σcp= = 0 < (0.2fcd=0.2×30× = 2.680 N/mm2)
𝐴𝑐 1.5

ρl = 𝑏𝑤× =0.0018 ≤ 0.02

𝐴𝑠𝑡

k =1 + √ ≤ 2=1.324 ≤ 2.0
200

𝑉𝑅𝑑.𝑐 = (0.12(80𝜌1 × 𝑓𝑐𝑘)0.33 +

0.15𝜎𝑐𝑝 )=
(0.12×1.324×(80×0.0018×30)0.33+0.15×0 =0.0551

𝑉𝑅 = 0.0551 × 9400 × 1909 = 1052.113 kN

1000
𝑑.𝑐

VRd.c,min = (0.031k3/2 fck1/2 + 0.15 σcp ) × b × d = 493.630 kN

𝑉𝑅𝑑.𝑐 = 1052.113 >583.405 kN (ok)
Here, VRd.c > Applied Shear Force. So shear design is not required.

207
9. Analysis and Design of Abutments

9.1 Design of Abutment Stem

Unfactored Dead Load from Superstructure

Load at mid-section
Weight of slab =8.4×0.25×1×25 = 52.5 kN/m
Weight of girder=70.32kN/m
Where, weight of girder consists of
a. Fillet=0.45×0.15×6×25=5.06kN/m
b. Middle Web=0.3×1.550×3×25=34.875kN/m
c. Bottom trap.= (0.5× (0.3+0.75)) ×0.2×3×25 = 7.88kN/m
d. Bottom =0.75×0.4×3×25 =22.5kN/m
Railing =2kN/m
Footpath =1.2×0.275×2×25 =16.5kN/m
Surfacing =6×0.075×1×22 =9.9kN/m

Load at end-section
Weight of slab = 8.4×0.25×1×25 = 52.5 kN/m
Weight of girder = 0.75×2.15×3×25= 120.94kN/m
Railing =2kN/m
Footpath =1.2×0.275×2×25 =16.5kN/m
Surfacing =6×0.075×1×22=9.9kN/m
Load from cross girder,
End CG = (1.75×0.45×3.75×25+2×0.5×1.75×0.45×1.2×25) ×2
=194.9kN
Mid CG= (1.575×0.3×4.65×25) ×3
=164.78kN
Total CG=359.68kN

208
 70.32 ∗ 29 + 120.94 ∗ 3 + 0.5 ∗ (70.32 + 120.94) ∗ 3
Taking average of load of girder loads,

𝑇𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑙 𝑔𝑖𝑟𝑑𝑒𝑟 𝑙𝑜𝑎𝑑 =

35

=76.83kN/m
Summary Dead Load
Slab and CG = (52.5×35+359.68)=2197.18kN
Girder=35×76.83=2689.05kN
Railing=2×35=70kN
Footpath=16.5×35=577.5kN
Surfacing=9.9×35=346.5kN
Total= 5880.23kN

Unfactored Live Load from Superstructure

Reaction at A due to Class70R(Track) vehicle = 0.5×(1+0.869)×700= 654.15kN

Impact factor=0.1

Lane factor=1

Reaction = 654.15×1.1×1 = 719.565kN

209
Reaction at A due to Class70R(Wheeled) vehicle
=170×1+170×0.961+170×0.874+170×0.835+120×0.774+120×0.73+80×0.617

=853.74kN

4.5
6+𝐿 4.5
Impact factor =
= 6+3 = 0.1098
5

Lane factor =1

Reaction = 853.74×1.1098×1 = 947.48kN

Reaction at A due to ClassA Train of Vehicles

=114×1+114×0.966+68×0.843+68×0.757+68×0.671+68×0.586 = 418.4kN

4.5
6+𝐿 4.5
Impact factor =
= 6+3 = 0.1098
5

Lane factor = 2

Reaction = 418.4×1.1098×2 = 928.68kN

Reaction at A due to Class70R(Bogie) vehicle = 200×1+200×0.937 = 387.4kN

4.5
6+𝐿 4.5
Impact factor =
= 6+3 = 0.1098
5

Lane factor =1

210
Reaction = 387.4×1.1098×1= 429.94kN

211
 Pedestrian Load

For effective spans of over 30m, the intensity of load shall be determined by equation:

𝑃 = (𝑃′ − 260 + )( )
4800 16.5−𝑊

𝐿 15

𝑃 = (500 − 260 + )
4800
) = 384.685kg/m2 = 384.685/100×1.2×35
(
16.5−1.2

35 15
= 161.567kN

where,

P’ = 500kg/m2

P = live load in kg/m2

L = effective span of the main girder

W = width of the footway in m

Summary Live Load Reaction,

Class 70R Track =719.565kN
Class 70R Wheeled =947.48kN
Class A =928.68kN
Class 70R Bogie =429.94kN
Pedestrian =161.567kN
Total =947.48+161.567 = 1109.047kN

Design of Abutment
Material and Properties:
Grade of Concrete =M30 Characteristic strength(fck) =30N/mm2
Reinforcement =Fe500 Yield stress of steel(fy) =500N/mm2

212
Unit weight of materials as per IRC:6-2017:

Concrete (Reinforced)=25kN/m3

Backfill = 20kN/m3

Bridge Geometry

Superstructure Geometry = 2.4m

Bearing Height = 0.5+0.076 = 0.576m (including pedestal)

Abutment Geometry

213
Total Height = maximum scour depth for abutment foundation below HFL + grip length +
free board + depth of main girder + thickness of bearing
= (2.5+1.97) +2+1.5+2.4+0.072
= 10.442m (10.5m is adopted)
Wearing Course Height =0.075m
Height of Backwall =Height of superstructure + Wearing Course Height +Bearing Height
=2.4+0.576+0.075
=3.051m
Width of abutment =8.4m
Backwall Width =0.3m
Cap Height =0.7m
Stem Height =Total Height-Height of Backwall-Cap Height
=10.5-3.051-0.7
=0.7m
Stem Width =3.1m
Hunch detail,
Hunch
b (m) h (m)
detail
Stem
0.45 0.3
hunch
Back wall rectangl
0.25 0.25
front e
hunch 0.25 0.25 triangle
rectangl
Approach 0.25 0.25
e
slab hunch
0.25 0.25 triangle

Approach Slab depth =0.325m

Approach Slab Length =3.5m

214
Cap Width =Stem Width +Stem Hunch +Projection(0.1m)
=3.45+0.45+0.1
=3.75m
Distance from backwall to bearing center =0.65m
Distance from edge to bearing center =Cap Width - Backwall Width - Distance
from backwall to bearing center
=3.75-0.65-0.3=2.8m
A. Calculation of Loads
1. Load from self-weight of abutment and moment at base of stem
Stem = Stem Height×Stem Width×Width of abutment×Unit weight of concrete
=6.749×3.2×8.4×25
= 4535.33
Lever Arm = 0
Cap = Cap Height×Cap Width×Width of abutment×Unit weight of concrete
=0.7×3.65×8.4×25
=536.55
Lever Arm = -(3.2/2+0.45) +3.75/2 =-0.175
Backwall = Backwall Height×Backwall Width×Width of abutment×Unit weight of
concrete
=3.051×0.3×8.4×25
=192.213
Lever Arm = -(3.1/2+0.45) +0.3/2 = -1.85m
Stem Hunch = 0.5× Stem Hunch Height×Stem Hunch Width×Width of
abutment×Unit weight of concrete
=0.5×0.3×0.45×8.4×25
=14.18
Lever Arm = -(3.2/2+0.45) +2/3×0.45 =-1.75
Backwall front Hunch rectangle = Height×Width×Width of abutment×Unit weight
of concrete
= 0.25×0.25×8.4×25
= 13.125

215
 Lever Arm = -(0.45+3.1/2) +(0.3+0.25/2) = -1.575
Backwall front Hunch triangle = 0.5×Height×Width×Width of abutment×Unit
weight of concrete
= 0.5×0.25×0.25×8.4×25
= 6.56
Lever Arm =-(0.45+3.1/2) +(0.3+0.25/3) = -1.617 m
Approach slab Hunch rectangle = Height×Width×Width of abutment×Unit weight
of concrete
= 0.25×0.25×8.4×25
= 13.125
Lever Arm = -(0.45+3.1/2)-0.25/2 = -2.125 m
Approach Slab Hunch triangle = 0.5×Height×Width×Width of abutment×Unit
weight of concrete
= 0.5×0.25×0.25×8.4×25
= 6.56
Lever Arm = -(0.45+3.1/2)-0.25/3 = -2.083 m
Distance from center of Moment
Component Wt. (kN)
base(m) (kNm)
Stem(rectangle) 4535.33 0.000 0.00
stem(triangle) 0.00 1.600 0.00
Cap 536.55 -0.175 -93.90
Backwall 192.213 -1.850 -355.59
Stem hunch 14.18 -1.750 -24.81
13.13 -1.575 -20.67
Back wall front hunch
6.56 -1.617 -10.61
13.13 -2.125 -27.89
Approach slab hunch
6.56 -2.083 -13.67
5175.9 -546.4

216
 2. Load from superstructure
Dead Load = Weight of slab/Cross girder +Weight of Girder+Weight of railing+Weight
of footpath
=1098.6+1344.5+35+288.8
=2766.9
Lever Arm=-(0.45+3.1/2) +(0.3+0.65) = -1.05 m
Surface Load = 173.3
Lever Arm= -(0.45+3.1/2) +(0.3+0.65) = -1.05 m
Live load =Maximum load among all vehicles+Pedestrian load
=947.48+161.57 =1109
Lever Arm= -(0.45+3.1/2) +(0.3+0.65) = -1.05 m
DL 2766.9 -1.050 -2905.21
Surface 173.3 -1.050 -181.91
LL 1109.0 -1.050 -1164.50

3. Earth Pressure
Ф =35°
β =0°
α =0°
δ =22.50° (2/3 of Ф)
ɣ =20 kN/m3
Term1 =cos2(Ф - α) =0.671
Term2 =cos2(α)cos(δ+α) =0.924
Term3 =sin (Ф+ δ) sin (Ф- β)=0.484
Term4 =cos (α- β) cos (δ+ α) =0.924

𝑘𝑎 = ∗ ( 𝑇𝑒𝑟𝑚3 )2
𝑇𝑒𝑟𝑚1 1
𝑇𝑒𝑟𝑚2
1+√𝑇𝑒𝑟𝑚4

Ka=0.2445
h =Total Height-Approach Slab depth
=10.5-0.325
=10.175m

217
 Earth pressure = ɣ× Ka×h
=20×0.2445×10.175
=49.755kN/m2
Total Force =0.5×Pressure×Height×Width of abutment
=0.5×49.755×10.175×8.4
=2126.2kN acts @0.42h i.e. 4.274m for dry soil from base
Horizontal Force = 2126.2×cos(δ) = 2126.2×cos (22.5) = 1964.3kN
acts @ 0.42h i.e. 4.274m for dry soil from base
Vertical Force = 2126.2×sin(δ) = 2126.2×sin (22.5) = 1964.3kN
acts @ (-3.1/2=-1.55m from stem center)
Force
LA (m) M (KNm)
(KN)
EP h = 1964.3 4.274 8394.6 KNm
FP v = 813.66 -1.55 -1261.2 KNm

4. Braking
Weight of 70R wheeled vehicle = 1000kN
Weight of Class A train of vehicle = 554kN
Point of application of load = 1.2m above deck
Lane Factor Force
1 0.2 200.0 KN
1 0.2 221.6 KN
Braking Load = 200 kN
Lever arm = Total height – 1.2 – height of bridge deck – bearing height
= 10.5 – 1.2 -2.4 – 0.576
= 6.32 m
Braking L 200 KN 6.32 m (LA) 1264.8 KNm
Here total length of class A vehicle is 20.3m and minimum spacing between two is 18.5m.
(38.6>35) m. So, factor of 10%is not taken only 20% taken.

218
5. Temperature
Temperature variation=30 ˚C
Coefficient Of thermal expansion(α) =0.0000120 m/ ˚C / m
Length =35m
Strain due to shrinkage = 0.00020 (IRC6)
Thermal Elongation = 30×0.0000120×35
=0.0126000m

Shrinkage Elongation = 35×0.00020

=0.0070000m
Total strain due to temp. and shrinkage = 0.5×(0.0126000+0.0070000)
= 0.0098000m
Shear Rating of elastomer bearing =1000 KN/m/m2
Area of bearing = 0.235644m2
Height of bearing = 0.0340m (subtracting all plates)
No. of bearing = 3
Force = 1.1×0.0098×1000×0.2356/0.0340
=34.04kN
Lever arm = Bearing Height+Cap Height+Stem Height
=0.6+0.7+6.749 = 8.025m
Force on each abutment 102.13 KN 8.025 m (LA) 819.56 KNm

6. LL Surcharge
Ka = 0.244
Height(h) =1.2m
ɣ =20kN/m3
Pressure = ɣ× Ka×h
=20×0.244×1.2 = 5.868kN/m2
Force = Pressure×(Total Height-Approach Slab Depth) ×Width of abutment
= 5.868×(10.5-0.325) ×8.4
= 501.51kN

219
 Lever arm = Total Height/2 = 10.5/2 = 5.25m
Vertical surcharge = ɣ× h×Width of abutment×Approach slab length
=20×1.2×8.4×3.5
=705.6 kN
Lever arm = Approach slab length/2+Stem Hunch width +Stem Width/2
= 3.5/2+0.45+3.1/2
= 3.75 m
Force 501.51 KN 5.25 m (LA) 2632.93 KNm

Vertical
705.60 KN 3.75 m (LA) 2646.00 KNm
Surcharge

7. Seismic Loads
Zone Factor = 0.36
Imp Factor =1
Response Reduction Factor = 3
Sa/g = 2.5
Z/2/I×Sa/g = 0.36/2×1×2.5 = 0.45
Ah = 0.45/3 = 0.15
This term ‘Ah’ is multiplied with the weight and horizontal seismic force is
determined. Lever arm is taken in the direction of height of abutment accordingly
moment is determined. Calculation is tabulated below:

Abutment Self Load

H. Moment(kNm
Wt kN Force(KN) Ht.(m) )
stem(rect) 4393.60 659.04 3.37 2223.9
stem(tria) 0.00 0.00 2.25 0.0
cap 536.55 80.48 7.10 571.3
Backwall 192.21 28.83 8.97 258.8
Stem hunch 14.18 2.13 6.60 14.0

220
 Back wall front 13.13 1.97 10.38 20.4
hunch 6.56 0.98 10.17 10.0
Approach slab 13.13 1.97 10.05 19.8
hunch 6.56 0.98 9.84 9.7
776.39 3128.0

Superstructure Dead Load

Weight = 2940 kN
Horizontal Force = 2940×0.15 = 441.02 kN
Lever arm = 9.63m
Moment = 4244.8 kNm
Here, live load is not taken according to Clause 219.5.2(i) of IRC:6-2017

Due to backfill
Ф = 35°
β = 0°
α = 0°
δ = 22.50° (2/3 of Ф)
ɣ =20 kN/m3
Ah =0.15
Av =2/3×0.15 =0.1

𝐴ℎ
Λ = 1±𝐴 0.15
= 1±0. = 0.1651rad
𝑣
1

(1 ± 𝐴𝑣)𝑐𝑜𝑠2(∅ − 𝜆 − 1
𝐶𝑎 ∗( )2
𝛼) 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝑠𝑖𝑛 (∅ 𝛿) 𝑠𝑖𝑛 (∅ − 𝛽 −
=
1+( 𝜆)+0.5
𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜆𝑐𝑜𝑠2(𝛼)𝑐𝑜𝑠 (𝛿 + )
𝛼 + 𝜆) 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝑐𝑜𝑠 (𝛼 − 𝛽) 𝑐𝑜𝑠 (𝛿 + 𝛼 + 𝜆

Ca = 0.391
Ca-Ka =0.391-0.244 = 0.4164
Height(h) = 10.175m

221
Width of abutment(B) = 8.4m
Earth Pressure Seismic = ɣ×(Ca-Ka) ×h

222
 = 20×0.4164×10.175 = 29.79 kN/m2
Seismic force due to backfill = 0.5×29.79×10.175×8.4 =1273.19 kN
Lever arm = 10.175/2 = 5.088m
Seismic force due to backfill = 1273.19 KN 5.088 m (LA) 6477.36 KNm

Dynamic Surcharge
Force = ɣ×(Ca-Ka) ×h(1.2m) ×Height of abutment×Width of abutment
=20×0.4164×1.2×10.175×8.4
=300.310 kN
Lever arm = Height of abutment/2 =10.5/2 =5.25m
Force= 300.310 KN 5.250 m (LA) 1576.62 kNm

Summary of Loads

Unfactored
Forces (KN) Factors
Moment
Vertica
Horizontal (KNm) Basic Seismic
l
Abutment Self 5175.9 -546.4 1.00 1
SS DL 2766.9 -2905.2 1.00 1
SS Surface 173.3 -181.9 1.00 1
SS LL 1109.0 -1164.5 0.00 0.00
EPH 1964.3 8394.6 1.50 1.00
EPV 813.7 -1261.2 1.00 1.00
LL Surcharge (H) 501.5 2632.9 1.20 0.20
Braking 200 1264.2 1.15 0.00
Temperature 102.1 819.6 1.50 0.50
Seismic Loads
Superstructure DL 441.0 4244.8 0.00 1.50

223
 Abutment DL 776.4 3128.0 0.00 1.50
Earth pressure 1273.2 6477.4 0.00 1.50
Dynamic Surcharge 300.3 1576.6 0.00 1.50

Forces(KN) Forces(KN)
Vertica Horizonta Momen Vertica Horizonta Moment
l l t l l (KNm)
(KNm)
Abutment Self 5175.9 0.0 -546.4 5175.9 0.0 -546.4
SS DL 2766.9 0.0 -2905.2 2766.9 0.0 -2905.2
SS Surface 173.3 0.0 -181.9 173.3 0.0 -181.9
SS LL 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0
EPH 0.0 2946.5 12592.0 0.0 1964.3 8394.6
EPV 813.7 0.0 -1261.2 813.7 0.0 -1261.2
LL Surcharge (H) 0.0 601.8 3159.5 0.0 100.3 526.6
Braking 0.0 230.0 1454.5 0.0 0.0 0.0
Temperature 0.0 153.2 1229.3 0.0 51.1 409.8
Seismic Loads
Superstr. DL 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 661.5 6367.2
Abutment DL 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 1164.6 4691.9
Earth pressure 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 1909.8 9716.0
Surcharge 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 450.5 2364.9
8929.7 3931.5 13540.6 8930 6302 27576

Structural Design
Width of abutment = 8.4m
Total Stem Base Width = 3.1m
Area (Ac) = 26.04 m2
Fcd = 0.446× fck =13.38 N/mm2
Axial Load = 0.1×fcd×Ac = 34841.52 kN
Max Axial Load = 8929.7 kN (Vertical load becomes axial load here)

224
Since, max axial load is less than 0.1×fcd×Ac, abutment stem is designed as cantilever slab
where foundation is treated as fixed support and stem is treated as slab.

Design of Abutment Stem

Ecu2 = 0.0035 0.002175
Fck = 30 MPa
0.446×fck = 13.98
N/mm2 Xu = 1856 mm
0.416×Xu = 771.95 mm
Depth = Width of abutment = 3100mm
Clear cover = 75mm
Effective cover = Depth-Clear Cover-Diameter of rebar/2 = 91mm
Effective depth(d) = Depth-Effective Cover = 3009mm
Breadth of Abutment (Bw) = 8400mm
β1 = 0.80952
β2 = 0.41597
Compressive Force(C) = β1×0.446Fck×bw×Xu = 168844.7 kN
Cg from steel level = d-0.416Xu = 2237.1 mm
Mulim = C×CG from steel level/1000 = 377714.80 kNm

Our design moment is 27576.40 kN but we get limiting moment as 377714.80 kN which is
very high. So, we have to increase tensile strain of steel in such a way that our neutral axis
shifts upward and Xu value then Mulim value is decreased respectively.

Ecu2 = 0.0035
Fck = 30 MPa
0.446×fck = 13.98
N/mm2 Xu = 102 mm
0.416×Xu = 42.50 mm
Depth = Width of abutment = 3100mm
Clear cover = 75mm
225
Effective cover = Depth-Clear Cover-Diameter of rebar/2 =91mm
Effective depth = Depth-Effective Cover =3009mm
Bw = 8400mm
β1 = 0.80952
β2 = 0.41597
C = β1×0.446Fck×bw×Xu = 9295.9 kN
Cg from steel level = d-0.416Xu = 2966.5 mm
Mulim = C×CG from steel level/1000 = 27576.4 kNm (which is equal to our design moment)

Reinforcement:
Fe = 500 N/mm2
Fyd = 434.78 N/mm2
Steel Required = Compressive Force×1000/ Fyd = 21380.66
mm2 Tensile steel as per code
Fctm = 0.259×fck2/3 = 2.501
Fyk = 500 N/mm2
0.26×Fctm/Fyk = 0.00130
Min. Asmin = min(0.26Fctm/Fyk,0.00130) = 0.00130
Minimum Area of steel = 0.0013×d×bw = 32866.4
mm2 Area of concrete (Ac) = D×bw = 26040000 mm2
Maximum Area of steel = 0.025Ac = 651000 mm2
Since, steel required is less than area of steel, we are adapting minimum area of steel.

Required Ast = 32866.40 mm2

=32mm Ф @ 210.71 mm c/c spacing
Provided Ast =32mm Ф @ 150mm c/c spacing
Therefore, area of steel provided=44866.30 mm2 (>32866.4 mm2, <651000 mm2) (ok)
This is the reinforcement provided vertically at rear end of stem.

226
Check for shear:
Minimum Axial (NED) = Abutment self-load+Superstructure Dead load+Superstructure
Surface load
= 5175.9+2766.9+173.3
= 8116 kN
Breadth of abutment stem (bw) = 8400mm
Effective Depth of abutment stem(d) = 3009 mm
Area of Concrete (Ac) = bw×d = 25275600 mm2
Area of Steel Provided (Ast) = 44866 mm2
Fck = 30 MPa
σcp = NED /Ac = 0.327<(0.2fcd=0.22×30=6)
ρl = Ast/(bw×d) = 0.0018 <= 0.02
k =1+ (200/d)0.5 =1.2578 <=2
γmin = 0.031k3/2 ck
f 1/2 = 0.2395
γRd, c, min = γmin +0.15 σcp = 0.288
𝑉𝑅𝑑.𝑐 = [0.12(80𝜌1 ∗ 𝑓𝑐𝑘)0.33 + 0.15𝜎𝑐𝑝
=(0.12×1.2578×(80×0.0018×30)0.33+0.15×0.327 = 0.2917
Γ = max (γRd, c, min, 𝑉𝑅𝑑.𝑐) = max (0.288,0.2917) =
0.2917 VRd.c = 0.2917×bw×d = 7372.2 kN > 6302 kN
(ok)

Crack Width:

Load factor for serviceability Limit State

Rare Quasi-
Frequent
combinatio permanent
Vertica Horizonta Momen Combination
Normal n Combination
l l t (KNm)
Abutment
5175.9 0.0 -546.4 1 1 1
Self
SS DL 2766.9 0.0 -2905.2 1 1 1
227
SS Surface 173.3 0.0 -181.9 1.2 1.2 1.2
SS LL 1109.0 0.0 -1164.5 1 0.75 0
EPH 0.0 1964.3 8394.6 1 1 1
EPV 813.7 0.0 -1261.2 1 1 1
LL
Surcharge 0.0 501.5 2632.9 0.8 0 0
(H)
Braking 0.0 200.0 1264.8 1 0.75 0
Temperatur
0.0 102.1 819.6 0.6 0.5 0.5
e
Seismic
Loads
Superstr.
0.0 441.0 4244.8 0 0 0
DL
Abutment
0.0 776.4 3128.0 0 0 0
DL
Earth
0.0 1273.2 6477.4 0 0 0
pressure

228
 Rare Combination Frequent Combination Quasi-permanent Combination
V H M V H M V H M
Abutment Self 5175.9 0.0 -546.4 5175.9 0.0 -546.4 5175.9 0.0 -546.4
SS DL 2766.9 0.0 -2905.2 2766.9 0.0 -2905.2 2766.9 0.0 -2905.2
SS Surface 207.9 0.0 -218.3 207.9 0.0 -218.3 207.9 0.0 -218.3
SS LL 1109.0 0.0 -1164.5 831.8 0.0 -873.4 0.0 0.0 0.0
EPH 0.0 1964.3 8394.6 0.0 1964.3 8394.6 0.0 1964.3 8394.6
EPV 813.7 0.0 -1261.2 813.7 0.0 -1261.2 813.7 0.0 -1261.2

LL Surcharge (H) 0.0 401.2 2106.3 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0
Braking 0.0 200.0 1264.8 0.0 150.0 948.6 0.0 0.0 0.0
Temperature 0.0 61.3 491.7 0.0 51.1 409.8 0.0 51.1 409.8
Seismic Loads
Superstr. DL 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0
Abutment DL 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0
Earth pressure 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0
6161.9 3948.5 3873.3

224
Bending Moment for crack width check (Mc)=6161.92 kNm (From Rare Combination)

Area of Steel provided (As) = 44866mm2

Width of Abutment stem (Bw) =8400mm

Total Depth(D) =3100mm

Effective Depth(d) =D-Effective cover =3100-91 =3009mm

Xu =102mm
Lever arm(z) =d-0.416 Xu = 3966.568 mm
Hc, eff =2.5(h-d)
=2.5×(3100-3009) = 228mm
=(h-x)/3
= (3100-102)/3 = 999 mm
=h/2
=3100/2 =1550 mm
Ac, eff = min (Hc, eff) ×Bw
=228×8400 =1911000mm2
Es = 200000MPa(N/mm2)
Actual Stress(σsc) = Mc ×106/ (As× z) = 46.30N/mm2
Kt = 0.5
Fcm= fck+10 = 40MPa
Fct, eff = 0.259×(Fck)2/3
=0.259×(30)2/3 = 2.5
Ecm = 22×(fcm/12.5)0.3×1000MPa(N/mm2)
=31187 MPa
ρ1, eff =As/Ac, eff = 44866/1911000 = 0.0235
αe = Es/Ecm = 200000/31187 = 6.413
𝑓𝑐𝑡,
𝜎 − ∗
𝛼 ∗ (1 + ∗ 𝜎𝑠𝑐
𝜀𝑠𝑚 − 𝜀𝑐𝑚 𝑠𝑐 𝑘𝑡 𝜌𝑝,𝑒𝑓𝑓 𝜌 ) ≥ 0.6
𝑒 𝑝,𝑒𝑓𝑓 𝐸𝑠
=
εsm-εcm = 0.0001389 𝐸𝑠
c =50mm
225
Sr, max = 3.4c+0.17×Φ/Ρ1, eff) = 3.4×50+0.17×32/0.0235
= 401.707mm
Crack width = c×(εsm-εcm)
= 50×0.0001389
= 0.0558mm < 0.3mm (ok for severe case)

Horizontal Reinforcement
Vertical main = 32mm Φ @150mm c/c spacing
Ast provided =5361.65m2 /m
Stem width =3100mm
Stem Height =1000mm
Ac = 3100×1000 =3100000mm2
Horizontal reinforcement = 25% Ast =1340.41 mm2
= 0.001Ac =3100 mm2
Half =3100/2 =1550mm2(For both directions)
Using 20mm Φ bar
Area of 20mm Φ bar =π×202/4 =314.16 mm^2
Then spacing =1000/ (1550/314.16) =203 mm
Provide Ast = 20mm Φ bar @ 150mm c/c spacing
Ast provided = 2094.4 mm2(For both directions)

Vertical Reinforcement
Stem Width (W) = 3100mm
Stem L= 1000mm
Ac = 3100×1000=3100000 mm2
0.0012×Ac = 0.0012×3100000=3720
mm2
Using 28mm Φ bar
Area of 28mm Φ bar = π×282/4=615.752 mm2
Then spacing =1000/ (3720/615.752) =166 mm
Provide Ast = 28mm Φ bar @ 150mm c/c spacing

226
Ast provided = 4105.01 mm2

227
Check:
Ast provided at rear face = 44866.30
mm2 Ast provided at front face = 4105.01
mm2
Allowable maximum reinforcement = 0.04×Ac=124000 mm2 (ok)
Allowable minimum reinforcement = 3720 mm2 (ok)

9.2 Foundation Stability

Bridge Geometry

Length of foundation = 9.2m

Width of foundation = 9.9m
Height of foundation = 2.2m
Heel = 3.1m
Toe = 3m

228
A. Calculation of Loads and moments from toe edge
1. Load from self-weight of abutment
Stem = Stem Height×Stem Width×Width of abutment×Unit weight of concrete
= 6.749×3.1×8.4×25
= 4393.6kN
Lever Arm = Length of foundation-Heel-Stem Width/2
= 9.2-3.1-3.1/2 = 4.55m
Cap = Cap Height×Cap Width×Width of abutment×Unit weight of concrete
= 0.7×3.65×8.4×25
= 536.55kN
Lever Arm = Length of foundation-Heel+Stem Hunch-Cap Width/2
= 9.2-3.1+0.45-3.65/2 = 4.725m
Backwall = Backwall Height×Backwall Width×Width of abutment×Unit weight of concrete
= 3.051×0.3×8.4×25
= 192.213kN
Lever Arm = Length of foundation-Heel+Stem Hunch-Backwall width/2
= 9.2-3.1+0.45-0.3/2 = 6.4m
Stem Hunch = 0.5× Stem Hunch Height×Stem Hunch Width×Width of abutment×Unit weight
of concrete
= 0.5×0.3×0.45×8.4×25
= 14.18kN
Lever Arm = Length of foundation-Heel+Stem Hunch/3
= 9.2-3.1+0.45/3 = 6.25m
Backwall front Hunch rectangle = Height×Width×Width of abutment×Unit weight of concrete
= 0.25×0.25×8.4×25
= 13.125
Lever Arm = Length of foundation-Heel+Stem Hunch-BW Width-Front Hunch/2
= 9.2-3.1+0.45-0.3-0.25/2 = 6.125m
Backwall front Hunch triangle = 0.5×Height×Width×Width of abutment×Unit weight of
concrete
=0.5×0.25×0.25×8.4×25

229
 =6.56
Lever Arm = Length of foundation-Heel+Stem Hunch-BW Width-Front Hunch/3
= 9.2-3.1+0.45-0.3-0.25/3 = 6.167m
Approach slab Hunch rectangle = Height×Width×Width of abutment×Unit weight of concrete
= 0.25×0.25×8.4×25
=13.125
Lever Arm = Length of foundation-Heel+Stem Hunch -Approach Slab Hunch/2
= 9.2-3.1+0.45+0.25/2 = 6.675m
Approach Slab Hunch triangle = 0.5×Height×Width×Width of abutment×Unit weight of
concrete
= 0.5×0.25×0.25×8.4×25
= 6.56
Lever Arm = Length of foundation-Heel+Stem Hunch- Approach Slab Hunch/3
= 9.2-3.1+0.45-0.25/3 = 6.633m
Distance
from Moment
Component Wt. (kN)
center of (kNm)
base(m)
Stem(rectangle) 4393.6 4.55 19990.88
stem(triangle) 0.00 3 0
Cap 536.55 4.725 2535.20
Backwall 192.213 6.4 1230.16
Stem hunch 14.18 6.25 88.59
Back wall front 13.13 6.125 80.39
hunch 6.56 6.167 40.47
Approach slab 13.13 6.675 87.61
hunch 6.56 6.633 43.53
5175.9 23043.24

Foundation pad = (Length×Breadth×Height) of foundation ×Unit Weight of concrete

= 9.2×9.9×2.2×25 = 5009.4kN

230
Lever arm = Length of foundation/2
= 9.2/2 = 4.6m
Foundation Pad 5009.40 4.600 23043.24

2. Load from superstructure

Dead Load = Weight of slab/Cross girder +Weight of Girder+Weight of railing+Weight of footpath
= 1098.6+1344.5+35+288.8
= 2766.9kN
Lever Arm = Toe-Nosing+Distance from edge to bearing center
= 3-0.1+2.7 = 5.6m
Surface Load = 173.3kN
Lever Arm = Toe-Nosing+Distance from edge to bearing center
= 3-0.1+2.7 = 5.6m
Live load =Maximum load among all vehicles+Pedestrian load
= 947.48+161.57 = 1109
Lever Arm=Toe-Nosing+Distance from edge to bearing center
= 3-0.1+2.7 = 5.6m
DL 2766.9 5.6 15494.44
Surface 173.3 5.6 970.20
LL 1109.0 5.6 6210.66

3. Earth
Pressure Ф =
35°
β =0°
α =0°
δ =22.50° (2/3 of Ф)
ɣ =20 kN/m3

𝑘𝑎
∗( )2
1
= 𝑐𝑜𝑠2(𝛼)𝑐𝑜𝑠(𝛿
𝑐𝑜𝑠2(Ф − 𝛼)
𝑠𝑖𝑛 (Ф+ 𝛿) 𝑠𝑖𝑛 (Ф− 𝛽)
+𝛼) 1+√ 𝑐𝑜𝑠 (𝛼− 𝛽) 𝑐𝑜𝑠 (𝛿+ 𝛼)

Ka = 0.2445

231
 Height(h) = Total Height-Approach Slab depth+ Foundation Depth
= 10.5-0.325+2.2
= 12.375m
Earth pressure = ɣ× Ka×h
=20×0.2445×12.375
=60.51kN/m2
Total Force =0.5×Pressure×Height×Width of abutment
=0.5×60.51×12.375×8.4
=3145kN acts @0.42h i.e. 4.274m for dry soil from base
Horizontal Force = 3145×cos(δ) = 3145×cos (22.5) = 2905.6kN
acts @ 0.42h i.e. -5.2m for dry soil from base
Vertical Force =3145×sin(δ) = 3145×sin (22.5) =1203.55kN
acts @ (9.2-3.1=6.1 m from stem center)
Force (KN) LA (m) M (KNm)
EP h = 2905.6 -5.198 8394.6 KNm
FP v = 1203.55 6.1 7341.7 KNm

4. Braking
Weight of 70R wheeled vehicle =1000kN
Weight of Class A train of vehicle =554kN
Point of application of load =1.2m above deck
Lane Factor Force
1 0.2 200.0 KN
1 0.2 110.8 KN
Braking Load = 200kN
Lever arm = Foundation Height+Stem Height+Cap Height
= 2.2+6.749+0.7
= 9.65m

Braking L 200 KN 9.65 m (LA) -1929.8 KNm

232
Here total length of class A vehicle is 20.3m and minimum spacing between two is 18.5m. (38.6>35)
m. So, factor of 10%is not taken only 20% taken.
Moment due to braking = Braking Load×(1.2+Depth of superstructure+Bearing Ht.)
= -200×(1.2+2.4+0.6) = -840kNm
Braking Vertical reaction = Moment/spam
=-840/35 = -23.9kN

Braking vertical
-23.9 KN 5.60 -133.84 KNm
reaction=

5. Temperature
Temperature variation = 30 ˚C
Coefficient Of thermal expansion(α) =0.0000120 m/ ˚C / m
Length =35m
Strain due to shrinkage = 0.00020 (IRC6)
Thermal Elongation = 30×0.0000120×35
= 0.0126000m

Shrinkage Elongation = 35×0.00020

=0.0070000m
Total strain due to temp. and shrinkage = 0.5×(0.0126000+0.0070000)
= 0.0098000m
Shear Rating of elastomer bearing =1000 KN/m/m2
Area of bearing = 0.24m2
Height of bearing = 0.076m
No. of bearing =3
Force =1.1×0.0098×1000×0.24/0.076
=34.04kN
Lever arm = Bearing Height+Cap Height+Stem Height+Foundation Height
= 0.6+0.7+6.749+2.2 =10.225m

233
 Force on each abutment 102.13 KN 8.025 m (LA) -1044.24 KNm

6. LL Surcharge
Ka =0.244
Height(h) =1.2m
ɣ =20kN/m3
Pressure = ɣ× Ka×h
= 20×0.244×1.2 = 5.868kN/m2
Force = Pressure×(Total Height-Approach Slab Depth) ×Width of abutment
= 5.868×(10.5-0.325) ×8.4
= 501.51kN
Lever arm = Total Height/2+Height of Foundation
= 10.5/2+2.2 = 7.45m
Vertical surcharge = ɣ× h×Width of foundation×Heel
= 20×1.2×9.9×3.1
= 736.56kN
Lever arm = Toe+Stem Hunch+Heel/2
= 3+3.1+3.1/2
= 7.65m
Force 501.51 KN 7.45 m (LA) -3736.3 KNm

Vertical 5634.68
736.56 KN 7.65 m (LA) KNm
Surcharge 4

7. Backfill
Height(h) = Total Height-Approach Slab Depth
= 10.5-0.325 = 10.175m
Heel = 3.1m
Width of abutment = 9.9m
Weight of Backfill = ɣ×h×Heel×Width of abutment = 20×10.175×3.1×9.9
= 6245.415kN

234
 Lever arm = Length of foundation-Heel/2
= 9.2-3.1/2
= 7.65m
Moment = 47777.425kNm
8. Seismic Loads
Zone Factor =0.36
Imp Factor =1
Response Reduction Factor(R) =3
Sa/g = 2.5
Z/2×I×Sa/g = 0.36/2×1×2.5 =0.45
Ah = (Z/2) ×(I/R) ×(Sa/g) = 0.45/3 = 0.15
This term ‘Ah’ is multiplied with the weight and horizontal seismic force is determined. Lever
arm is taken in the direction of height of abutment accordingly moment is determined.
Calculation is tabulated below:

Abutment Self Load

Moment(kNm
Wt kN H. Force(KN) Ht.(m) )
stem(rect) 4393.60 659.04 5.57 3673.8
stem(tria) 0.00 0.00 4.45 0.0
cap 536.55 80.04 9.3 748.4
Backwall 192.21 28.83 11.17 322.2
Stem hunch 14.18 2.13 8.85 18.8
Back wall front 13.13 1.97 12.25 24.1
hunch 6.56 0.98 12.04 11.9
Approach slab 13.13 1.97 12.58 24.8
hunch 6.56 0.98 12.37 12.2
776.39 4836.1
Foundation 5009.4
Pad 0 751.41 1.10 826.6

235
i. Superstructure Dead Load
Weight = 2940kN
Horizontal Force = 2940×0.15 = 441.02
Lever arm =Total Height-Wearing Course Height+Height of foundation-Height of bridge
deck/3
=10.5-0.075+2.2-2.4/3 =11.825m
Moment = 5215kNm
Here, live load is not taken according to Clause 219.5.2(i) of IRC:6-2017
ii. Due to backfill
Ф = 35°
β = 0°
α = 0°
δ = 22.50° (2/3 of Ф)
ɣ = 20 kN/m3
Ah = 0.15
Av = 2/3×0.15 =0.1
𝐴
Λ =1±𝐴ℎ𝑣 0.15
= 1±0. = 0.1651rad = 9.46°
1

(1 ± 𝐴𝑣)𝑐𝑜𝑠2(∅ − 𝜆 − 1
𝐶𝑎 = ∗( )2
𝛼) 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝑠𝑖𝑛 (∅ 𝛿) 𝑠𝑖𝑛 (∅ − 𝛽 −
1+( 𝜆)+0.5
𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜆𝑐𝑜𝑠2(𝛼)𝑐𝑜𝑠 (𝛿 + )
𝛼 + 𝜆) 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝑐𝑜𝑠 (𝛼 − 𝛽) 𝑐𝑜𝑠 (𝛿 + 𝛼 + 𝜆

Ca = 0.391
Ca-Ka =0.391-0.244 = 0.147
Height(h) = Total Height+Height of foundation-Approach slab depth

=10.5+2.2-0.325 = 12.375m
Width of foundation(B) = 9.9m
Earth Pressure Seismic = ɣ×(Ca) ×h
= 20×0.391×12.375 = 96.74kN/m2
Seismic force due to backfill = 0.5×96.74×12.375×9.9 = 5926.2kN
236
 Earth Pressure Normal = 3145kN
Difference = 5926.2-3145 = 2781.2kN
Lever arm = h/2 = 12.375/2 = 6.188m
Difference= 2781.2 KN 6.188 m (LA) -17208.63 kNm

iii. Dynamic Surcharge

Force = ɣ×(Ca-Ka) ×h(1.2m) ×Height of abutment×Width of foundation
= 20×0.147×1.2×10.5×9.9
= 365.242kN
Lever arm = Height of abutment/2 =10.5/2 = 5.25m
Force= 365.242 KN 5.250 m (LA) 1917.5216 kNm

B. Summary of Loads

Unfactored
Forces(KN) Moment (KNm)(at toe) Basic Seismic
Vertica Horizonta Resistin Overturnin
R O R O
l l g g
Abutment 5175.9 24096.8 0.9 1.1 0.9 1.1
Foundation 5009.4 23043.2 0.9 1.1 0.9 1.1
SS DL 2766.9 15494.4 0.9 1.1 0.9 1.1
1.3 1.3
SS Surface 173.3 970.2 1 1
5 5
SS LL 1109.0 6210.7 0 1.5 0 0
EPH 2905.6 -15102.0 1 1.5 1 1
EPV 1203.6 7341.7 1 1.5 1 1
LL
501.5 -3736.3 0 1.2 0 0
Surcharge(H)
LL Surcharge 5634.68
736.6 0 1.2 0 0
(V) 4

237
 Braking 200.0 -1929.8 0 1.5 0 0
Temperature 102.1 -1044.2 0 0.9 0 0.5
Backfill 6245.4 47777.4 0.9 1.1 0.9 1.1
Breaking 1.1
-23.9 -133.632 0 0 0.2
uplift 5
Seismic
Seismic DL
776.4 -4836.1 0 0 0 1.5
abut.
Seismic
751.4 -826.6 0 0 0 1.5
foundation
Seismic DLSS 441.0 -5215.0 0 0 0 1.5
Seismic Earth
2781.2 -17208.6 0 0 0 1.5
pressure
Surcharge
365.2 -1917.5 0 0 0 1.5
dynamic

Basic combination
Forces(KN) Moment (KNm)
Horizonta Overturni
Vertical l Resisting ng
Abutment 4658.32 0.00 21687.15 0.00
Foundation 4508.46 0.00 20738.92 0.00
SS DL 2490.18 0.00 13945.00 0.00
SS Surface 173.25 0.00 970.20 0.00
SS LL 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00
EPH 0.00 4358.44 0.00 -22653.02
EPV 1203.55 0.00 7341.66 0.00
LL
Surcharge(H) 0.00 601.81 0.00 -4483.51

238
LL Surcharge
(V) 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00
Braking 0.00 300.00 0.00 -2894.70
Temperature 0.00 91.91 0.00 -939.82
Backfill 5620.87 0.00 42999.68 0.00
Breaking
uplift -27.44 0.00 0.00 -153.68
Seismic 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00
Seismic DL
abt 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00
Seismic
foundation 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00
Seismic DLSS 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00
Seismic Earth
pressure 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00
Surcharge
dynamic 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00
Total 18627.19 5352.17 107682.61 -31124.72

Seismic combination
Forces(KN) Moment (KNm)
Overturni
Vertical Horizontal Resisting ng
Abutment 4658.3208 0 21687.148 0
Foundation 4508.46 0 20738.916 0
SS DL 2490.1785 0 13944.9996 0
SS Surface 173.25 0 970.2 0
SS LL 0 0 0 0

239
 -
EPH
0 2905.62976 0 15102.011
1203.55125
EPV
4 0 7341.66265 0
LL
Surcharge(H) 0 0 0 0
LL Surcharge
(V) 0 0 0 0
Braking 0 0 0 0
-
Temperature
0 51.0631579 0 522.12079
Backfill 5620.8735 0 42999.6823 0
-
Breaking
4.77257142
uplift
9 0 0 -26.7264
Seismic 0 0 0 0
Seismic DL -
abt 0 1164.5802 0 7254.1851
Seismic -
foundation 0 1127.115 0 1239.8265
-
Seismic DLSS
0 661.525875 0 7822.5435
Seismic Earth -
pressure 0 4171.78932 0 25812.946
Surcharge -
dynamic 0 547.863323 0 2876.2824
18649.86 10629.57 107682.61 -60656.64

240
 Summary of loads basic Seismic
Vertical load 18627.19 18649.86
Horizontal loads 5352.17 10629.57
107682.6 107682.6
Resisting moment 1 1
Overturning
moment -31124.72 -60656.64
Frictional
coefficient 0.70 0.70
Overturning = 3.46 1.78
Sliding = 2.44 1.23
Here,

=−𝑂𝑣𝑒𝑟𝑡𝑢𝑟𝑛𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝑀𝑜𝑚𝑒𝑛𝑡> 1
𝑅𝑒𝑠𝑖𝑠𝑡𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝑀𝑜𝑚𝑒𝑛𝑡
Overturning
𝜇∑ 𝑉
>1
∑
Sliding =
𝐻

9.3 Foundation Bearing Pressure

Grade of concrete = M30Characteristic Strength(fck) =

30N/mm2 Reinforcement = Fe500 Yield stress of steel(fy) =
500N/mm2

A. Loads summary from foundation stability at the toe

V H M
Abutment 5175.9 0.0 24096.8
Foundation 5009.4 0.0 23043.2
SS DL 2766.9 0.0 15494.4
SS Surface 173.3 0.0 970.2
SS LL 1109.0 0.0 6210.7
EPH 0.0 2905.6 -15102.0
241
 EPV 1203.6 0.0 7341.7
LL Surcharge(H) 0.0 501.5 -3736.3
LL Surcharge (V) 736.6 0.0 5634.7
Braking 0.0 200.0 -1929.8
Temperature 0.0 102.1 -1044.2
Backfill 6245.4 0.0 47777.4
Breaking uplift -23.9 0.0 -133.6
Seismi 108623.
c 2
Seismic DL abt. 0.0 776.4 -4836.1
Seismic
foundation 0.0 751.4 -826.6
Seismic DLSS 0.0 441.0 -5215.0
Seismic Earth
pressure 0.0 2781.2 -17208.6
surcharge dynamic 0.0 365.2 -1917.5
78619.4

Height of abutment =10.5m

Height except approach slab =10.175m
Actual width of abutment =8.4m
Increased width of abutment =9.9m
Total length of abutment = 9.2m
Transfer of loads from the foundation toe to foundation base center,
ex = -(Total length of abutment/2)
=-9.2/2 = -4.6m
ey = 0m

Transferring loads at base of raft,

Moment at the middle point at base of raft = Moment at the toe point at the base of raft+
ey×Horizontal Force+ ex×Vertical Force

242
243
Horizontal force, vertical force and moment due to horizontal force remains same. Only moment due
to vertical force changes.
Calculation of moments due to vertical forces,
i. Abutment
= 24096.8-4.6×5175.9 = 287.6kNm
ii. Foundation
=23043.2-4.6×5009.4 = 0kNm
iii. Superstructure Dead Load
=15494.4-4.6×2766.9 =2766.66kNm
iv. Superstructure surface
=970.2-4.6×173.3 =173.02kNm
v. Superstructure Live load
=6210.7-4.6×1109 =1109.3kNm
vi. Earth Pressure Horizontal
=-15102-4.6×0 = -15102kNm
vii. Earth Pressure Vertical
=7341.7-4.6×1203.6 =1805.14kNm
viii. Liveload surcharge(H)
=-3736.3-4.6×0 = -3736.3kNm
ix. Liveload surcharge(V)
=5634.7-4.6×736.6 = 2246.34kNm
x. Braking
=-1929.8-4.6×0 = -1929.8kNm
xi. Temperature
=-1044.2-4.6×0 = -1044.2kNm
xii. Backfill
=47777.4-4.6×6245.4 =19048.56kNm
xiii. Breaking uplift
=-133.6-4.6×(-23.9) = -23.66kNm

244
Seismic
i. Seismic Dead Load abutment
=-4836.1-4.6×0 =-4836.1kNm
ii. Seismic foundation
=-826.6-4.6×0 =-826.6kNm
iii. Seismic Dead load Superstructure
=-5215-4.6×0 =-5215kNm
iv. Seismic Earth Pressure
=-17208.6-4.6×0 =-17208.6kNm
v. Surcharge Dynamic
=-1917.5-4.6×0 =-1917.5kNm

Load Summary At foundation raft base(unfactored) for bearing pressure check

C1 C2 C3
Abutment 5175.9 0.0 287.6 1.35 1 1.35
Foundation 5009.4 0.0 0.0 1.35 1 1.35
SS DL 2766.9 0.0 2766.9 1.35 1 1.35
SS Surface 173.3 0.0 173.3 1.75 1 1.35
SS LL 1109.0 0.0 1109.0 1.5 1.3 0.75
-
EPH
0.0 2905.6 15102.0 1.5 1.3 1
EPV 1203.6 0.0 1805.3 1.5 1.3 1
LL Surcharge(H) 0.0 501.5 -3736.3 1.2 1 0.2
LL Surcharge (V) 736.6 0.0 2246.5 1.2 1 0.2
Braking 0.0 200.0 -1929.8 1.5 1.3 0.75
Temperature 0.0 102.1 -1044.2 0.9 0.8 0.5
Backfill 6245.4 0.0 19048.5 1.35 1 1.35
Breaking uplift -23.9 0.0 -23.9 1.5 1.3 0.75
Seismic
Seismic DL abt 776.4 -4836.1 0 0 1.5

245
Seismic foundation 751.4 -826.6 0 0 1.5
Seismic DLSS 441.0 -5215.0 0 0 1.5
Seismic Earth -
pressure 2781.2 17208.6 0 0 1.5
surcharge dynamic 365.2 -1917.5 0 0 1.5

For C1
Abutment 6987.5 0.0 388.3
Foundation 6762.7 0.0 0.0
SS DL 3735.3 0.0 3735.3
SS Surface 303.2 0.0 303.2
SS LL 1663.6 0.0 1663.6
-
EPH
0.0 4358.4 22653.0
EPV 1805.3 0.0 2708.0
LL Surcharge(H) 0.0 601.8 -4483.5
LL Surcharge (V) 883.9 0.0 2695.8
Braking 0.0 300.0 -2894.7
Temperature 0.0 91.9 -939.8
Backfill 8431.3 0.0 25715.5
Breaking uplift -35.8 0.0 -35.8
Seismic

246
 Seismic DL abt 0.0 0.0 0.0
Seismic foundation 0.0 0.0 0.0
Seismic DLSS 0.0 0.0 0.0
Seismic Earth pressure 0.0 0.0 0.0
surcharge dynamic 0.0 0.0 0.0
30536.9 5352.2 6202.8

For C2
Abutment 5175.9 0.0 287.6
Foundation 5009.4 0.0 0.0
SS DL 2766.9 0.0 2766.9
SS Surface 173.3 0.0 173.3
SS LL 1441.8 0.0 1441.8
-
EPH
0.0 3777.3 19632.6
EPV 1564.6 0.0 2346.9
LL Surcharge(H) 0.0 501.5 -3736.3
LL Surcharge (V) 736.6 0.0 2246.5
Braking 0.0 260.0 -2508.7
Temperature 0.0 81.7 -835.4
Backfill 6245.4 0.0 19048.5
Breaking uplift -31.0 0.0 -31.0
Seismic
Seismic DL abt 0.0 0.0 0.0
Seismic foundation 0.0 0.0 0.0
Seismic DLSS 0.0 0.0 0.0
Seismic Earth pressure 0.0 0.0 0.0
surcharge dynamic 0.0 0.0 0.0
23082.8 4620.5 1567.4

247
 For C3
Abutment 6987.5 0.0 388.3
Foundation 6762.7 0.0 0.0
SS DL 3735.3 0.0 3735.3
SS Surface 233.9 0.0 233.9
SS LL 831.8 0.0 831.8
EPH 0.0 2905.6 -15102.0
EPV 1203.6 0.0 1805.3
LL Surcharge(H) 0.0 100.3 -747.3
LL Surcharge (V) 147.3 0.0 449.3
Braking 0.0 150.0 -1447.4
Temperature 0.0 51.1 -522.1
Backfill 8431.3 0.0 25715.5
Breaking uplift -17.9 0.0 -17.9
Seismic
Seismic DL abt 0.0 1164.6 -7254.2
Seismic
foundation 0.0 1127.1 -1239.8
Seismic DLSS 0.0 661.5 -7822.5
Seismic Earth
pressure 0.0 4171.8 -25812.9
surcharge dynamic 0.0 547.9 -2876.3
28315.4 10879.9 -29683.0

248
 V H M
Combi
1 30536.9 5352.2 6202.8
Combi
2 23082.8 4620.5 1567.4
Combi
3 28315.4 10879.9 29683.0

𝐼𝑛𝑐𝑟𝑒𝑎𝑠𝑒𝑑 𝑊𝑖𝑑𝑡ℎ 𝑜𝑓 𝑎𝑏𝑢𝑡𝑚𝑒𝑛𝑡 ∗

𝑀𝑂𝐼 =
𝑇𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑙 𝑙𝑒𝑛𝑔𝑡ℎ3 12

= 9.9×9.23/12
= 642.42m4(For the base of raft)

𝑉𝑒𝑟𝑡𝑖𝑐𝑎𝑙 𝑀𝑜𝑚𝑒𝑛𝑡 ∗ 𝐿𝑒𝑛𝑔𝑡ℎ

𝐵𝑒𝑎𝑟𝑖𝑛𝑔 ±
𝑓𝑜𝑟𝑐𝑒(𝑉) 𝑀𝑂𝐼 ∗ 2
𝑃𝑟𝑒𝑠𝑠𝑢𝑟𝑒 =
𝑊𝑖𝑑𝑡ℎ ∗
𝐿𝑒𝑛𝑔𝑡ℎ

For Combination 1,

= 9.9∗9.2 ±642.42∗2
30536.9 6202.8∗9.2

=335.275 ± 44.414
=290.86 kN/m2 (For -ve)
=379.69 kN/m2 (For +ve)

For Combination 2,

= 9.9∗9.2 ±642.42∗2
23082.8 1567.4∗9.2

=253.434 ± 11.223
=242.21 kN/m2 (For -ve)
=264.66 kN/m2 (For +ve)
For Combination 3,

= 9.9∗9.2 ± 642.42∗2
28315.4 29683.0∗9.2

249
=310.884 ± 212.543

250
=98.34 kN/m2 (For -ve)
=523.43 kN/m2 (For +ve)
Bearing Capacity of Soil = 400kN/m2(From Geotech report)
Combi1 290.86 379.69 <400.0 KN/m2
Combi2 242.21 264.66 <600.0 KN/m2
Combi3 98.34 523.43 <600.0 KN/m2

9.4 Foundation Shear Design

Loads and moments at base of raft

V H M Basic I Basic II Seismic

Abutment 5175.9 0.0 287.6 1.35 1 1.35
Foundation 5009.4 0.0 0.0 1.35 1 1.35
SS DL 2766.9 0.0 2766.9 1.35 1 1.35
SS Surface 173.3 0.0 173.3 1.75 1 1.75
SS LL 1109.0 0.0 1109.0 1.50 1.3 0.75
EPH 0.0 2905.6 -15102.0 1.50 1.3 1.00
EPV 1203.6 0.0 1805.3 1.00 0.85 1.00
LL Surcharge(H) 0.0 501.5 -3736.3 1.20 1 0.20
LL Surcharge
736.6 0.0 2246.5 1.20 1 0.20
(V)
Braking 0.0 200.0 -1929.8 1.15 1 0.20
Temperature 0.0 102.1 -1044.2 0.90 0.8 0.50
Backfill 6245.4 0.0 19048.5 1.35 1 1.35
Breaking uplift -23.9 0.0 -23.9 0.00 0 0.00
Seismic

Seismic DL abt 0.0 776.4 -4836.1 0.00 0 1.50

Seismic
0.0 751.4 -826.6 0.00 0 1.50
foundation

251
 Seismic DLSS 0.0 441.0 -5215.0 0 0 1.5
Seismic Earth
0.0 2781.2 -17208.6 0.00 0 1.50
pressure
surcharge
0.0 365.2 -1917.5 0.00 0 1.50
dynamic
For Seismic
For Basic I combination
Combination
V H M H M V H M

Abutment 6987.5 0.0 388.3 0.0 287.6 6987.5 0.0 388.3

Foundation 6762.7 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 6762.7 0.0 0.0

SS DL 3735.3 0.0 3735.3 0.0 2766.9 3735.3 0.0 3735.3
SS Surface 303.2 0.0 303.2 0.0 173.3 303.2 0.0 303.2
SS LL 1663.6 0.0 1663.6 0.0 1441.8 831.8 0.0 831.8
EPH 0.0 4358.4 -22653.0 3777.3 -19632.6 0.0 2905.6 -15102.0
EPV 1203.6 0.0 1805.3 0.0 1534.5 1203.6 0.0 1805.3
LL Surcharge(H) 0.0 601.8 -4483.5 501.5 -3736.3 0.0 100.3 -747.3
LL Surcharge
883.9 0.0 2695.8 0.0 2246.5 147.3 0.0 449.3
(V)
Braking 0.0 230.0 -2219.3 200.0 -1929.8 0.0 40.0 -386.0
Temperature 0.0 91.9 -939.8 81.7 -835.4 0.0 51.1 -522.1
Backfill 8431.3 0.0 25715.5 0.0 19048.5 8431.3 0.0 25715.5
Breaking uplift 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0
Seismic Seismic
Seismic DL abt 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 1164.6 -7254.2
Seismic
0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 1127.1 -1239.8
foundation
Seismic DLSS 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 661.5 -7822.5
Seismic Earth
0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 4171.8 -25812.9
pressure

252
 Surcharge
0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 547.9 -2876.3
dynamic

Total 29970.
5282.2 6011.4 4560.5 1365.0 28402.6 10769.9 -28534.5
9
stem
13893.
5282.2 -22399.9 4560.5 -19930.0 13061.3 3097.0 -9693.5
base 1

Here,

Total =Sum of all loads

@Stem base =Total-Foundation-LL Surcharge(V)-Backfill

V H M
Basic I 29970.9 5282.2 6011.4
Basic II 22572.2 4560.5 1365.0
Seismic 28402.6 10769.9 28534.5

𝑀𝑂𝐼 = 𝐼𝑛𝑐𝑟𝑒𝑎𝑠𝑒𝑑 𝑊𝑖𝑑𝑡ℎ 𝑜𝑓 𝑎𝑏𝑢𝑡𝑚𝑒𝑛𝑡 ∗

𝑇𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑙 𝑙𝑒𝑛𝑔𝑡ℎ3 12

= 9.9×9.23/12
= 642.42m4(For the base of raft)

𝑉𝑒𝑟𝑡𝑖𝑐𝑎𝑙 𝑀𝑜𝑚𝑒𝑛𝑡 ∗ 𝐿𝑒𝑛𝑔𝑡ℎ

𝐵𝑒𝑎𝑟𝑖𝑛𝑔 ±
𝑓𝑜𝑟𝑐𝑒(𝑉) 𝑀𝑂𝐼 ∗ 2
𝑃𝑟𝑒𝑠𝑠𝑢𝑟𝑒 =
𝑊𝑖𝑑𝑡ℎ ∗
𝐿𝑒𝑛𝑔𝑡ℎ
253
For Basic I,

= 9.9∗9.2 ±642.42∗2
29970.9 6011.4∗9.2

=329.06 ± 43.044
=286.02 kN/m2 (For -ve)
=372.11 kN/m2 (For +ve)

For Basic II,

= 9.9∗9.2 ±642.42∗2
22572.2 1365.0∗9.2

=247.828 ± 9.77
=238.05 kN/m2 (For -ve)
=257.60 kN/m2 (For +ve)
For Seismic,

= 9.9∗9.2 ± 642.42∗2
28402.6 28534.5∗9.2

=311.842 ± 204.319
=107.52 kN/m2 (For -ve)
=516.16 kN/m2 (For +ve)

Interpolating the values of pressure at different points,

For Basic I,
At x1=0

BP=286.02kN/mm2 At x2=9.2m

𝑦2 − 𝑦1
BP=372.11kN/mm2

𝑦 − 𝑦1 = ∗ (𝑥 − 𝑥1)
−
𝑥2
𝑥1
372.11 −
𝑦 = 286.02 + 286.02 ∗ (𝑥 − 0)
9.2 − 0

254
At x=(3.1-2.109=0.991m) BP=295.3 kN/mm2
At x=(3.1m) BP=315.0 kN/mm2
At x=(6.2m) BP=344.0 kN/mm2
At x=(8.31m) BP=363.8 kN/mm2

255
Pressure due to concrete+soil
= - (Unit weight of concrete×Depth of foundation×γf+ Unit weight of soil×Height of abutment×γf)
= -(25×2.2×1.35+20×10.175×1.35) = -348.975kN/mm2
Pressure due to concrete
= - (Unit weight of concrete×Depth of foundation×γf)
= -(25×2.2×1.35) = -74.25kN/mm2

For Basic II,

At x1=0

BP=238.05kN/mm2 At x2=9.2m 𝑦2 − 𝑦1

∗ (𝑥 − 𝑥1)
BP=257.60kN/mm2
𝑦 − 𝑦1 = −
𝑥2
𝑥1

257.6 −
𝑦 = 238.05 + 238.05 ∗ (𝑥 − 0)
9.2 − 0

At x=(3.1-2.109=0.991m) BP=240.16 kN/mm2

At x=(3.1m) BP=244.64 kN/mm2
At x=(6.2m) BP=251.23 kN/mm2
At x=(8.31m) BP=255.71 kN/mm2

Pressure due to concrete+soil

=- (Unit weight of concrete×Depth of foundation×γf+ Unit weight of soil×Height of abutment×γf)
=-(25×2.2×1+20×10.175×1) = -258.5kN/mm2
Pressure due to concrete
=- (Unit weight of concrete×Depth of foundation×γf)
=-(25×2.2×1) = -55kN/mm2
Seismic,
At x1=0 BP=107.52kN/mm2

256
 𝑦2 − 𝑦1
At x2=9.2m BP=516.6kN/mm2

𝑦 − 𝑦1 = ∗ (𝑥 − 𝑥1)
−
𝑥2
𝑥1

257
 516.16 −
𝑦 = 107.52 + 107.52 ∗ (𝑥 − 0)
9.2 − 0

At x=(3.1-2.109=0.991m) BP=151.54 kN/mm2

At x=(3.1m) BP=245.22 kN/mm2
At x=(6.2m) BP=382.91 kN/mm2
At x=(8.31m) BP=476.59 kN/mm2

Pressure due to concrete + soil

=- (Unit weight of concrete ×Depth of foundation × γf+ Unit weight of soil × Height of abutment × γf)
=-(25×2.2×1.35+20×10.175×1.35) =-348.975kN/mm2
Pressure due to concrete
=- (Unit weight of concrete × Depth of foundation × γf)
=-(25×2.2×1.35) = - 74.25kN/mm2

Stress conc+soi concret

Distribution l e
kN/m
2
Basic I 286.02 295.3 315.0 344.0 363.8 372.1 -348.975 -74.25
Basic
II 238.05 240.16 244.64 251.23 255.71 257.60 -258.5 -55.00
Seismi
c 107.52 151.54 245.22 382.91 476.59 516.16 -348.975 -74.25

Design of toe
Flexure Check (per meter)
Basic I
344.0 372.1

Mrect =Stress × Length of cantilever ×Distance from CG

=344×3×3/2 = 1548.15kNm
Mtri = Stress × Length of cantilever ×Distance from CG
258
 =0.5×(372.1-344) ×3×(2/3×3) =84.22kNm
Mfooting = Stressconcrete×Length of cantilever×Distance from CG
=-74.25×3×3/2 =-334.13kNm
Mtotal =1548.15+84.22-334.13 =1298.24kNm

Basic II
251.23 257.6

Mrect =Stress×Length of cantilever×Distance from CG

=251.23×3×3/2 =1130.52kNm
Mtri = Stress×Length of cantilever×Distance from CG
=0.5×(257.6-251.23) ×3×(2/3×3) =19.12kNm
Mfooting = Stressconcrete×Length of cantilever×Distance from CG
=-55×3×3/2 =-247.5kNm
Mtotal =1130.52+19.12-247.5 =902.15kNm

Seismic
382.91 516.16

Mrect =Stress×Length of cantilever×Distance from CG

=382.91×3×3/2 =1723.09kNm
Mtri = Stress×Length of cantilever×Distance from CG
=0.5×(516.16-382.91) ×3×(2/3×3) =399.76kNm
Mfooting = Stressconcrete×Length of cantilever×Distance from CG
=-74.25×3×3/2=-334.13kNm
Mtotal=1723.09+399.76-334.13=1788.72kNm

259
 Seismi
Basic I Basic II
c
1723.0
Mrec = 1548.15 1130.52
9
Mtri = 84.22 19.12 399.76
-
Mfooting -334.13 -247.50
334.13
1788.7
Mtotal= 1298.24 902.15
2

Design Moment =Maximum among three cases

=1788.72kNm
Fck =30 MPa
Fe =500MPa
0.446×fck =13.98
N/mm2 Xu =80mm
0.416×Xu =33.09 mm
Depth =Depth of foundation =2200mm
Clear cover =75mm
Effective cover =Depth-Clear Cover-Diameter of rebar/2 =91mm
Effective depth =Depth-Effective Cover =2109mm
Bw =1000mm
β1 =0.80952
β2 =0.41597
C = β1×0.446Fck×bw×Xu =861.7 kN
Cg from steel level =d-0.416Xu =2075.9 mm
Mulim =C×CG from steel level/1000=1778.72 kNm
(which is equal to our design moment)

Fyd =Fe/1.15 =500/1.15 =434.78

Ast = Mulim/CG from steel level/ Fyd

260
 = (1778.72×106/434.78/2075.9 =1982mm2
Tensile steel as per code
Fctm =0.259×fck2/3 =2.501
Fyk =500 N/mm2
0.26×Fctm/Fyk =0.00130
Min. Asmin =min(0.26Fctm/Fyk,0.00130) =0.00130
Minimum Area of steel =0.0013×d×bw
=0.0013×2200×1000 =2860 mm2
Area of concrete (Ac) =D×bw=2200×2860=6292000
mm2 Maximum Area of steel =0.025Ac=157300 mm2

Required Ast =1982 mm2

=32mm Ф @ 405.81 mm c/c spacing
Provided Ast =32mm Ф @ 150mm c/c spacing
Therefore, area of steel provided=5362 mm2 (>2860 mm2, <157300 mm2)
(ok) Transverse Reinforcement
Required Ast =20% of main reinforcement=0.2×5362=1072.33mm2
=20mm Ф @ 292.97 mm c/c spacing
Provided Ast =20mm Ф @ 150mm c/c spacing
Therefore, area of steel provided=2094.4 mm2 (>1072.33 mm2) (ok)
Shear Design
Design shear force:
Load at: 0.0 1.0 3.1 6.2 8.3 9.2
Basic I 286.0 295.3 315.0 344.0 363.8 372.1
Basic II 238.1 240.2 244.6 251.2 255.7 257.6
Seismic 107.5 151.5 245.2 382.9 476.6 516.2

261
Basic I At d,
SFrec=Stress×Length
=363.8×(9.2-8.3)=324.12kN
SFtri=0.5×(372.1-363.8) ×(9.2-8.3)=3.71kN
SFfooting=-γc×Depth×Length×γf
=-25×2.2×(9.2-8.3) ×1.35=-66.16kN
TotalSF =324.12+3.71-66.16=261.68kN
At face,
SFrec=Stress×Length
=344×(9.2-6.2)=1032.1kN
SFtri =0.5×(372.1-344.0) ×(9.2-6.2)=42.11kN
SFfooting =-γc×Depth×Length×γf
=-25×2.2×(9.2-6.2) ×1.35 =-222.75kN
TotalSF=1032.1+42.11-222.75=851.46kN
SF=261.68kN
Basic II
At d,
SFrec=Stress×Length
=255.7×(9.2-8.3) =227.84kN
SFtri =0.5×(257.6-255.7) ×(9.2-8.3)=0.84kN
SFfooting=-γc×Depth×Length×γf
=-25×2.2×(9.2-8.3) ×1=-49kN
TotalSF=227.84+0.84-49=179.68kN
At face,
SFrec=Stress×Length
=255.7×(9.2-6.2)=753.68kN
SFtri=0.5×(257.6-255.7) ×(9.2-6.2)=9.56kN
SFfooting=-γc×Depth×Length×γf
=-25×2.2×(9.2-6.2) ×1=-165kN
TotalSF=753.68+9.56-165 =598.24kN

262
SF=179.68kN

Seismic
At d,
SFrec=Stress×Length
=476.6×(9.2-8.3)=424.64kN
SFtri=0.5×(516.2-476.6) ×(9.2-8.3)=17.63kN
SFfooting=-γc×Depth×Length×γf
=-25×2.2×(9.2-8.3) ×1.35=-66.16kN
TotalSF=424.64+17.63-66.16=376.11kN
At face,
SFrec=Stress×Length
=476.6×(9.2-6.2) =1148.73kN
SFtri=0.5×(516.2-476.6) ×(9.2-6.2)=199.88kN
SFfooting=-γc×Depth×Length×γf
=-25×2.2×(9.2-6.2) ×1.35=-222.75kN
TotalSF=1148.73+199.88-222.75=851.46kN
SF=376.11kN
Design SF,VR,dc=376.11kN
Basic I Basic II Seismic
At d At face At d At face At d At face
324.1
SFrec = 1032.10 227.84 753.68 424.64 1148.73
2
SFtri = 3.71 42.11 0.84 9.56 17.63 199.88
SFfooting= 66.16 222.75 49.00 165.00 66.16 222.75
261.6
Total SF = 851.46 179.68 598.24 376.11 1125.86
8
SF 261.68 179.68 376.11
Tension at
Tension at bottom Tension at bottom
bottom
Design SF,VR,dc 376.11

263
Breadth of abutment stem (bw) = 1000mm
Effective Depth of abutment stem(d) = 2109 mm
Area of Concrete (Ac) = bw×d =2109000 mm2
Area of Steel Provided (Ast) =5362 mm2(Main
reinforcement)
Fck =30 MPa
σcp = NED /Ac =0 <(0.2fcd=0.22×30=6)
ρl =Ast/(bw×d) =0.0025 <=0.02
k =1+ (200/d)0.5 =1.31 <=2
γmin =0.031k3/2 fck1/2 =0.255
γRd, c, min = γmin +0.15 σcp =0.255
𝑉𝑅𝑑.𝑐 = [0.12(80𝜌1 ∗ 𝑓𝑐𝑘)0.33 + 0.15𝜎𝑐𝑝 = (0.12×1.31×(80×0.0025×30)0.33+0.15×0
=0.284

Γ =max (γRd, c, min, 𝑉𝑅𝑑.𝑐) =max (0.255,0.284) =0.284

VRd.c =0.284×bw×d =601.231kN >376.11kN (ok)

Shear Design Not Required

Design of Heel
Flexure Check (per meter)
Basic I
286.02 315

Mrect =Stress×Length of cantilever×Distance from CG

=286.02×3.1×3.1/2 =1374.31kNm
Mtri = Stress×Length of cantilever×Distance from CG
=0.5×(315-286.02) ×3.1×(1/3×3.1) =46.46kNm
Mfooting = Stressconcrete×Length of cantilever×Distance from CG
264
=-348.975×3.1×3.1/2 =-1676.82kNm

265
Mtotal =1374.31+46.46-1676.82 =-256.05kNm

Basic II
238.05 244.64

Mrect =Stress×Length of cantilever×Distance from CG

=238.05×3.1×3.1/2 =1143.85kNm
Mtri = Stress×Length of cantilever×Distance from CG
=0.5×(244.64-238.05) ×3.1×(1/3×3.1) =10.55kNm
Mfooting = Stressconcrete×Length of cantilever×Distance from CG
=-258.5×3.1×3.1/2 =-1242.09kNm
Mtotal =1143.85+10.55-1242.09 =-87.69kNm

Seismic
107.52 245.22

Mrect =Stress×Length of cantilever×Distance from CG

=107.52×3.1×3.1/2 =516.65kNm
Mtri = Stress×Length of cantilever×Distance from CG
=0.5×(245.22-107.52) ×3.1×(1/3×3.1) =220.54kNm
Mfooting = Stressconcrete×Length of cantilever×Distance from CG
=-348.975×3.1×3.1/2 =-1676.82kNm
Mtotal =516.65+220.54-1676.82 =-939.82kNm
Basic I Basic II Seismic
1374.3 1143.8
Mrec = 516.65
1 5
Mtri = 46.46 10.55 220.54
- - -
Mfooting
1676.8 1242.0 1676.8
=
2 9 2
Mtotal= -256.05 -87.69 -939.64

266
Design Moment =Maximum among three cases
=939.64kNm
Fck =30 MPa
Fe =500MPa
0.446×fck =13.98 N/mm2
Xu =40.79mm
0.416×Xu =16.97 mm
Depth =Depth of foundation =2200mm
Clear cover =75mm
Effective cover =Depth-Clear Cover-Diameter of rebar/2=91mm
Effective depth =Depth-Effective Cover =2109mm
Bw =1000mm
β1 =0.80952
β2 =0.41597
C = β1×0.446Fck×bw×Xu =441.8 kN
Cg from steel level =d-0.416Xu =2092.0 mm
Mulim =C×CG from steel level/1000 =924.18 kNm
(which is equal to our design moment)

Fyd =Fe/1.15 =500/1.15 =434.78

Ast = Mulim/CG from steel level/ Fyd
= (924.18×106/434.78/2092.0) =1016.05mm2
Tensile steel as per code
Fctm =0.259×fck2/3 =2.501
Fyk =500 N/mm2
0.26×Fctm/Fyk =0.00130
Min. Asmin =min(0.26Fctm/Fyk,0.00130) =0.00130
Minimum Area of steel =0.0013×d×bw
=0.0013×2200×1000 =2860 mm2
Area of concrete (Ac) =D×bw=2200×2860 =6292000 mm2
267
 Maximum Area of steel =0.025Ac =157300 mm2

Required Ast =1016.05 mm2

=32mm Ф @ 791.55 mm c/c spacing
Provided Ast =32mm Ф @ 150mm c/c spacing
Therefore, area of steel provided=5362 mm2 (>2860 mm2, <157300 mm2)
(ok) Transverse Reinforcement
Required Ast =20% of main reinforcement=0.2×5362 =1072.33mm2
=20mm Ф @ 292.97 mm c/c spacing
Provided Ast =20mm Ф @ 150mm c/c spacing
Therefore, area of steel provided=2094.4 mm2 (>1072.33 mm2) (ok)

Shear Design
Design shear force:
Load at: 0.0 1.0 3.1 6.2 8.3 9.2
Basic I 286.0 295.3 315.0 344.0 363.8 372.1
Basic II 238.1 240.2 244.6 251.2 255.7 257.6
Seismic 107.5 151.5 245.2 382.9 476.6 516.2

Basic I
At d,
SFrec =Stress×Length
=286×(0.991-0) =283.44kN
SFtri =0.5×(295.3-286.0) ×(0.991-0) =4.59kN
SFfooting =-Stressconcrete×Length
=-348.975×(0.991-0) =-345.83kN
TotalSF =283.44+4.59-345.83 =-57.80kN
At face,
SFrec =Stress×Length
=286×(3.1-0) =886.65kN

268
SFtri =0.5×(315-286) ×(3.1-0) =44.96kN
SFfooting =-Stressconcrete×Length
=-348.975×(3.1-0) =-1081.82kN
TotalSF =886.65+44.96-1081.82 =-150.21kN
SF =-150.21kN

Basic II
At d,
SFrec =Stress×Length
=238.1×(0.991-0) =235.91kN
SFtri =0.5×(240.2-238.1) ×(0.991-0) =1.04kN
SFfooting =-Stressconcrete×Length
=-258.5×(0.991-0) =-256.17kN
TotalSF =235.91+1.04-256.17 =-19.22kN
At face,
SFrec =Stress×Length
=238.1×(3.1-0) =737.97kN
SFtri =0.5×(244.6-238.1) ×(3.1-0) =10.21kN
SFfooting =-Stressconcrete×Length
=-258.5×(3.1-0) =-801.35kN
TotalSF =737.97+10.21-801.35 =-53.17kN
SF =-53.17kN

Seismic
At d,
SFrec =Stress×Length
=107.5×(0.991-0) =106.55kN
SFtri =0.5×(151.5-107.5) ×(0.991-0) =21.81kN
SFfooting =-Stressconcrete×Length
=-348.975×(0.991-0) =-345.83kN
TotalSF =106.55+21.81-345.83 =-217.47kN
269
 At face,
SFrec =Stress×Length
=107.5×(3.1-0) =333.32kN
SFtri =0.5×(245.2-107.5) ×(3.1-0) =213.43kN
SFfooting =-Stressconcrete×Length
=-348.975×(3.1-0) =-1081.82kN
TotalSF =333.32+213.43-1081.82 =-535.08kN
SF =535.08kN
Design SF,VR,dc =535.08kN
Basic I Basic II Seismic
At d At face At d At face At d At face
283.4
SFrec = 886.65 235.91 753.68 106.55 333.32
4
SFtri = 4.59 44.96 1.04 9.56 21.81 213.43
-
SFfooting - - -
345.8 -1081.82 165.00
= 256.17 345.83 1081.82
3
-
Total SF = -57.8 -150.21 -19.22 598.24 -535.08
217.47
SF -150.21 -53.17 -535.08
Tension at bottom Tension at bottom Tension at bottom
Design SF,VR,dc 535.08

Breadth of abutment stem (bw) = 1000mm

Effective Depth of abutment stem(d) = 2109 mm
Area of Concrete (Ac) = bw×d =2109000 mm2
Area of Steel Provided (Ast) =5362 mm2(Main
reinforcement)
Fck =30 MPa
σcp = NED /Ac =0 <(0.2fcd=0.22×30=6)
ρl =Ast/(bw×d) =0.0025 <=0.02

270
k =1+ (200/d)0.5 =1.31 <=2

271
γmin =0.031k3/2 fck1/2 =0.255
γRd, c, min = γmin +0.15 σcp =0.255
𝑉𝑅𝑑.𝑐 = [0.12(80𝜌1 ∗ 𝑓𝑐𝑘)0.33 + 0.15𝜎𝑐𝑝 = (0.12×1.31×(80×0.0025×30)0.33+0.15×0
=0.284

Γ =max (γRd, c, min, 𝑉𝑅𝑑.𝑐) =max (0.255,0.284) =0.284

VRd.c =0.284×bw×d =601.231kN >535.08kN (ok)

Shear Design Not Required

1. Punching Shear Check

MoI =642.4mm4 (for the base of the raft)
Actual width of foundation =8.4m
Increased width of foundation =9.9m

Load Summary at the base of raft (calculated above)

Vstem
V H M base

Basic I 29970.9 5282.2 6011.4 13893.1

Basic II 22572.2 4560.5 1365.0 10580.8
Seismic 28402.6 10769.9 28534.5 13061.3

Interpolating the values of pressure at different points,

For Basic I,
At x1=0

BP=286.02kN/mm2 At x2=9.2m

𝑦2 − 𝑦1
BP=372.11kN/mm2

𝑦 − 𝑦1 = ∗ (𝑥 − 𝑥1)
−
𝑥2
𝑥1
272
 372.11 −
𝑦 = 286.02 + 286.02 ∗ (𝑥 − 0)
9.2 − 0

At x=(3.1-2.109=0.991m) BP=295.3 kN/mm2

273
At x=(2.05m) BP=305.2 kN/mm2
At x=(3.1m) BP=315.0 kN/mm2
At x=(6.2m) BP=344.0 kN/mm2
At x=(7.25m) BP=353.9 kN/mm2
At x=(8.31m) BP=363.8 kN/mm2

For Basic II,

At x1=0

BP=238.05kN/mm2 At x2=9.2m 𝑦2 − 𝑦1

∗ (𝑥 − 𝑥1)
BP=257.60kN/mm2
𝑦 − 𝑦1 = −
𝑥2
𝑥1

257.6 −
𝑦 = 238.05 + 238.05 ∗ (𝑥 − 0)
9.2 − 0

At x=(3.1-2.109=0.991m) BP=240.16 kN/mm2

At x=(2.05m) BP =242.4 kN/mm2
At x=(3.1m) BP=244.64 kN/mm2
At x=(6.2m) BP=251.23 kN/mm2
At x=(7.25m) BP=253.5 kN/mm2
At x=(8.31m) BP=255.71 kN/mm2

Seismic,
At x1=0 BP=107.52kN/mm2
At x2=9.2m BP=516.6kN/mm2
𝑦2 − 𝑦1
𝑦 − 𝑦1 = ∗ (𝑥 − 𝑥1)
−
𝑥2
𝑥1

516.16 − 9.2 − 0
𝑦 = 107.52 + 107.52
274
 ∗ (𝑥 − 0)

At x=(3.1-2.109=0.991m) BP=151.54 kN/mm2

At x=(2.05m) BP=198.38 kN/mm2
At x=(3.1m) BP=245.22 kN/mm2
At x=(6.2m) BP=382.91 kN/mm2

275
At x=(7.25m) BP=429.75 kN/mm2
At x=(8.31m) BP=476.59 kN/mm2

edge 2d d d/2 back face front face d/2 d 2d edge

Distance 0.0 0 0.99 2.05 3.10 6.20 7.2545 8.31 9.20 9.20
Basic I 286.0 286.0 295.3 305.2 315.0 344.0 353.9 363.8 372.1 372.1
Basic II 238.1 238.1 240.2 242.4 244.6 251.2 253.5 255.7 257.6 257.6
Seismic 107.52 107.52 151.54 198.38 245.22 382.91 429.75 476.59 516.16 516.16

Punching Shear Stress Check at d/2 from column

face Punching shear capacity:
Reinforcement provided
32mm Φ @ 150mm c/c spacing
Area of steel provided =45037.9 mm2
Effective depth(d) =2109mm
=1 + √( )
200

𝑑
K =1.31 <2.0

Control Perimeter(CP) =2×Increased Width of foundation

=2×9.9 =19.8m
C1=2.2m(column dimension parallel to eccentric load)
C2=8.4m(column dimension perpendicular to eccentricity of
load) For , C1/C2 =0.262 k=0.45
ρ1 =Ast/(bw×d)
=45037.9/(8400×2109) =0.00254<0.02
Fck =30N/mm2
Distance from column face to d/2(a) =7.255-6.2 =1.055m =1055mm
Vmin =0.031×k1.5×Fck 0.5
=0.031×0.451.5×300.5 =0.051
Vmin×2d/a =0.051×2×2109/1055 =0.205
[0.12(80𝜌
𝑓 =[0.12 ∗ 1.31 ∗ (80 ∗ 0.00254 ∗ 30)1/3] ∗
2∗2109
)2𝑑
1/3
]∗
1 1055
𝑎
=1.1465
276
 )1/3] ∗
2𝑑
[0.12𝐾(80𝜌 𝑓
VRd =max(Vmin×2d/a,
)
1 𝑎
=1.1465
Punching shear stress,
∆𝑉𝑒𝑑 = 𝑈𝑝𝑤𝑎𝑟𝑑 𝑝𝑟𝑒𝑠𝑠𝑢𝑟𝑒 − 𝑆𝑒𝑙𝑓 𝑤𝑒𝑖𝑔ℎ𝑡 𝑜𝑓 𝑠𝑙𝑎𝑏

For Basic I
Upward Pressure=0.5×(Stress at d/2 from left face +Stress at d/2 from right face of column)×
(Distance at d/2 of left from left -Distance at d/2 of right from left)×Increased Width
=0.5×(305.2+353.9)×(7.25-2.05)×9.9 =16993.54kN
Self Weight=(Distance at d/2 of left from left -Distance at d/2 of right from left)×Effective
depth(d)×Increased Width×γc×γf
=(7.25-2.05)×2.1×9.9×25×1.35 =3670.62kN
VED =Vstembase =13893.1kN
VED,red = Self Weight+ VED- Upward Pressure
=3670.62+13893.1-16993.54
=570.14kN
M/V =6011.4/29970.9 =0.201
Eccentricity of CP(ei) = Distance at d/2 of right from left-0.5×(Front face+Back face)
=7.25-0.5×(6.2+3.1) =2.6m
Wi =∑ (𝑒𝑖 ∗ 𝐶𝑜𝑛𝑡𝑟𝑜𝑙 𝑝𝑒𝑟𝑖𝑚𝑒𝑡𝑒𝑟)
=2.6×19.8 =51.569
𝐶𝑃∗(
𝑀

𝑉
β) =1 + 𝑘 ∗ =1+0.45×19.8×0.201/51.569 =1.0347
𝑊𝑖

ved = β× VED,red/CP/d
=1.0347×570.14/19.8/2109 =0.0141
Since, ved< VRd (OK)

For Basic II
Upward Pressure=0.5×(Stress at d/2 from left face +Stress at d/2 from right face of column)×
(Distance at d/2 of left from left -Distance at d/2 of right from left)×Increased Width
277
=0.5×(242.4+253.5)×(7.25-2.05)×9.9 =12785.75kN

278
Self Weight=(Distance at d/2 of left from left -Distance at d/2 of right from left)×Effective
depth(d)×Increased Width×γc×γf
=(7.25-2.05)×2.1×9.9×25×1 =2718.98kN
VED =Vstembase =10580.8kN
VED,red = Self Weight+ VED- Upward Pressure
=2718.98+10580.8-12785.75
=514.04kN
M/V =1365.0/22572.2 =0.06
Eccentricity of CP(ei) = Distance at d/2 of right from left-0.5×(Front face+Back face)
=7.25-0.5×(6.2+3.1) =2.6m
Wi =∑ (𝑒𝑖 ∗ 𝐶𝑜𝑛𝑡𝑟𝑜𝑙 𝑝𝑒𝑟𝑖𝑚𝑒𝑡𝑒𝑟)
=2.6×19.8 =51.569
𝐶𝑃∗(
𝑀

𝑉
β) =1 + 𝑘 ∗ =1+0.45×19.8×0.06/51.569 =1.0104
𝑊𝑖

ved = β× VED,red/CP/d
=1.0104×514.04/19.8/2109 =0.0124
Since, ved< VRd (OK)

For Seismic
Upward Pressure=0.5×(Stress at d/2 from left face +Stress at d/2 from right face of column)×
(Distance at d/2 of left from left -Distance at d/2 of right from left)×Increased Width
=0.5×(429.75+198.38)×(7.25-2.05)×9.9 =13742.02kN
Self Weight=(Distance at d/2 of left from left -Distance at d/2 of right from left)×Effective
depth(d)×Increased Width×γc×γf
=(7.25-2.05)×2.1×9.9×25×1.35 =3670.62kN
VED =Vstembase =13061.3kN
VED,red = Self Weight+ VED- Upward Pressure
=3670.62+13061.3-13742.02
=2989.88kN
M/V =-28534.5/28402.6 =-1.005
Eccentricity of CP(ei) = Distance at d/2 of right from left-0.5×(Front face+Back face)
279
 =7.25-0.5×(6.2+3.1) =2.6m
Wi =∑ (𝑒𝑖 ∗ 𝐶𝑜𝑛𝑡𝑟𝑜𝑙 𝑝𝑒𝑟𝑖𝑚𝑒𝑡𝑒𝑟)
=2.6×19.8 =51.569
𝐶𝑃∗(
𝑀

𝑉
β) =1 + 𝑘 ∗ =1+0.45×19.8×0.201/51.569 =1.0347
𝑊𝑖

ved = β× VED,red/CP/d
=1.0347×2989.88/19.8/2109 =0.0141
Since, ved< VRd (OK)

△Ved= (Upward pressure - Self wt. of slab)

Basic I Basic II Seismic
Upward 16993.5 12785.7 13742.0
pressure= Self- 4 5 2
weight of
slab= VEd= 3670.62 2718.98 3670.62
VED,red= 13893.1 10580.8 13061.3

M/V = 570.14 514.04 2989.88

ei 0.201 0.060 -1.005

Wi = Σ (ei x CP) 2.60 2.60 2.60

=
51.5691 51.5691 51.5691
β=
1.0347 1.0104 1.0347
So, ved =
0.0141 0.0124 0.0741
OK OK OK

280
 9.5 Foundation Crack

Loads at foundation base Factors

rare combo V H M
Abutment Foundation 5175.9 0.0 287.6 1.00
SS DL 5009.4 0.0 0.0 1.00
SS Surface 2766.9 0.0 2766.9 1.00

SS LL 173.3 0.0 173.3 1.20

EPH 1109.0 0.0 1109.0 1.00

EPV 0.0 2905.6 -15102.0 1.00

LL Surcharge(H) 1203.6 0.0 1805.3 1.00

LL Surcharge (V) 0.0 501.5 -3736.3 0.80

Braking 736.6 0.0 2246.5 0.80

Temperature 0.0 200.0 -1929.8 0.75

Backfill 0.0 102.1 -1044.2 1.00

Breaking uplift 6245.4 0.0 19048.5 1.00

-23.9 0.0 -23.9 0.75

Seismic DL abt Seismic

Seismic foundation 0.0 776.4 -4836.1 1.0

0.0 751.4 -826.6 1.0

Seismic DLSS
0.0 441.0 -5215.0 1.0
Seismic Earth
pressure
0.0 2781.2 -17208.6 1.0
Surcharge dynamic
0.0 365.2 -1917.5 1.0

281
 Factored loads at foundation
base
Abutment 5175.9 0.0 287.6
Foundation 5009.4 0.0 0.0
SS DL 2766.9 0.0 2766.9
SS Surface 207.9 0.0 207.9
SS LL 1109.0 0.0 1109.0
EPH 0.0 2905.6 -15102.0
EPV 1203.6 0.0 1805.3
LL Surcharge(H) 0.0 401.2 -2989.0
LL Surcharge (V) 589.2 0.0 1797.2
Braking 0.0 150.0 -1447.4
Temperature 0.0 102.1 -1044.2
Backfill 6245.4 0.0 19048.5
Breaking uplift -17.9 0.0 -17.9
Seismic
Seismic DL abt 0.0 776.4 -4836.1
Seismic foundation 0.0 751.4 -826.6
Seismic DLSS 0.0 441.0 -5215.0
Seismic Earth
pressure 0.0 2781.2 -17208.6
Surcharge dynamic 0.0 365.2 -1917.5
22289.
4 8674.2 23581.9

Actual width of footing =8.4m

Increased width of footing =9.9m
Total length of footing =9.2m
Abutment height =10.175m
MoI =642.4mm4 (for the base of the raft)

282
 𝑉𝑒𝑟𝑡𝑖𝑐𝑎𝑙 𝑀𝑜𝑚𝑒𝑛𝑡 ∗ 𝐿𝑒𝑛𝑔𝑡ℎ
𝐵𝑒𝑎𝑟𝑖𝑛𝑔 ±
𝑓𝑜𝑟𝑐𝑒(𝑉) 𝑀𝑂𝐼 ∗ 2
𝑃𝑟𝑒𝑠𝑠𝑢𝑟𝑒 =
𝑊𝑖𝑑𝑡ℎ ∗
𝐿𝑒𝑛𝑔𝑡ℎ

For Rare combination,

= 9.9∗9.2 ± 642.42∗2
22289.4 23581.9∗9.2

=244.723 ± 168.856
=75.87 kN/m2 (For -ve)
=413.58 kN/m2 (For +ve)

Interpolating the values of pressure at different points,

For Basic I,
At x1=0 BP=75.87kN/mm2
At x2=9.2m

𝑦2 − 𝑦1
BP=413.58kN/mm2

𝑦 − 𝑦1 = ∗ (𝑥 − 𝑥1)
−
𝑥2
𝑥1

413.58 −
𝑦 = 75.87 + 75.87 ∗ (𝑥 − 0)
9.2 − 0

At x=(3.1m) BP=189.66 kN/mm2

At x=(6.2m) BP=303.46 kN/mm2
Pressure due to concrete+soil
=- (Unit weight of concrete×Depth of foundation×γf+ Unit weight of soil×Height of abutment×γf)
=-(25×2.2×1+20×10.175×1) =-258.5kN/mm2
Pressure due to concrete
=- (Unit weight of concrete×Depth of foundation×γf)
=-(25×2.2×1) =-55kN/mm2

283
 Stress
Distribution conc+soil concrete
Distance 0 3.1 6.2 9.2 Heel Toe kN/m2
Rare 75.9 189.66 303.46 413.58 -258.5 -55

Crack Check
Moment at column face of toe

303.46 413.58

Mrect =Stress×Length of cantilever×Distance from CG

=303.46×3×3/2 =1365.55kNm
Mtri = Stress×Length of cantilever×Distance from CG
=0.5×(413.58-303.46) ×3×(2/3×3) =330.37kNm
Mfooting = Stressconcrete×Length of cantilever×Distance from CG
=-55×3×3/2 =-247.50kNm
Mtotal =1365.55+330.37-247.50 =-1448.43kNm

Moment at column face of Heel

75.9 189.66

Mrect =Stress×Length of cantilever×Distance from CG

=75.9×3.1×3.1/2 =364.54kNm
Mtri = Stress×Length of cantilever×Distance from CG
=0.5×(189.66-75.9) ×3.1×(1/3×3.1) =182.26kNm
Mfooting = Stressconcrete×Length of cantilever×Distance from CG
=-258.5×3.1×3.1/2 =-1242.09kNm
Mtotal =364.54+182.26-1242.09 =-695.29kNm

284
 Toe Heel
Mrec = 1365.55 364.54
Mtri = 330.37 182.26
Mfooting= -247.50 -1242.09
Mtotal= 1448.43 -695.29

Bending Moment for crack width check (Mc)=1448.43 kNm (For

Toe) Area of Steel provided (As) = 32mmΦ @ 150mm c/c

=5362mm2
Width of Abutment stem (Bw) =1000mm
Total Depth(D) =2200mm
Effective Depth(d) =D-Effective cover =2200-91 =2109mm
Xu =80mm
Lever arm(z) =d-0.416 Xu =2075.9mm
Hc, eff =2.5(h-d)
=2.5×(2200-2109) =228mm
=(h-x)/3
= (2200-80)/3 =707mm
=h/2
=2200/2 =1100mm
Ac, eff =min (Hc, eff) ×Bw
=228×1000 =227500mm2
Es =200000MPa(N/mm2)
Actual Stress(σsc) = Mc ×106/ (As× z)
=1448×106/(5362×2076) =130.13N/mm2
Kt =0.5
Fcm =fck+10 =40MPa
Fct, eff =0.259×(Fck)2/3
=0.259×(30)2/3 =2.5
Ecm =22×(fcm/12.5)0.3×1000MPa(N/mm2)

285
 =31187 MPa
ρ1, eff =As/Ac, eff =5362/227500 =0.0236
αe =Es/Ecm =200000/31187 =6.413
𝑓𝑐𝑡,
𝜎 − ∗
𝛼 ∗ (1 + ∗ 𝜎𝑠𝑐
𝜀𝑠𝑚 − 𝜀𝑐𝑚 𝑠𝑐 𝑘𝑡 𝜌𝑝,𝑒𝑓𝑓 𝜌𝑝,𝑒𝑓𝑓) ≥ 0.6
𝑒
𝐸𝑠
=
𝐸
𝑠

εsm-εcm =0.000390
c =75mm
Sr, max =3.4c+0.17×Φ/Ρ1, eff) =3.4×75+0.17×32/0.0236
=485.8mm
Crack width = Sr, max ×(εsm-εcm)
=485.8×0.000390
=0.1897mm >0.3mm (ok for severe case)

Bending Moment for crack width check (Mc)=-695.29 kNm(For Heel)

Area of Steel provided (As) = 32mmΦ @ 150mm c/c

=5362mm2
Width of Abutment stem (Bw) =1000mm
Total Depth(D) =2200mm
Effective Depth(d) =D-Effective cover =2200-91 =2109mm
Xu =41mm
Lever arm(z) =d-0.416 Xu =2092mm
Hc, eff =2.5(h-d)
=2.5×(2200-2109) =228mm
=(h-x)/3
= (2200-41)/3 =2186mm
=h/2
=2200/2 =1100mm
Ac, eff =min (Hc, eff) ×Bw
286
 =227500mm2
=228×1000

287
Es =200000MPa(N/mm2)
Actual Stress(σsc) = Mc ×106/ (As× z)
=-695×106/(5362×2076) =-61.99N/mm2
Kt =0.5
Fcm =fck+10 =40MPa
Fct, eff =0.259×(Fck)2/3
=0.259×(30)2/3 =2.5
Ecm =22×(fcm/12.5)0.3×1000MPa(N/mm2)
=31187 MPa
ρ1, eff =As/Ac, eff =5362/227500 =0.0236
αe =Es/Ecm =200000/31187 =6.413
𝑓𝑐𝑡,
𝜎 − ∗
𝛼 ∗ (1 + ∗ 𝜎𝑠𝑐
𝜀𝑠𝑚 − 𝜀𝑐𝑚 𝑠𝑐 𝑘𝑡 𝜌𝑝,𝑒𝑓𝑓 𝜌𝑝,𝑒𝑓𝑓) ≥ 0.6
𝑒 𝐸𝑠
=
𝐸
𝑠

εsm-εcm =0.000390
c =75mm
Sr, max =3.4c+0.17×Φ/Ρ1, eff) =3.4×75+0.17×32/0.0236
=485.8mm
Crack width = Sr, max ×(εsm-εcm)
=485.8×0.000390
=0.1897mm >0.3mm (ok for severe case)

288
 9.6 REFERENCES

1. B.C. Punmia, A. J. (2007). Limit State Design of Reinforced Concrete (First ed.). New Delhi:
Laxmi Publication (P) Ltd.
2. Duggal, S. K. (2008). Design of Steel Structures (Third ed.). New Delhi: Tata McGraw-Hill
Publishing Company Ltd.
3. Raju, N. K. Design of Bridges (Fourth ed.). New Delhi: Oxford & IBH Publishing Co Pvt. Ltd.
4. S Unikrishna Pillai, D. M. (2014). Reinforced Concrete Design (Third ed.). New Delhi: Tata
McGraw-Hill Publishing Company Ltd.
5. Sairam, D. K. (2015). Design of Steel Structures (Revised Second ed.). New Delhi: Pearson
Education India.
6. Subramanian, N. (2010). Steel Structures: Design and Practice (First ed.). New Delhi: Oxford
University Press.
7. Dr. Suwal, R. (2019). Design of Bridges (First ed.). Kathmandu: Mark Line Publication.
8. Victor, D. J. (2017). Essentials of Bridge Engineering (Sixth ed.). New Delhi: CBS Publishers
and Distributors Pvt. Ltd.

CODES AND STANDARDS

1. ‘IRC: 5-2015 Standard specification and code of practices for road bridges, section-I General
Features of Design’, Indian Road Congress, 2015.
2. ‘IRC: 6-2017 Standard specification and code of practices for road bridges, section-II Loads and
Stresses’, Indian Road Congress, 2017.
3. ‘IRC: 21-2000 Standard specification and code of practices for road bridges, section-III –Cement
concrete (plain and reinforced)’, Indian Road Congress, 2000.
4. ‘IRC: 78-2014 Standard specification and code of practices for road bridges, section-VII –
Foundation and substructure’, Indian Road Congress, 2000.
5. ‘IRC: 83-2018 Standard specification and code of practices for road bridges, section-IX –
Bearings- part II: Elastomeric bearings’, Indian Road Congress, 2018.
6. ‘IRC: 112-2020 Code of practices for concrete road bridges’, Indian Road Congress, 2020.
7. ‘IRC: SP: 114- 2018 Guidelines for seismic design of road bridges’, Indian Road Congress,

289
8. ‘SP 105:2015 ‘Hand book on Code of practices for concrete road bridges’, Indian Road
Congress.
9. ‘Nepal Bridge Standards-2067’, GON, Ministry of Physical Planning and works, Department of
Roads
10. ‘Nepal Rural Road Standard (2055) 2nd Revision, 2071’, Department of Local Infrastructure, 2014

290