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CCC Chapter 1 Introduction To Computer

Chapter 1 introduces computers as electronic machines that process user instructions through input, processing, and output. It outlines the main components, characteristics, limitations, history, classification by data handling and size, and the generations of computers. The chapter emphasizes the evolution from early calculating devices to modern computers with advanced technologies.

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141 views2 pages

CCC Chapter 1 Introduction To Computer

Chapter 1 introduces computers as electronic machines that process user instructions through input, processing, and output. It outlines the main components, characteristics, limitations, history, classification by data handling and size, and the generations of computers. The chapter emphasizes the evolution from early calculating devices to modern computers with advanced technologies.

Uploaded by

yogeshsingh6900
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© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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CCC Notes - Chapter 1: Introduction to

Computer
What is a Computer?
A computer is an electronic machine that works according to the instructions given by the
user. It consists of hardware and software components and is considered a universal
machine.

The word 'Computer' comes from the English word 'Compute', which means to calculate. In
Hindi, it is called 'Sanganak'.

Basic Working of a Computer


A computer works in three main steps:
1. Input – User gives instructions or data to the computer.
2. Processing – The computer processes the instructions and converts the data into
information.
3. Output – The computer provides the final result to the user.

Main Components of a Computer System


• Central Processing Unit (CPU)
• Input Devices
• Output Devices
• Memory / Storage Devices

Central Processing Unit (CPU): Processes the instructions and controls all the operations of
the computer. Called the brain of the computer.
It includes:
- Control Unit (CU): Manages and controls input/output devices and operations.
- Arithmetic Logic Unit (ALU): Performs arithmetic and logical operations.
- Memory Unit (MU): Temporarily stores data and instructions.

Characteristics of Computers
1. Speed – Can perform millions of instructions per second.
2. Accuracy – Performs tasks without errors.
3. Memory – Stores vast data and retrieves it quickly.
4. Diligence – Never tires, works continuously.
5. Automation – Automatically executes programmed instructions.
Limitations:
- No IQ: Cannot think independently.
- No Feelings: Cannot understand human emotions.

History of Computers
• Abacus – First manual calculator in China.
• Napier’s Bones – Invented by John Napier.
• Pascal’s Calculator – Invented by Blaise Pascal.
• Difference Engine – By Charles Babbage (1822).
• Analytical Engine – Also by Babbage, base of modern computers.
• Tabulating Machine – By Herman Hollerith.
• Mark-1 – By IBM.
• ENIAC – First electronic digital computer.
• EDSAC – Second digital stored-program computer.

Classification of Computers
By Data Handling:
1. Analog Computers – For measuring physical quantities.
2. Digital Computers – Use binary (0 & 1).
3. Hybrid Computers – Combine analog and digital.

By Size:
1. Micro Computers – Desktop, Laptop.
2. Mini Computers – Mid-sized multi-user systems.
3. Mainframe Computers – For large organizations.
4. Super Computers – Extremely fast, used in scientific applications.
5. Workstations – High-performance computers for specialized tasks.

Generations of Computers
1st Generation (1940–1956) – Vacuum Tubes
2nd Generation (1956–1963) – Transistors
3rd Generation (1964–1971) – Integrated Circuits
4th Generation (1971–1980) – Microprocessors
5th Generation (1980–Present) – Artificial Intelligence

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