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Database Concepts Complete Notes

A database is a systematic collection of organized data stored electronically, allowing for easy access and management. Database Management Systems (DBMS) help maintain databases, with the Relational Data Model being the most common, organizing data into tables. Key concepts include primary keys for unique identification of records, and various types of keys such as candidate, alternate, and foreign keys that define relationships between tables.

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6 views

Database Concepts Complete Notes

A database is a systematic collection of organized data stored electronically, allowing for easy access and management. Database Management Systems (DBMS) help maintain databases, with the Relational Data Model being the most common, organizing data into tables. Key concepts include primary keys for unique identification of records, and various types of keys such as candidate, alternate, and foreign keys that define relationships between tables.

Uploaded by

debjitchatterjee83
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© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Class 12 Computer Science - Database Concepts Notes

What is a Database?

Database is a systematic collection of organized data or information typically stored on electronic media in a

computer system. With a database, data can be easily accessed, managed, updated, controlled, and

organized.

Many websites on the World Wide Web widely use database systems to store and manage data (commonly

referred to as backend).

Advantages of Database:

- Minimize Data Redundancy: In traditional file processing systems, the same piece of data may be held in

multiple places, resulting in data redundancy (duplicacy). A database system minimizes redundancy through

data normalization.

- Increased Data Consistency: When multiple copies of the same data do not match with one another, it is

called data inconsistency.

- Data Security: Database allows only authorized users to access data in the database.

- Data Sharing: Database allows its users to share data among themselves.

- Data Integrity: Data in the database is accurate and consistent.

Database Management System (DBMS):

A DBMS refers to software that is responsible for storing, maintaining, and utilizing a database. Some

examples of popular database software include MySQL, Microsoft Access, Microsoft SQL Server, FileMaker

Pro, Oracle Database, and dBASE.

Data Model:

A data model is the way data is organized in a database. Different types of data models control the

representation of data in a database. These are:

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Class 12 Computer Science - Database Concepts Notes

- Relational Data Model

- Network Data Model

- Hierarchical Data Model

- Object-Oriented Data Model

The Relational Data Model is widely used by most of the popular Database Management Systems. In this

course, we limit our discussion to the Relational Data Model.

Relational Data Model:

In the Relational Data Model, data is organized into tables (rows and columns). Tables in a relational model

are called Relations. Each row of a relation represents a relationship between all the values in that row.

Relational Database:

A relational database is a collection of multiple data sets organized as tables. A relational database facilitates

users to organize data in a well-defined relationship between database tables/relations. It uses Structured

Query Language (SQL) to communicate with the database and efficiently maintain data.

Relation & Associated Terminologies:

- Tuple/Record: Rows in the relation/table are referred to as records.

- Attributes/Fields: Columns are referred to as attributes/fields.

- Cardinality: Total number of records in the relation is called its Cardinality.

- Degree: Total number of attributes/fields in the relation is called its Degree.

- Domain: Permitted range of values of an attribute for an entity.

Primary Key:

The attribute or the set of attributes that uniquely identifies records in a relation is called the Primary Key of

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Class 12 Computer Science - Database Concepts Notes

the relation.

Types of Keys:

- Candidate Key: A candidate key is an attribute/set of attributes that uniquely identifies tuples in a relation. A

relation may have more than one candidate key.

- Primary Key: A primary key is an attribute/set of attributes that uniquely identifies tuples in a relation. All

values in the primary key must be unique and NOT NULL. Among all candidate keys, the Database

Administrator (DBA) selects one as the primary key. A relation may have multiple candidate keys but ONLY

ONE primary key.

- Alternate Key: An alternate key is any candidate key that is not used as the primary key of the relation.

- Foreign Key: A foreign key is an attribute of a relation (called the child table) that refers to the primary key of

another relation (called the parent table).

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