EEE2041F/EEE2049W

Transformers:
Sample Problems:
Week 11
2023

A/Prof. Sunetra Chowdhury, Electrical Engineering

Room No. - Menzies 5.19; Email : [email protected]
SAMPLE PROBLEMS

Section A: Voltage Regulation

5. A 10kVA, 2kV/400V single-phase transformer has resistances and leakage reactances

as follows: primary winding: resistance = 5.5 ohm, leakage reactance = 12 ohm;
secondary winding: resistance = 0.2 ohm, leakage reactance = 0.45 ohm. Calculate
the approximate value of the secondary voltage at (a) full load, 0.8 power factor
lagging and (b) half load, unity power factor. For each case, the primary is supplied
from a 2kV AC source.

Solution:
Here you have to apply the formula:

I1 ( Re cos 2 + X e sin 2 )
Per unit (p.u.) voltage regulation = (V1-V2’)/V1 =
V1

where Re and Xe are equivalent resistance and leakage reactance referred to primary

[Important: Note that V2’ is the secondary terminal voltage reflected or referred to
primary, such that,

V2’ = V2.(N1/N2)

The voltage V2’ is also sometimes represented as V1’. In the approximate equivalent
circuit referred to primary, this voltage appears across the primary winding while V1
usually represents the supply voltage. From a circuit point of view, V1’ or V2’ represents
that component of V1 that balances i.e. equal and opposite to primary induced e.m.f.
E1. The rest of V1 is dropped across Re and Xe.

In this equivalent circuit, all the winding resistive and reactive drops are lumped in the
primary side. Hence the secondary circuit does not have any voltage drop.

Thus, secondary induced e.m.f., E2 = secondary terminal voltage, V2]

Given, primary voltage, V1 = 2000 V; rated secondary voltage, V2 = 400 V

[Note: V2 should be ideally 400V which is the rated value, but because of voltage
regulation, some voltage is dropped in winding resistance and leakage reactance and
hence available voltage at secondary load terminals will be less than 400V. But still it
is OK to call the secondary voltage V2.]

If N1 and N2 are the no. of primary and secondary turns respectively,

N1/N2 = V1/V2 = 2000/400 = 5

R1 = 5.5 ohm, X1 = 12 ohm, R2 = 0.2 ohm, X2 = 0.45 ohm

Re = R1 + R2.(N1/N2)2 = 10.5 ohm

P-1
 Xe = X1 + X2.(N1/N2)2 = 23.25 ohm

(a) Secondary current at full load, I2 = VA/rated secondary voltage = 10000/400 =

25A

Therefore, primary current, I1 = I2.(N2/N1) = 25/5 = 5A

Load power factor = cos 2 = 0.8; sin 2 = 0.6

Per unit voltage regulation = 5 x (10.5 x 0.8 + 23.25 x 0.6)/2000 = 0.056

V2’ = V1 – V1 x (per unit regulation) = 2000 – 2000 x 0.056 = 1888 V

Thus, approximate secondary terminal voltage,

V2 = V2’.(N2/N1) = 1888/5 = 377.6 V – Ans.

(b) Secondary current at half load,

I2 = 0.5 VA/rated secondary voltage = 5000/400 = 12.5A

Therefore, primary current, I1 = I2.(N2/N1) = 12.5/5 = 2.5A

Load power factor = cos 2 = 1; sin 2 = 0

Per unit voltage regulation = 2.5 x (10.5 x 1 + 23.25 x 0)/2000 = 0.013

V2’ = V1 – V1 x (per unit regulation) = 2000 – 2000 x 0.013 = 1974 V

Thus, approximate secondary terminal voltage,

V2 = V2’.(N2/N1) = 1974/5 = 394.8 V – Ans.

Section B: Efficiency and Tests

6. A 75kVA, 11kV/230V transformer on no-load, requires 310V across the primary to

circulate full-load currents when secondary is short-circuited. The power absorbed
under this condition is 1.6kW. If the input to the transformer on no load is 0.9 kW,
calculate the percentage efficiency at full load and at half load for power factor 0.8
(lag). Find the load in kVA at which the efficiency is maximum.

Solution:

Full load kVA = 75;

Primary side power measurement when secondary is short-circuited:

Psc = 1.6 kW

Full load ohmic (I2R) loss = Psc = 1.6 kW

No load power input = core loss, PC = 0.9 kW

P-2
 (a) At full load, n = 1

Power output at full load, 0.8 power factor,

Pout = n x rated kVA x load power factor

= 1 x 75 x 0.8 = 60 kW

Power input, Pin = Pout + PC + n2.Psc = 60+0.9+1.6 = 62.5 kW

% Efficiency = Pout/Pin x 100% = 60/62.5 x 100% = 96% - Ans.

(b) At half load, n = 0.5

Power output at half load, 0.8 power factor,

Pout = n x rated kVA x load power factor

= 0.5 x 75 x 0.8 = 30 kW

Power input, Pin = Pout + PC + n2.Psc = 30+0.9+(0.5)2 x 1.6 = 31.3 kW

% Efficiency = Pout/Pin x 100% = 30/31.3 x 100% = 95.8% - Ans.

(c) For maximum efficiency at n times loading, n2.Psc = PC

Therefore, n = (PC/Psc) = (0.9/1.6) = 0.75

kVA for maximum efficiency = 0.75 x 75 = 56.25 kVA – Ans.

7. A 50 kVA, 6360V/230V transformer is tested on open and short circuit to obtain its
efficiency, the results of the test being as follows:

Open-circuit: Primary voltage = 6360V, primary current = 1A, power input = 2kW

Short-circuit: Voltage across primary winding = 180V, current in secondary winding

= 217A, power input = 2kW.

Calculate the % efficiency of the transformer when supplying 60% load at a power
factor of 0.7 lag.

Solution:

Full load kVA = 50;

Full load ohmic (I2R) loss = Psc = 2 kW

No load power input = core loss, PC = 2 kW

At 60%, n = 0.6

Power output at 60% load, 0.7 power factor,

P-3
 Pout = n x rated kVA x load power factor

= 0.6 x 50 x 0.7 = 21 kW

Power input, Pin = Pout + PC + n2.Psc = 21+2+(0.6)2x2 = 23.72 kW

% Efficiency = Pout/Pin x 100% = 21/23.72 x 100% = 88.5% - Ans.

8. A 400 kVA transformer has a core loss of 2kW and the maximum efficiency at 0.8 power
factor occurs when the load is 240kW. Calculate (a) the maximum efficiency at unity
power factor and (b) the efficiency at half load at 0.75 power factor.

Solution:

Let Poh be the full load ohmic loss in kW.

Core loss, PC = 2 kW

Load power factor = 0.8

Let n be the times of loading at which maximum efficiency occurs.

At maximum efficiency at 0.8 power factor, Pout = 240 kW

Pout = n at maximum efficiency x rated kVA x load power factor = 240

Thus, Pout = n x 400 x 0.8 = 240

n = 240/(400 x 0.8) = 0.75

Poh = PC/n2 = 2/(0.75)2 = 3.556 kW

(a) Power output at maximum efficiency at unity power factor

Pout = n for maximum efficiency x rated VA x load power factor

= 0.75 x 400 x 1 = 300 kW

At maximum efficiency, ohmic loss = PC

Therefore, Pin = Pout + 2PC = 300 + 2x2 = 304 kW

% maximum efficiency = Pout/Pin x 100% = 300/304 x 100% = 98.68% - Ans.

(b) For half load, n = 0.5

Power output at half load, 0.75 power factor

Pout = n x rated VA x load power factor = 0.5 x 400 x 0.75 = 150 kW

Therefore, Pin = Pout + PC + n2.Poh = 150 + 2 + (0.5)2 x 3.556 = 152.9 kW

% efficiency = Pout/Pin x 100% = 150/152.9 x 100% = 98.1% - Ans.

P-4
9. A 40kVA transformer has a core loss of 450W and a full load I2R loss of 850W. If the
power factor of the load is 0.8, calculate (a) the full load efficiency, (b) the load in kVA
at which the maximum efficiency occurs and (c) % maximum efficiency.

Solution:

Full load VA = 40000;

Core loss, PC = 450 W

Full load I2R loss = Poh = 850 W

(a) Power output at full load, 0.8 power factor,

Pout = Rated VA x load power factor

= 40000 x 0.8 = 32000 W

Power input, Pin = Pout + PC + Poh = 32000+450+850 = 33300 W

% Efficiency = Pout/Pin x 100% = 32000/33300 x 100% = 96.1% - Ans.

(b) Let the maximum efficiency occur at n times full load.

By condition, at maximum efficiency,

n = (PC/Poh) = (450/850) = 0.728

Thus, maximum efficiency occurs at 72.8% loading.

Load in kVA at maximum efficiency = 40 x 0.728 = 29.12 kVA – Ans.

(c) At maximum efficiency and 0.8 power factor,

Pout = n at maximum efficiency x rated VA x load power factor

= 0.728 x 40000 x 0.8 = 23296 W

For maximum efficiency, ohmic loss = PC

Therefore, Pin = Pout + 2PC = 23296 + 2 x 450 = 24196 W

% maximum efficiency = Pout/Pin x 100% = 23296/24196 x 100% = 96.3% - Ans.

10. A 5kVA, 200V/1000V, 50Hz single-phase transformer gave the following test results:

Open circuit test (LV side): 200V, 1.2A, 90W

P-5
 Short circuit test (HV side): 50V, 5A, 110W

(a) Calculate core loss resistance and magnetizing reactance referred to LV side

(b) Calculate the equivalent resistance, equivalent leakage reactance and equivalent
impedance referred to HV side.

Solution:

For this transformer, LV is primary and HV is secondary,

From open circuit test we get the following:

Rated primary voltage, V1 = 200V

No load current, I0 = 1.2A

Core loss, PC = 90W

Let R01 and X01 be the core loss resistance and magnetizing reactance respectively
referred to the primary (LV).

Let I0l be the core loss component and I0m the magnetizing component of I0 and let
cos0 be the no load power factor.

I0l = PC/V1 = 90/200 = 0.45 A

I0m = (I02 – I0l2) = 1.11 A

Therefore, R01 = V1/I0l = 200/0.45 = 444.44 ohm – Ans.

and, X01 = V1/I0m = 200/1.11 = 180.18 ohm – Ans.

From short circuit test we get the following:

Vsc = 50V

Rated secondary current, I2 = 5A

Full load ohmic loss, Psc = 110W

[Note: when these are measured under short-circuit condition the suffix “sc” is used
to mean short-circuit. But if rated current flows in short-circuited secondary it is ok to
call it I2.]

Let Re2, Xe2 and Ze2 be the equivalent resistance, equivalent leakage reactance and
equivalent impedance all referred to secondary (because short-circuit test is performed
on the HV secondary side).

Short circuit power factor, cose = Psc/(Vsc.I2) = 110/(50 x 5) = 0.44

Ze2 = Vsc/Isc = 50/5 = 10 ohm – Ans.

P-6
Re2 = Ze2.cose = 10 x 0.44 = 4.4 ohm – Ans.

Xe2 = (Ze22 – Re22) = 8.98 ohm – Ans.

P-7