Multivariable Calculus (MT1008) Final Exam

Solutions
Tasaduq Hussain
June 6, 2024

Question 1
(a) Suppose that w = f (x, y, z), x = g(r, s), y = h(r, s), and z = k(r, s).
If all four functions are differentiable, then w has partial derivatives with
respect to r and s. Write the formulas of the chain rule for ∂w
∂r
and ∂w
∂s
. Also,
sketch the dependency diagrams for both equations.
∂w ∂w ∂x ∂w ∂y ∂w ∂z
= + +
∂r ∂x ∂r ∂y ∂r ∂z ∂r
∂w ∂w ∂x ∂w ∂y ∂w ∂z
= + +
∂s ∂x ∂s ∂y ∂s ∂z ∂s
Dependency diagrams:

1
 (b) Suppose that F (x, y) is differentiable and that the equation F (x, y) =
0 defines y as a differentiable function of x. Then at any point where Fy ̸= 0,
prove that
dy Fx
=−
dx Fy
Proof:
Given F (x, y) = 0,
dF dy
= Fx + Fy =0
dx dx
Therefore,
dy Fx
=−
dx Fy

Question 2
Find the volume of the “ice cream cone” D cut from the solid sphere ρ ≤ 1
by the cone ϕ = π3 .
Solution:
The volume is given by the integral in spherical coordinates:
π
Z 2π Z
3
Z 1
V = ρ2 sin ϕ dρ dϕ dθ
0 0 0
π
Z 2π Z
3
Z 1
= dθ sin ϕ dϕ ρ2 dρ
0 0 0
1
ρ3

π
= 2π [− cos ϕ]0 3

3 0
 π  1
= 2π − cos + cos 0
3 3
 
1 1
= 2π − + 1
2 3
1 1
= 2π · ·
2 3
2
 π
=
3

Question 3
State the tangential form of Green’s theorem and verify it (tangential form)
for the vector field F = (2x − y)i + (x + 3y)j and the region R bounded by
the ellipse C : x2 + 4y 2 = 4.
Solution:
Green’s theorem (tangential form):
Let C be a piecewise smooth, simple closed curve enclosing a region R
in the plane. Let F = M i + N j be a vector field with M and N having
continuous first partial derivatives in an open region containing R. Then
the counterclockwise circulation of F around C equals the double integral of
(∇ × F) · k over R.
I I ZZ  
∂N ∂M
F · T ds = M dx + N dy = − dx dy
C C R ∂x ∂y
For F = M i + N j where M = 2x − y and N = x + 3y,
∂N ∂M
= 1, = −1
∂x ∂y
ZZ ZZ
(1 − (−1))dA = 2 dA
R R
2 2
The area of the ellipse x + 4y = 4 is:

A = π · 2 · 1 = 2π
Thus,
I
F · dr = 2 · 2π = 4π
C

Question 4
(a) Write only the formulas for surface integral of a scalar function when the
surface is defined parametrically, implicitly, and explicitly.

3
Formulas for a Surface Integral
1. For a smooth surface S defined parametrically as r(u, v) = f (u, v)i +
g(u, v)j + h(u, v)k, (u, v) ∈ R, and a continuous function G(x, y, z) defined
on S, the surface integral of G over S is given by the double integral over R,

ZZ ZZ
G(x, y, z) dσ = G(f (u, v), g(u, v), h(u, v)) |ru × rv | du dv.
S R

2. For a surface S given implicitly by F (x, y, z) = c, where F is a con-

tinuously differentiable function, with S lying above its closed and bounded
shadow region R in the coordinate plane beneath it, the surface integral of
the continuous function G over S is given by the double integral over R,

|∇F |
ZZ ZZ
G(x, y, z) dσ = G(x, y, z) dA,
S R |∇F · p|
where p is a unit vector normal to R and ∇F · p ̸= 0.
3. For a surface S given explicitly as the graph of z = f (x, y), where f
is a continuously differentiable function over a region R in the xy-plane, the
surface integral of the continuous function G over S is given by the double
integral over R,
ZZ ZZ q
G(x, y, z) dσ = G(x, y, f (x, y)) fx2 + fy2 + 1 dx dy.
S R

(b) Integrate G(x, y, z) = x over the surface given by z = x2 + y for

0 ≤ x ≤ 1, −1 ≤ y ≤ 1.
Solution:
ZZ ZZ p
x dσ = x 1 + (2x)2 + 12 dx dy
S D
ZZ √
= x 1 + 4x2 + 1 dx dy
D
ZZ √
= x 2 + 4x2 dx dy
D
ZZ p
= x 2(1 + 2x2 ) dx dy
D

4
 √ ZZ √
= 2 x 1 + 2x2 dx dy
D
Evaluating the integral:
Z 1Z 1 √ √
2x 1 + 2x2 dx dy
−1 0

Using substitution u = 1+2x2 , du = 4x dx, the limits change accordingly:

√
√ Z 1Z 3 u
= 2 du dy
−1 1 4
√ Z 1 3
2 2 3/2
= u dy
4 −1 3 1
√ Z 1 
2 2 3/2
= (3 − 1) dy
4 −1 3
√
2 2 √
= · (3 3 − 1) · 2
4 3
√
2 √
= (3 3 − 1)
3
√ √
3 6− 2
=
3

Question 5
Let S be the portion of the cylinder y = ln x in the first octant whose
projection parallel to the y-axis onto the xz-plane is the rectangle Rxz : 1 ≤
x ≤ e, 0 ≤ z ≤ 1. Let n be the unit vector normal to S that points away
from the xz-plane. Find the flux of F = 2yj + zk through S in the direction
of n.
Solution:RR
Flux = Rxz F·(∇g)
|∇g·I|
dA
 
1
F · ∇g = (2yj + zk) · − i + j = 2y = 2 ln x
x

5
 1
|∇g · I| = − i + j · |j| = 1
x
Therefore, the flux of the vector field is
Z eZ 1
Flux = 2 ln x dz dx
1 0
Z e
=2 ln x dx = 2 [x ln x − x]e1 = 2
1

Question 6
State Stokes’ theorem and use the surface integral in Stokes’ Theorem to
calculate the circulation of the field F around the curve C in the indicated
direction. F = x2 y 3 i + j + zk C: The intersection of the cylinder x2 + y 2 = 4
and the hemisphere x2 + y 2 + z 2 = 16, z ≥ 0, counterclockwise when viewed
from above.
Solution:

Stokes’ Theorem
Let S be a piecewise smooth oriented surface having a piecewise smooth
boundary curve C. Let F = M i+N j+P k be a vector field whose components
have continuous first partial derivatives on an open region containing S. Then
the circulation of F around C in the direction counterclockwise with respect
to the surface’s unit normal vector n equals the integral of ∇ × F · n over S.
I ZZ
F · dr = (∇ × F) · n dσ
C S
First, we need to calculate ∇ × F:

∇ × F = ∇ × (x2 y 3 i + j + zk)

Using the definition of the curl in three dimensions:

i j k
∂ ∂ ∂
∇×F= ∂x ∂y ∂z
2 3
xy 1 z

6
 Expanding this determinant:
∂z ∂(x2 y 3 ) ∂1 ∂(x2 y 3 )
     
∂z ∂1
∇×F= − i− − j+ − k
∂y ∂z ∂x ∂z ∂x ∂y

∇ × F = (0 − 0)i − (0 − 0)j + (0 − 3x2 y 2 )k

∇ × F = −3x2 y 2 k
The surface S is the upper hemisphere x2 + y 2 + z 2 = 16 with z ≥ 0. The
unit normal vector n to the hemisphere is n = k.
The surface integral in Stokes’ Theorem becomes:
ZZ ZZ
(∇ × F) · n dσ = (−3x2 y 2 ) · (1) dσ
S S

Since dσ = dA for the projection onto the xy-plane and the region R in
the xy-plane is the disk x2 + y 2 ≤ 4, we have:
ZZ ZZ
2 2
(−3x y ) dσ = −3 x2 y 2 dA
S R

Converting to polar coordinates (x = r cos θ, y = r sin θ):

ZZ ZZ
2 2
x y dA = (r cos θ)2 (r sin θ)2 r dr dθ
R R
ZZ
= r5 cos2 θ sin2 θ dr dθ
R
The region R in polar coordinates is 0 ≤ r ≤ 2 and 0 ≤ θ ≤ 2π:
Z 2π Z 2
= r5 cos2 θ sin2 θ dr dθ
0 0

Z 2π Z 2
2 2
= cos θ sin θ dθ r5 dr
0 0
Evaluating the radial part:
Z 2  6 2
5 r 26 64 32
r dr = = = =
0 6 0 6 6 3

7
 Now, evaluate the angular part:
Z 2π
cos2 θ sin2 θ dθ
0

Using the identity cos2 θ sin2 θ = 41 sin2 (2θ):

Z 2π
1
= sin2 (2θ) dθ
4 0

1−cos(4θ)
Using the identity sin2 (2θ) = 2
:
2π
1 − cos(4θ)
Z
1
= dθ
4 0 2
Z 2π
1
= (1 − cos(4θ)) dθ
8 0
 2π
1 sin(4θ)
= θ−
8 4 0

1 2π π
= [2π − 0] = =
8 8 4
Putting it all together:
ZZ
32 π
−3 x2 y 2 dA = −3 · · = −8π
R 3 4
Therefore, the circulation of F around C is:
I
F · dr = −8π
C

Question 7
Use Laplace transform to solve the given initial-value problem
dy
+ 3y = 13 sin 2t, y(0) = 6
dt

8
Solution
First, take the Laplace transform of both sides of the differential equation.
Recall that the Laplace transform of a derivative is given by:
 
dy
L = sY (s) − y(0).
dt

Applying the Laplace transform to the given differential equation:

 
dy
L + 3y = L {13 sin 2t}
dt
 
dy
L + L {3y} = L {13 sin 2t}
dt
Using the linearity of the Laplace transform, we have:

sY (s) − y(0) + 3Y (s) = 13L {sin 2t}

2
Given y(0) = 6 and the Laplace transform of sin 2t is s2 +4
:

2
sY (s) − 6 + 3Y (s) = 13 ·
s2 +4
Combine the terms involving Y (s):
26
(s + 3)Y (s) − 6 =
s2 +4
Solve for Y (s):
26
(s + 3)Y (s) = 6 +
s2 +4
6 26
Y (s) = +
s + 3 (s + 3)(s2 + 4)
To find the inverse Laplace transform, we decompose the second term
using partial fraction decomposition:
26 A Bs + C
2
= + 2
(s + 3)(s + 4) s+3 s +4

9
Multiply through by (s + 3)(s2 + 4) to clear the denominators:

26 = A(s2 + 4) + (Bs + C)(s + 3)

Expanding and collecting like terms:

26 = As2 + 4A + Bs2 + 3Bs + Cs + 3C

26 = (A + B)s2 + (3B + C)s + (4A + 3C)

Equating coefficients of like terms on both sides:

A+B =0

3B + C = 0
4A + 3C = 26
Solve this system of equations: From A + B = 0, we have B = −A.
Substitute B = −A into the second equation:

3(−A) + C = 0 ⇒ −3A + C = 0 ⇒ C = 3A

Substitute B = −A and C = 3A into the third equation:

4A + 3(3A) = 26 ⇒ 4A + 9A = 26 ⇒ 13A = 26 ⇒ A = 2

Thus, B = −2 and C = 6.
So,
26 2 −2s + 6
2
= + 2
(s + 3)(s + 4) s+3 s +4
Therefore,
6 2 −2s + 6
Y (s) = + + 2
s+3 s+3 s +4
8 −2s + 6
Y (s) = + 2
s+3 s +4
Take the inverse Laplace transform:
   
−3t −1 −2s −1 6
y(t) = 8e + L +L
s2 + 4 s2 + 4

10
 Using the inverse Laplace transforms:
 
−1 −2s
L = −2 cos(2t)
s2 + 4
 
−1 6
L 2
= 3 sin(2t)
s +4
So,
y(t) = 8e−3t − 2 cos(2t) + 3 sin(2t)

Question 8
(a) Show that the given set of functions is orthogonal on the indicated
interval.
{1, cos (nx)} , n = 1, 2, 3, . . . , [0, p].

(b) Expand (
0, −π < x < 0
f (x) =
π − x, 0 ≤ x < π
in a Fourier series.

Solution
(a) Orthogonality of the Given Functions
To show that the given set of functions {1, cos( nπ
p
x)} is orthogonal on [0, p],
we need to show that their inner product over [0, p] is zero.
The inner product of two functions f (x) and g(x) on the interval [0, p] is
defined as: Z p
⟨f, g⟩ = f (x)g(x) dx.
0
We need to verify the following inner products:

• ⟨1, cos( nπ
p
x)⟩

• ⟨cos( mπ
p
x), cos( nπ
p
x)⟩ for m ̸= n

11
 First, compute ⟨1, cos( nπ
p
x)⟩:
Z p
⟨1, cos (nx)⟩ = 1 · cos (nx) dx.
0

Using the integral of the cosine function:

Z
1
cos(ax) dx = sin(ax),
a
we get:
Z p h p ip p p
cos (nx) dx = sin (nx) = sin(nπ) − sin(0) = 0.
0 nπ 0 nπ nπ

Next, compute ⟨cos( mπ

p
x), cos( nπ
p
x)⟩ for m ̸= n:
  Z p  
mπ mπ
⟨cos x , cos (nx)⟩ = cos x cos (nx) dx.
p 0 p

Using the product-to-sum identities:

1
cos A cos B = [cos(A + B) + cos(A − B)],
2
we get:
      
mπ 1 (m + n)π (m − n)π
cos x cos (nx) = cos x + cos x .
p 2 p p

Thus,
  Z p   Z p   
mπ 1 (m + n)π (m − n)π
⟨cos x , cos (nx)⟩ = cos x dx + cos x dx .
p 2 0 p 0 p

Both integrals are zero because they are integrals of cosine functions over a
period, similar to the previous computation:
Z p   Z p  
(m + n)π (m − n)π
cos x dx = 0 and cos x dx = 0.
0 p 0 p

Therefore, ⟨cos( mπ
p
x), cos( nπ
p
x)⟩ = 0 for m ̸= n, proving orthogonality.

12
(b) Fourier Series Expansion
To expand the given piecewise function f (x) in a Fourier series, we compute
the Fourier coefficients.
The function f (x) is:
(
0, −π < x < 0
f (x) =
π − x, 0 ≤ x < π
The Fourier series of f (x) is given by:
∞
a0 X
f (x) ∼ + [an cos (nx) + bn sin (nx)] ,
2 n=1

where
1 π
Z
a0 = f (x) dx,
π −π
1 π
Z
an = f (x) cos (nx) dx,
π −π
1 π
Z
bn = f (x) sin (nx) dx.
π −π
π 0 π π
x2
Z Z Z  
1 1 1 1 2  π
a0 = f (x) dx = 0 dx + (π − x) dx = πx − = π −0 =
π −π π −π 0 π 2 0 π 2
Z π Z 0 Z π 
1 1
an = f (x) cos(nx) dx = 0 cos(nx) dx + (π − x) cos(nx) dx
π −π π −π 0
π
1 π
 Z 
1 sin(nx)
= (π − x) + sin(nx) dx
π n 0 n 0
π
1 − (−1)n

1 cos(nx)
=− = ,
nπ n 0 n2 π
where we have used cos(nπ) = (−1)n .
Also
1 π
Z
1
bn = (π − x) sin(nx) dx = .
π 0 n
Therefore
∞ 
π X 1 − (−1)n

1
f (x) = + cos(nx) + sin(nx)
4 n=1 n2 π n

13
Question 9
Find the Fourier transform of f (x) = e−a|x| .

Solution
The Fourier transform of a function f (x) is defined as:
Z ∞
1
F{f (x)} = F (k) = √ f (x)e−ikx dx
2π −∞

Given f (x) = e−a|x| , we need to compute:

Z ∞
1
F (k) = √ e−a|x| e−ikx dx
2π −∞
We can split the integral into two parts based on the definition of |x|:
Z ∞ Z 0 
1 −(a+ik)x (a−ik)x
F (k) = √ e dx + e dx
2π 0 −∞

Let’s compute each part separately.

For x ≥ 0:
Z ∞  −(a+ik)x ∞ ∞
−(a+ik)x e e−(a+ik)x
e dx = =−
0 −(a + ik) 0 a + ik 0

Evaluating the limits:

1   1 1
=− lim e−(a+ik)x − e0 = − (0 − 1) =
a + ik x→∞ a + ik a + ik
For x ≤ 0:
0 0 0
e(a−ik)x e(a−ik)x
Z 
(a−ik)x
e dx = =
−∞ a − ik −∞ a − ik −∞

Evaluating the limits:

 
1 0 (a−ik)x 1 1
= e − lim e = (1 − 0) =
a − ik x→−∞ a − ik a − ik

14
 Combining both parts:
 
1 1 1
F (k) = √ +
2π a + ik a − ik

Simplifying:
    r
1 a − ik + a + ik 1 2a 2 a
F (k) = √ =√ =
2π (a + ik)(a − ik) 2π a + k2
2 π a + k2
2

Therefore, the Fourier transform of f (x) = e−a|x| is:

r
2 a
F (k) =
π a + k2
2

Question 10
For the given power series, investigate the following
∞
X (4x − 5)2n+1
n=1
n3/2

(a) Interval of absolute convergence,

(b) Conditionally convergence if any,
(c) Interval of convergence,
(d) Radius and center of convergence.

Solution
To determine the interval of convergence, we use the Ratio Test.

un+1 (4x − 5)2(n+1)+1 n3/2

lim = lim ·
n→∞ un n→∞ (n + 1)3/2 (4x − 5)2n+1
(4x − 5)2n+3 n3/2 n3/2
 
2
= lim · = |4x − 5| lim
n→∞ (n + 1)3/2 (4x − 5)2n+1 n→∞ (n + 1)3/2
 3/2 !  3/2 !
n 1
= |4x−5|2 lim = |4x−5|2 lim = |4x−5|2 (1) = |4x−5|2
n→∞ n+1 n→∞ 1 + n1

15
 3
|4x − 5|2 < 1 =⇒ |4x − 5| < 1 =⇒ −1 < 4x − 5 < 1 =⇒ 1 < x <
2
To determine the interval of absolute convergence, we examine the end-
points x = 1 and x = 32 :

∞ ∞ ∞
X (4(1) − 5)2n+1 X (−1)2n+1 X −1
For x = 1, = = which is absolutely convergent
n=1
n3/2 n=1
n3/2 n=1
n 3/2

∞ ∞ ∞
3 X (4( 32 ) − 5)2n+1 X (1)2n+1 X 1
For x = , = = , a convergent p-series
2 n=1 n3/2 n=1
n3/2
n=1
n 3/2

Thus, the interval of absolute convergence is 1 ≤ x ≤ 32 .

Since the series converges absolutely for all x within the interval of con-
vergence, there are no values for which the series converges conditionally.
To summarize:

(a) The interval of absolute convergence is 1 ≤ x ≤ 23 .

(b) There are no values for which the series converges conditionally.

(c) The interval of convergence is 1 ≤ x ≤ 32 .

1
(d) The radius of convergence is 4
and the center of convergence is x = 54 .

Bonus Question
(a) Define Jacobian determinant of the coordinate transformation x = g(u, v),
y = h(u, v) and discuss its role in the integration theory.
Jacobian determinant:
∂x ∂x
∂(x, y) ∂u ∂v
J= = ∂y ∂y
∂(u, v) ∂u ∂v

Role in integration:
The Jacobian determinant is used in transforming integrals from one co-
ordinate system to another. It accounts for the scaling factor introduced by
the transformation.

16
 (b) Evaluate the following double integral.
ZZ
2 2
ex +y dx dy, R : {(x, y)|0 ≤ x ≤ 1, 0 ≤ y ≤ 1}
R

Using the substitution u = x2 + y 2 ,

Z 1Z 1
2 2
= ex +y dx dy
0 0
This integral does not have a closed-form solution, and we need numerical
methods to evaluate it.
(c) Use the transformations x = r cos θ, y = r sin θ to prove that
ZZ ZZ
f (x, y) dx dy = f (r cos θ, r sin θ)r dr dθ
R R
Proof:
Using the transformations,

dx dy = r dr dθ
Thus,
ZZ ZZ
f (x, y) dx dy = f (r cos θ, r sin θ)r dr dθ
R R

17