CLASS TEST Sl.

: 01-JP-EC-19072023

Delhi | Bhopal | Hyderabad | Jaipur | Pune | Bhubaneswar | Kolkata

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ELECTRONICS ENGINEERING
Communication Systems

Duration : 1:00 hr. Maximum Marks : 50

Read the following instructions carefully

1. This question paper contains 30 objective questions. Q.1-10 carry one mark each and
Q.11-30 carry two marks each.

2. Answer all the questions.

3. Questions must be answered on Objective Response Sheet (ORS) by darkening the appropriate
bubble (marked A, B, C, D) using HB pencil against the question number. Each question has
only one correct answer. In case you wish to change an answer, erase the old answer completely
using a good soft eraser.

4. There will be NEGATIVE marking. For each wrong answer 1/3rd of the full marks of the question
will be deducted. More than one answer marked against a question will be deemed as an
incorrect response and will be negatively marked.

5. Write your name & Roll No. at the specified locations on the right half of the ORS.

6. No charts or tables will be provided in the examination hall.

7. Choose the Closest numerical answer among the choices given.

8. If a candidate gives more than one answer, it will be treated as a wrong answer even if one
of the given answers happens to be correct and there will be same penalty as above to that
questions.

9. If a question is left blank, i.e., no answer is given by the candidate, there will be no penalty for
that question.

DO NOT OPEN THIS TEST BOOKLE T UNTIL YOU ARE ASKED TO DO SO

 2 Electronics Engineering

Q.No. 1 to Q.No. 10 carry 1 mark each The ratio of the amount of information
contained in the message x1 x2 x1 x3 and x4
Q.1 The samples of a sinusoidal message signal
x3 x3 x2 is
m(t) = cos(2π fmt) V are applied to a delta
(a) 0.691 (b) 0.725
modulator, whose step-size is 2 V. The
(c) 0.826 (d) 0.991
minimum sampling rate required to
eliminate the slope-overload distortion is Q.7 Consider a binary symmetric channel (BSC)
approximately with a crossover probability of 0.20. If two
(a) f m (b) 2fm such BSCs are cascaded, then the crossover
(c) 3.14fm (d) 6.28fm probability of the resultant BSC will be
(a) 0.25 (b) 0.32
Q.2 If the quality factor, (Q) of a tuned circuit
(c) 0.40 (d) 0.50
varies as 10 < Q < 100, then which of the
following specifies the correct relation Q.8 A discrete memoryless source emits 4
between resonant frequency f c and
1 1 1 1
bandwidth B? symbols with probabilities , , & .
2 4 8 8
B B
(a) 0.01 < < 0.1 (b) 0.1 < <1 The entropy of the source is equal to
fc fc
(a) 1.75 bits/symbol
B B (b) 2.25 bits/symbol
(c) 0.001 < < 0.1 (d) 0.01 < < 0.02
fc fc (c) 3.42 bits/symbol
(d) 4.45 bits/symbol
Q.3 Two signals X1(t) = 2 cos 2000 πt and X2(t) =
4 cos 5000 πt are sampled with the sampling Q.9 Consider the signal shown below:
frequency of 50 kHz and then transmitted
over the same channel. Then, the value of s (t )
the guard band in the sampled signal 4V
spectrum is equal to
(a) 45 kHz (b) 40 kHz
(c) 50 kHz (d) 42 kHz 0 t (sec)
2
Q.4 Which of the following relation w.r.t
autocorrelation function is correct? This signal is passed through an AWGN
(a) RXX(τ) ≤ RXX(0) channel with two-sided noise power spectral
(b) RXX(2) > RXX(1) N0
(c) RXX(–5) < RXX(6) density of and received by a filter
2
(d) RXX(–τ) ≠ RXX(τ)
matched to s (t). The maximum
Q.5 An analog signal of 2 kHz frequency is signal-to-noise ratio possible at the output
sampled at 5 times the Nyquist Rate and of the filter is
each sample is coded with n bits. If the bit 8
(a)
duration is 5 µsec, then the value of n is N0
(a) 8 (b) 9
16
(c) 10 (d) 12 (b)
N0
Q.6 A Discrete Memoryless System, X has four
32
symbols x1, x2, x3, x4 with their respective (c)
N0
probabilities, P(x1) = 0.4, P(x2) = 0.3, P(x3) =
0.2, P(x4) = 0.1. 64
(d)
N0

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 CT-2023-24 • Communication Systems 3

Q.10 A BPSK signal, with equiprobable bits, is

transmitted through an AWGN channel and p
0 z=0
received by a correlator receiver. The two-
sided power spectral density of the channel (1 – p)

noise is 1 nW/Hz and the average bit energy

(1 – q)
transmitted is 10 µJ. If there is no phase
mismatch between the carrier signals used 1 z=1
q
in the transmitter and receiver, then the
probability of error of the system will be
(a) 0.25, 0.45
(a) Q(10) (b) Q(10 2 )
(b) 0.5, 0.5
(c) Q(100) (d) Q(100 2 ) (c) 0.55, 0.75
(d) 0.5, 0.35
Q. No. 11 to Q. No. 30 carry 2 marks each
Q.13 The peak-to-peak value of an sinusoidal
Q.11 Consider the following constellation
signal is 4 V. If this signal is full-wave
diagram shown below. If the value of a is 2
rectified and then fed to the input of an 8-
and the two-sided noise power spectral
bit PCM coder. Then the value of signal to
N0 quantization Noise ratio is
density = 4 W/Hz , then the probability
2 (a) 49.8 dB (b) 48 dB
of error in the given constellation diagram (c) 55.94 dB (d) 54 dB
in terms of Q-function is,
Q.14 X and Y are two independent random
φ2(t)
variables with zero mean and unit variance.
3a
Another random variable Z is defined as Z
= 2X + Y. Then mean and variance of Z are
respectively
(a) 0, 1 (b) 1, 0
a 3a (c) 0, 4 (d) 0, 5
φ1(t)
3a a 2a Q.15 White noise is fed as input to a bandpass
filter having passband frequencies from
2a
2 kHz to 4 kHz. The noise power (in mW)
at the filter output if two-sided noise power
3a
No
spectral density = 2 µW/Hz is,
2

(a) Q( 0.25) (b) Q( 0.5) (a) 4 mW (b) 6 mW

(c) 8 mW (d) 10 mW
(c) Q( 2 ) (d) Q( 3)
Q.16 If the incoming frequency is in the range
Q.12 In the given channel it is given 540 kHz to 1600 kHz, intermediate
frequency is given as 455 kHz, then the ratio
 z = 0
p = 0.25 and p(z = 0) = 0.40 then the
 1  of maximum local oscillator frequency to the
minimum local oscillator frequency in a AM
value of crossover probabilities are (Given superheterodyne receiver is
source emits both 0 and 1 with equal (a) 2.065 (b) 3.725
probability.)
(c) 4.525 (d) 5.609

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 4 Electronics Engineering

Q.17 For the narrowband noise power spectrum SN(f) shown in figure for fc = 10 kHz, the inphase
component noise power spectrum is

SN(f )
1
× 10–3
2

f(kHz)
–12 –10 0 10 12

SNC(f ) SNC(f )
1
1 × 10–3
× 10–3 2
2
(a) (b)
f (kHz) f (kHz)
–2 –1 0 1 2 –2 2

SNC(f ) SNC(f )
1 1
× 10–3 × 10–3
2 2
(c) (d)
f(kHz) f(kHz)
–2 0 2 –2 0 2

Q.18 If X is equally likely to take both positive and negative values, then the magnitude of impulse
present at x = 0 i.e. ‘a’ value is equal to

fx(x )

a
b2

–1 0 4 X

(a) 0.2 (b) 0.5

(c) 0.8 (d) 1.0

Q.19 A sinusoidal signal 9sinωmt is given as input to a 9-bit PCM coder. If this sinusoidal signal is
passed through a resistive network shown below and the output of the resistive network is given
as input to the same PCM coder, assume the step size is not changed. Then the value of signal to
quantization noise ratio is
20 Ω
+

Vi = 9 sin ωmt 20 Ω V0

–
(a) 49.8 dB (b) 52.4 dB
(c) 60.1 dB (d) 72.5 dB

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 CT-2023-24 • Communication Systems 5

Q.20 If an FM receiver is to be operated in the Q.25 A 1 Mbps data is to be transmitted through

frequency range 90 MHz to 104 MHz, the a baseband channel, whose bandwidth is 600
minimum value of intermediate frequency kHz. If the raised cosine pulse shaping is
(fIF) to reject the image frequencies is used for baseband modelling of the data,
(a) 6 MHz then the maximum allowed value of the roll-
(b) 7 MHz off factor of the filter will be
(c) 8 MHz (a) 0.1 (b) 0.2
(d) 9 MHz (c) 0.3 (d) 0.4

Q.21 A source emits zeroes twice as likely as Q.26 Consider the signal shown in the figure
one’s. If it transmits 5 bits what is the below:
probability that at least two bits are zeroes?
(a) 0.625 (b) 0.725 s (t )
(c) 0.954 (d) 1.125 3V

Q.22 An angle modulated signal is given by,

S(t) = cos[2πfct + 4 sin (4000πt) + 3 cos(4000 πt)]
If fc = 100 kHz, then the maximum value of –2 0 2 t (sec)
the instantaneous frequency of this signal
is If the signal s(t) is applied to its matched
(a) 107 kHz filter, then the peak value of the filter output
(b) 110 kHz signal will be equal to
(c) 114 kHz (a) 10 V (b) 11 V
(d) 120 kHz (c) 12 V (d) 14 V

Q.23 The message signal applied to an FM Q.27 The probability density functions of two
modulator is m(t) = Am cos (2π fmt). In an independent random variables X and Y are
experiment conducted with fm = 2 kHz and given by,
increasing Am (starting from zero) it is found
that the carrier component in FM signal is f X ( x ) = ae − ax u( x ) and fY ( y ) = be − by u( y )
reduced to zero for the first time when Am
= 4 volt. The frequency sensitivity of the Where a, b are positive real constants and
FM modulator is u(⋅) represents the unit step function. The
Assume Bessel coefficient, Jo(x) = 0 for x = probability density function of the random
2.41, 5.52, 8.65 and 11.8. variable Z = X + Y will be
(a) 1.2 kHz/V ab − bz − az
(b) 1.5 kHz/V (a) (b − a )  e − e  u( z)
(c) 2.5 kHz/V
(d) 3.5 kHz/V ab − az − bz
(b) (b − a )  e − e  u( z)
Q.24 Consider a DMS X with four symbols x1, x2,
x3 and x4 with the probabilities 0.125, 0.25,
ab − az − bz
0.125 and 0.5 respectively. The symbols are (c) ( a + b )  e − e  u( z )
encoded using Huffman coding. The
redundancy of the code is ab
(a) 0 (b) 1 (d) e −( a + b )z u( z)
( a + b)
(c) 2 (d) 3

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 6 Electronics Engineering

Q.28 The periodic message signal, shown in the figure below, is applied to a modulator to modulate
the amplitude of a sinusoidal carrier signal. If the amplitude sensitivity of the modulator is 0.25 V–1,
then the transmission efficiency achieved by the resultant modulated signal will be
m(t)

2V

0 t

–2 V

(a) 11.11% (b) 20%

(c) 33.33% (d) 50%

Q.29 In a digital communication system, bits 0 and 1 are transmitted through a channel with probabilities
2 1
and respectively. The receiver decides for either 0 or 1 based on the received value R. The
3 3
conditional probability density functions of R are as follows:

fR(r s0) fR(r s1)

When bit 0 When bit 1
1/5 is transmitted 1/5 is transmitted

–4 0 1 r –2 0 3 r
Decision is made in favour of 0, if r < rth and in favour of 1, if r > rth. If the threshold value “rth” is
decided in an optimum way using maximum a posteriori (MAP) criteria, then the value of “rth” is
equal to
(a) 1 (b) 2
(c) 3 (d) 4

Q.30 Consider the Armstrong FM modulator shown in the figure below:

m(t) Narrowband x(t) Frequency y(t) z(t) s(t)

FM modulator multiplier (× n1) BPF
Wideband FM

Mixer
Acos(2πf0t)

Frequency
Oscillator
multiplier (× n2)
f0 = 100 kHz
The narrowband FM signal has a maximum angular deviation of 0.10 radians in order to keep
distortion under control. The message signal m(t) has a bandwidth of 15 kHz, the oscillator frequency
is 100 kHz and the mixer circuit is used for the up-conversion. If the wideband FM signal s(t) has a
carrier frequency of fc = 104 MHz and a maximum frequency deviation of ∆fmax = 75 kHz, then the
multiplication factor n2 will be
(a) 50 (b) 104
(c) 990 (d) 1040

„„„„

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 CLASS TEST Sl. : 01-JP-EC-19072023

Delhi | Bhopal | Hyderabad | Jaipur | Pune | Bhubaneswar | Kolkata

Web: www.madeeasy.in | E-mail: [email protected] | Ph: 011-45124612

COMMUNICATIONS
ELECTRONICS ENGINEERING
Date of Test : 19/07/2023

ANSWER KEY h

1. (c) 7. (b) 13. (c) 19. (a) 25. (b)

2. (a) 8. (a) 14. (d) 20. (b) 26. (c)

3. (a) 9. (d) 15. (c) 21. (c) 27. (b)

4. (a) 10. (c) 16. (a) 22. (b) 28. (b)

5. (c) 11. (b) 17. (c) 23. (a) 29. (a)

6. (a) 12. (a) 18. (b) 24. (a) 30. (c)

 8 Electronics Engineering

Detailed Explanations

1. (c)
The condition required to eliminate the slope-overload distortion is,
∆ dm(t )
≥ = 2 π f m sin(2 π f mt ) max
Ts dt max
2fs ≥ 2π fm
fs ≥ π f m ≈ 3.14 fm
fs (min) = 3.14 fm

2. (a)
fc
Quality factor, Q =
B
Range of Q, 10 < Q < 100
fc
10 < < 100
B
fc B
> 10 < 0.1
B fc
fc B
< 100 > 0.01
B fc
B
0.01 < < 0.1
fc

3. (a)
Before sampling
X1( f ) X2( f )

1 2

–1 K 0 1K f –2.5 K 0 2.5 K f

After sampling at a frequency of fs = 50 kHz, Xs ( f )n∞ = −∞ = ΣX1 ( f − nf s )n∞=−∞ + ΣX2 ( f − nf s )

45 kHz
1

–52.5 K –51 K –50 K –47.5 K –2.5 K –1 K 0 1 K 2.5 K 47.5 K 49 K 50 K 51 K 52.5 K

Guard band = 47.5 K – 2.5 K

= 45 kHz

4. (a)
Autocorrelation function has maximum value at τ = 0.
∴ RXX(0) ≥ RXX(τ)
Autocorrelation function is even function.

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 CT-2023-24 • Communication Systems 9

∴ RXX(–τ) = RXX(τ)
Value of autocorrelation function decreases as τ increases.

5. (c)

1
Bit duration, Tb =
Rb
Rb = nfs
fs = 5 × 2 × 2 = 20 kHz
1
Tb =
n × 20 × 103
1
5 × 10–6 =
n × 20 × 103
103
n=
20 × 5
n = 10

6. (a)
P(x1 x2 x1 x3) = (0.4)(0.3)(0.4)(0.2)
= 0.0096
∴ Information, I(x1 x2 x1 x3) = –log2(0.0096) = 6.7 bits
P(x4 x3 x3 x2) = (0.1)(0.2)(0.2)(0.3)
= 0.0012
I(x4 x3 x3 x2) = –log2(0.0012)
= 9.7 bits
6.7
∴ Ratio = = 0.691
9.7

7. (b)
0.8 z0 0.8
x0 y0

0.2 0.2
0.2 0.2

x1 y1
0.8 z1 0.8

Crossover probability of overall channel = P ( y0 x1) = P ( y1 x0)

P ( y0 x1) = P ( y0 z0) P ( z0 x1) + P ( y0 z1) P ( z1 x1)
= (0.80 × 0.20) + (0.20 × 0.80) = 0.32
So, the crossover probability of the resultant BSC = 0.32

8. (a)
3
H(x) = − ∑ P( xi )log 2 P[ xi ]
i=0

1  1 1  1 1  1 
= −  log 2   + log 2   + × 2 log 2   
2 2 4 4 8 8 

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 10 Electronics Engineering

1 2 6
= + +
2 4 8
H(x) = 1.75 bits/symbol

9. (d)
For matched filter,
2Es
(SNR)max =
N0
E s = Energy of the signal s(t)
∞ 2
2
= ∫ s(t ) dt = ∫ (4)2 dt = 32
−∞ 0

2(32) 64
So, (SNR)max = =
N0 N0

10. (c)
For coherent BPSK,
 2 Eb   Eb 
P e = Q  N  = Q  
 0   ( N 0 /2) 

( 10 ) = Q(100)
 10 × 10 −6 
 =Q 4
Q
=  1 × 10−9 
 

11. (b)
Probability of error in terms of Q-function is given by,
 d2 
P e = Q  min 
 2 N 0 

dmin = 2a = 2 2

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 CT-2023-24 • Communication Systems 11

N0
= 4 W/Hz
2
N0 = 8 W/Hz

 d2   (2 2 )2 
P e = Q  min  = Q  
 2 N 0   2 × 8 

 8 
Pe = Q 
 2 × 8 

P e = Q( 0.5)

12. (a)
p(0/1) = 0.25
p(0/1) = 1–q
1–q = 0.25
q = 0.75

0 0
p(z = 0) = 0.4 = p(0)p   + p(1)p  
 0  1

0.4 = 0.5p + 0.5 × 0.25

0.4 = 0.5p + 0.125
0.5p = 0.275; p = 0.55
Crossover probabilities → (1 – p) = 0.45 and (1 – q) = 0.25

13. (c)

2 2
full wave
rectifier

–2

Before rectification
RMS value of signal remains same after rectification but dynamic range decreases therefore
step size decreases and Noise power decreases.
A2 2 2
Signal power = = =2
2 2
∆2
Quantization Noise Power = where ∆ = step size
12
2−0 2 1
∆= n
= 8 = 7
2 2 2
S 2
= ⋅ 2 14 × 12 = 393216 = 55.94 dB
N 1

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 12 Electronics Engineering

14. (d)
Z = 2X + Y
E [Z ] = E[2X + Y ]
= 2E[X] + E [Y ]
E [X ] = 0, E[Y ] = 0
Therefore, E [Z ] = 0
Var(Z) = E[Z 2] – E[Z ]2

= E[(2 X + Y )2 ] − 0
= E[4X 2 + Y 2 + 4XY]
2 2
= 4E[ X ] + E[Y ] + 4E[ XY ]
E[X 2] = Var[X] as E[X] = 0
E[Y 2] = Var[Y ] as E[Y ] = 0
E [XY ] = E[X] E[Y] as X and Y are independent
Therefore, Var(Z) = 4×1+1+4×0
Var(Z) = 5

15. (c)
Power spectral density of white noise

SN( f )

No
2

0 f

Frequency response of filter

–4 kHz –2 kHz 0 2 kHz 4 kHz

Noise after passing through the filter

S′N( f )

No
2

–4 kHz –2 kHz 0 2 kHz 4 kHz

Output noise power = Area under power spectral density curve

No
= 2× × 2 × 10 3 = 2 × 4 × 10 −6 × 10 3
2
= 8 × 10–3 W = 8 mW

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 CT-2023-24 • Communication Systems 13

16. (a)
Local oscillation frequency, fLO = fs + fIF
Maximum fLO = fs + fIF
max
f LO = 1600 + 455 = 2055 kHz
max
Minimum local oscillation frequency, fLO = fs + fIF
min min
fLO = 540 + 455 = 995 kHz
min
f LOmax 2055
= = 2.065
f LOmin 995

17. (c)

SN ( f − f c ) + SN ( f + f c ), − B ≤ f ≤ B
SN (f ) = 
C
 0 else

fc = 10 kHz,
Plotting SN(f + fc)
SN(f + fc)
1
× 10–3
2

f (kHz)
–22 –20 0 2
Plotting SN(f – fc)
SN(f – fc)

1
× 10–3
2

f (kHz)
–2 0 20 22
SNC(f)
1
× 10–3
2

∴
f (kHz)
–2 0 2

18. (b)
If X is equally likely to take both positive and negative values then,
P(X < 0) = P(X > 0)
P(X) = Area under curve
P(X < 0) = b × 1 = b
P(X > 0) = b2 × 4 = 4b2
b = 4b2
1
b=
4
Also, Area of PDF curve = 1
b + 4b2 + a = 1

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 14 Electronics Engineering

1 1
+4× +a = 1
4 16
1
a = 1− = 0.5
2
19. (a)

Dynamic range = 18 V
0 divided in 512 levels

–9

1 9
Now output of resistive network = Vi = sin ω m t
2 2
Dynamic range = 9 V 9
2
1
Dynamic ranges reduces to
2
0
Step size remains same,
1 –9
∴ × 512 = 256
No. of levels 2
2
As Dynamic range reduces, n = 8
S
= 1.76 + 6n
N
= 1.76 + 6 × 8
= 49.8 dB

20. (b)

input
frequency fIF
90 MHz – 104 MHz IF
Mixer stage

fLO (local oscillator)

f LO = fs + fIF
fsi (image frequency) = fs + 2fIF
When fs = 90 MHz
f LO = fs + fIF, fsi = fs + 2fIF
We have to select fIF such that fsi falls outside the tuned range.
fsi ≥ 104 MHz
104 = 90 + 2fIF
fIF = 7 MHz
min

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 CT-2023-24 • Communication Systems 15

21. (c)
2
Probability of transmitting zero, P(0) =
3
2 1
Probability of transmitting one, P(1) = 1 − =
3 3
P (at least two bits are zeroes) = 1 – P(no bit is zero)
– P (one bit is zero).
0 5 1 4
5  2   1 5  2   1
= 1 − C0     − C1    
 3   3  3   3
1 10
= 1− 5
−
3 35
11
= 1− = 0.954
243

22. (b)
The angle of the modulated signal s(t) can be given as,
θ(t) = 2πfct + 4 sin(4000πt) + 3 cos(4000πt)
The instantaneous frequency of the modulated signal can be given as,
1 d[θ(t )]
fi =
2 π dt

1
fi = fc +
2π
[ 4 × 4000π cos 4000πt + 3 × 4000π [ − sin 4000πt ]]
= fc + [8000 cos(4000πt) – 6000 sin(4000πt)]

 3
= fc + 2000 × 5[cos(4000πt + α)] where α = tan −1  
 4

fi(max) = fc + 2000 × 5
= 100 kHz + 10 kHz
fi(max) = 110 kHz

23. (a)
The carrier component of the FM signal will be zero when J0(β) = 0.
We know J0(β) = 0 for β = 2.41, 5.52, 8.65, 11.8 ......
So, when Am = 4 V, the corresponding modulation index is β = 2.41.
β = 2.41
∆f k f Am
β= f = f
m m

βf m 2.41 × 2 × 103
kf = =
Am 4
kf = 1.205 kHz/V

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 16 Electronics Engineering

24. (a)

x4 0.5 (0) 0.5 (0) 0.5 (0)

x2 0.25 (10) 0.25 (10) 0.5 (1)
x3 0.125 (110) 0.25 (11)
x1 0.125 (111)

4
L= ∑ P(xi )ni
i=1

= (0.5 × 1) + (0.25 × 2) + (0.125 × 3) + (0.125 × 3)

= 0.5 + 0.5 + 0.75
L = 1.75 bits/symbol
4
H = − ∑ P( xi )log 2 P( xi )
i=1

1  1 1  1 2  1 
H = −  log 2   + log 2   + log 2   
 2 2 4 4 8 8 
H = 1.75 bits/symbol
H 1.75
η= = =1
L 1.75
Redundancy γ = 1 – η = 1 – 1 = 0

25. (b)
Bandwidth of the baseband signal with raised cosine pulse shaping will be,
Rb 1000
(BW)signal = (1 + α ) = (1 + α ) = 500(1 + α ) kHz
2 2
For proper transmission of the data,
(BW)signal ≤ (BW)channel
500(1 + α) ≤ 600
(1 + α) ≤ 1.20
α ≤ 0.20
α max = 0.20

26. (c)
Filter matched y(t )
s (t )
to s(t)

For a matched filter, peak value of the output will be numerically equal to the energy of the input
signal.
∞
2
So, y(t ) max = ∫ s (t ) dt
−∞

 3 
 3 − t  V ; 0 ≤ t ≤ 2
s(t) =  2 
 0 ; otherwise


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 CT-2023-24 • Communication Systems 17

2 2
 3 
So, y(t ) max = 2 ∫  3 − t  dt
0
2 
2
9
∫ (t
2
= + 4 − 4t ) dt
2 0
2
9 t3 
=  + 4t − 2t 2  = 12 V
2  3  0

27. (b)
f Z (z) = fX(z) ∗ fY (z)
fX(z) = ae –az u(z)
f Y (z) = be –bz u(z)
a b
L{ fX (z)} = and L{ fY (z)} =
s+a s+b

−1  ab  −1  ab  1 1  
fZ (z) = L  =L   − 
 (s + a)(s + b )   (b − a )  (s + a ) (s + b )  

ab − az − bz
= (b − a )  e − e  u( z)

28. (b)
The transmission efficiency of an AM signal can be given by,
ka2 Pm
η=
1 + ka2 Pm
Here, ka = amplitude sensitivity of the modulator
= 0.25 V–1
P m = Power of the message signal
For the given message signal,
P m = A2 = (2)2 = 4
(0.25)2 (4) 0.25 1
So, η= 2
= = = 0.20 (or) 20%
1 + (0.25) (4) 1 + 0.25 5

29. (a)
The rule to decide an optimum threshold value using MAP criteria is as follows:
H0
f R (r s0 )P( s0 ) <> f R (r s1 )P(s1 )
H1
The above expression says that,
• Decision is made in favour of “0”, if fR (r s0) P(s0) is greater than fR (r s1)P(s1).
• Decision is made in favour of “1”, if fR (r s1)P(s1) is greater than fR(r s0) P(s0).
2 1
Given that P(s0) = and P (s1) = .
3 3

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 18 Electronics Engineering

The optimum threshold can be decided by using MAP criteria, by plotting the functions fR (r s1)P(s0)
and fR (r s1)P(s1) as follows:
fR(r s0)P(s0)
2/15

1/15 fR(r s1)P(s1)

–4 –2 0 1 3 r
It is clear from the above diagram that,
For r < 1, fR(r s0)P(s0) > fR(r s1)P(s1) and for r > 1, fR(r s1)P(s1) > fR(r s0)P(s0).
So, the optimum threshold value is, rth = 1.

30. (c)
The output of the narrowband FM modulator can be given by,

x(t) = Acos[2π f0 t + φ (t)] ; φ(t ) max = 0.10 radians

The signal at the output of upper frequency multiplier can be given by,

[
y(t) = A cos 2 πn1 f 0 t + n1 φ(t ) ]
After mixing y(t) with the output signal of the lower frequency multiplier, we get,

2
[ ]
z(t) = A cos 2 πn1 f 0 t + n1 φ(t ) cos[2 πn2 f 0t ]

A2 A2
= cos [2 π( n1 + n2 ) f 0 t + n1 φ(t )] + cos [2 π( n1 − n2 ) f 0 t + n1φ(t )]
2 2

It is given that the mixer is designed for up-conversion. So, the signal s(t) can be given by,

A2
s(t) = cos [2 π( n1 + n2 ) f 0 t + n1 φ(t )] ...(i)
2

It is given that, fc = 104 MHz and ∆ fmax = 75 kHz for s(t).

So, the modulation index of the wideband signal s(t) will be,
∆f max
β = = n1 φ (t ) max
f m (max)

75 kHz
n1 (0.10) = =5
15 kHz
5
n1 = = 50
0.10
fc = (n1 + n2)f0 = 104 MHz
(n1 + n2) × 100 = 104 × 1000
n2 = 1040 – n1 = 1040 – 50 = 990

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