By :dororo hyakimaru Luffy

Transformational
Generative Grammar
(tgg)
Dedication

I would like to dedicate my work to my family. Also, this is dedicated to my close friends
who have always supported me throughout my years of studies.

Introduction :
Beginning in the late 1950s, structural linguistics sometimes became less popular
as proponents of generative linguistics, pioneered by Noam Chomsky, considered
the work of the American Structuralist to be conceptually too narrow. It is argued
that it is important to go beyond the arrangement of elements in order to create
a grammar that reflects the knowledge of native speakers.

1 – Noam Chomsky and transformational Generative Grammar:

Transformational Generative Grammar (also TG Grammar, TGG) is a theory of
grammar that seeks to provide a model that describes all languages. It was
created and dominated by Noam Chomsky (b. 1928), and although several
theories were created a few years ago, it can be said that it officially began with
the publication in 1957 of his book Syntactic Structures (classical theory). From an
introductory article by Chomsky and an article by Zelig Harris. Chomsky’s early
work is divided into two related parts. 1. Criticism of Structuralism 2. Chomsky’s
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reconstruction of the theory of language has significantly changed his thinking

since 1957. By far the best-known theoretical position is the aspect theory of
syntax (written in 1965) or the aspect model, a position that Chomsky himself
calls the standard theory. This is the most widely accepted version of theory in
practice because it adds important aspects to language learning.

2- phrase structure grammar and transformational Generative

Grammar:
We have seen how PSG takes only simple declarative sentences to the extreme.
But what about other types of sentences that are grammatically correct?
However, they cannot match PSG. For example, in the manual sentence in the last
entry, aux is rewritten as tense(past or present) (M) (have-en) (be-ing) be-en. You
will see how the new element is inserted. why are you including the be-en
element? Because we need to add aux be-en to turn the active voice into a
passive voice. The imperative is the same because it is expressed as VP (leave the
house, move now, strong). These imperative forms cannot be counted because
they contain non-subject verbs and have no NP, so they are not grammatically
suitable for PSG. PSG, on the other hand, deals only with simple declarations, and
other types of sentences that do not fit this type are completely grammatically
inappropriate. However, from the point of view of linguistic competence, we
know good and bad structural formations, intuitively understanding that
grammatically structured imperative passive sentences are also grammatically
correct sentences. So the dilemma is that we have to find a way to integrate these
types of sentences into a grammar that governs all the types of sentences that
native speakers consider grammatically structured, and that if we think of them as
grammatically non-grammatical and intuitively as grammatical , we call them
grammatical will. .Relevance criteria are inadequate, and the criteria for
observation, description, and explanation must be explained. So if he observes,
explains or fails to explain what is grammar and what is not grammar, then there
is something wrong with that grammar. This is broken syntax.
PSR cannot handle sentences other than declarations, in which case they have no
psychological meaning. However, it makes sense to limit the grammatical model
to the capabilities of native speakers. In language proficiency, every native
speaker knows that passive sentences, active sentences, imperative sentences,
and other types of sentences are grammatically correct, and if we consider only
one type and ignore the other, the problem is not grammar, but grammar. , eat.
The source of the speaker’s ability. It should not be considered insufficient to
solve this PSG problem. However, we need to create a new restricted grammar.
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The grammar of the syntactic structure is only preserved for parsing at the
template level. There are many drawbacks to tagging other types of sentences,
but there is no reason or reason to ignore them all.
Phrase structure grammar will be kept and it will launch a new type of reasoning
which is Transformational Generative Grammar which in turn going to add some
new features to this Grammar.
Phrase structure rules are called generative grammars, and word class grammars
are also called generative grammars. If we want to generate all kinds of offers, we
will face the problem of unlimited rules, the importance of which is related to the
acquisition process. How can I have an unlimited number of rules? Should I buy it?
And you know what? It would be impossible for every child to receive this in such
a short time. So this short time is a very important criterion in the language. Then
why do we only learn Korean when we become adults in 2-3 years? So, if you
follow the WCG reasoning, it will take a long time, not 2-3 years. You will probably
spend your entire life acquiring and assimilating the different patterns of each
sentence individually, and this is highly unlikely.
Haven’t we learned to master grammar? How can we know the subject, predicate
or verb?... We are not given any information about the language we are learning,
but we are learning the language unconsciously and through learning. The native
language is acquired unconsciously. Therefore, TGG is a new theory based on the
discovery of PSG and certain assumptions. PSG, however, has its drawbacks, but
remains the essence of the manifest from which other types of sentences are
derived. We must keep PSG as one of the most important components of this new
grammar.
At first it was claimed that PSG is a grammar for describing a language, but this
assumption was eventually refuted. For this reason, as a reaction to the inferiority
of the PSG, the TGG or New Grammar arose, and we claim to have deep thoughts.
For example, PSGs are considered responsible for only one type of sentence,
namely declarative sentences, and declarative sentences, in turn, are considered
surface structures. Declarative analysis refers to two levels of analysis: Surface
Structure and Deep Structure:
3- Meaning of Deep Structure and Surface Structure:
The surface structure is actually produced structure. It refers to the sentence as it
is pronounced or written.
Surface structure=sound
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The deep structure is the abstract structure that allows the native speaker of a
language to know what the sentence means. It may then be said that the deep
structure expresses the semantic contents of a sentence, whereas the surface
structure of a sentence determines its phonetic form.
Deep structure=meaning
Deep structure (input) or structural description.
Surface structure (output)or structural change .

4 - General Review
Maximal projection of the auxiliary:
Tense (past or present)+m+ have-en+ be-ing For
example:

Adam is a smart boy

If we apply phrase structure grammar, we will get :
Adam present be a smart boy
Adam present be a smart boy =deep structure
Which means that the deep structure is the root of the sentence before the
transformations
Adam is a smart boy=surface structure
Which means that the surface structure is the sentence we pronounce.

5 – Transformational rules
• Affix hopping rule
• Yes/no question rule
• Do support rule
• Passive transformation rule
• Agent deletion rule
• Wh movement rule
• Dative movement rule
• Complex np shift rule
• There insertion rule
• Reflexivization rule
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• Tag -question rule

• Imperative rule

Transformational rules and their

application
Affix hopping (obligatory) :
Affix, a grammatical element that is combined with a word, stem, or phrase to
produce derived or inflected forms. There are three main types of affixes:
prefixes, infixes, and suffixes.

Suffixes : Suffixes are morphemes (specific groups of letters with particular semantic meaning) that
are added onto the end of root words to change their meaning.

Affix :it’s an inflectional suffix

Hop : means to jump to other elements .

• Affix hopping: is a Morpho-syntactic rule. It deals with those aspects of the

structure of a morphophonem syntactic rule, it is important to have the
form of the sentence
• It is an obligatory rule to apply in all sentences, because without an affix
hopping, the sentence is considered ungrammatical .
• Every affix should be attached to the verb right after it .
Maximal projection of the aux
Tense ( past, present)+ m+ have-en+be-ing
Affix :
it’s an inflectional suffix
And according to maximal projection (Tense ( past, present)+ m+ have-en+be-ing )
We have Three affixes (tense + en + ING )
We have four verbal elements ( modal+have +be +verb )
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How to apply the rule :

SD :. X. Tense. M. Y
1 En have. 4
Ing be
2 V
3
Sc :. 1. 3. +. 2. 4
Example
Adam is a smart boy
Let’s apply the rule
The first step is to change the sentence into an active declarative sentence
Ad : Adam is a smart boy
The second step is affix hopping which is an obligatory rule:
SD :. Adam present be a smart boy

SC :. 1. 3 +. 2. 4
Adam be + present a smart boy
After the application of the morphophonemic rules ,the outcome is :
SS : Adam is a smart boy

So , the affix hopping is the affix that jumps or hops ,and is attached with the
verbal element
As we have seen in the example, when we apply the rule, the affix, which is the
‘present’ jump or hop and attached to the verbal element which is ‘be ’, and
finally we come to the surface structure which is ‘is’
This is why affix hopping is a very important rule, and you must apply it in all
sentences because without it the sentence is ungrammatical, and we also cannot
pronounce it, which means that we cannot say that Adam present be a smart
boy, there is no sentence in the language English like this.
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Example: Olivia went

The first step is to change the sentence into an active declarative sentence
Ad : Olivia went
Step two ,we will apply the rule of affix hopping, which is an obligatory rule SD
:. Olivia past go

1. 2. 3
SC : 1. 3. +. 2
Olivia go + past
After the application of the morphophonemic rules ,the outcome is : SS
: Olivia went

Yes /no question (optional):

In linguistics, a yes–no question, also known as a binary question, a polar
question, or a general question is a question whose expected answer is one of
two choices, one that provides an affirmative answer to the question versus one
that provides a negative answer to the question.
Examples :
Are you dancing?
Can I help you ?
If you want to apply The yes /no question rule ,the first step is to change the
sentence to an active declarative sentence
Let’s take the first example: are you dancing?
We will change it to an active declarative sentence: you are dancing.
Step two ,you should apply a yes /no question: SD
: you present be -ing dance

1. 2 3
SC : 2. 1. 3
Present be you. Ing dance ?
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So ,in a yes /no question, we move or reverse the first two elements of aux ,
which are tense and be with np (you)
Bearing in mind that (be) should not be followed by (ing)
The third step is obligatory Affix
hopping:
First thing,we will take (SC : present be you ing dance as SD )

SD : present be you ing dance?

1. 2. X 1. 2
SC : 2 +1. X. 2+ 1
Be+ present you dance +ing?
After the application of the morphophonemic rules ,the outcome is :
SS : are you dancing ?
# can I help you?
First thing is to change the sentence to an active declarative sentence:
Ad : I can help you.
Apply the yes /no question rule .In this rule, we will move the first two elements
of aux , which are (present,can )and np (i)
SD : I present can help you
1 2 3
SC : 2 1. 3.
Present can I Help You ?

The application of the “ affix hopping” rule :

SD : present can I help you ?
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1. 2. X
SC : 2. + 1 x
Can+ Present I help you?
After the application of the morphophonemic rules ,the outcome is :
SS: can I help you?

Conclusion :
We found that when creating yes/no questions, we simply moved the first two
elements to aux: the required tense and the optional modal, have or be . And put
them in front of the NP. That is, move tense (past/present) with M
(will/may/could/will/should), Have (has/had/had) or Be (is/was/are /were) before
NP. Our Structural Description (SD) consists of only these elements (M, Have, Be)
and NP, and the variable X representing each component after
Giving NP 1, as well as tense , M, Have, number 2 and finally the variable X
number 3. So, the outline of the structure is as follows:

SD. : Np tense ( m ,have ,be ) x

1 2 3
SC :. 2. 1. 3

Do support rule (obligatory):

In English grammar, do-support is the use of the auxiliary verb do. Forms
indefinite clauses and interrogative sentences, including the modal verbs do and
did, as well as did conjugations and other constructions requiring inversion of the
auxiliary subject.
Do insertion or support is rule which supports us to form a question when we lack
the three optional elements of aux which are (M, have, or be).
We apply Do support rule when we are only to deal with one element of aux
which is tense ( past/present).
Do support and yes no question.
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Do usually appears in questions and negatives. Here we will focus on the form of
this DO. For example, Adam went to the store . did Adam go to the store ? In the
ad sentence, add the tense to go , not the aux verb. So DO helps move Tns even if
there is no auxiliary verb. DO is usually inserted after tns move and immediately
before affix hopping.
Example :
Did Adam go to the store?
Explanation:
Let’s Change the sentence to an active declarative sentence
Ad : Adam went to the store
Let’s apply yes/no question

SD : Adam past go to the store

1. 2 3
SC : 2. 1 3
Past Adam go To the store ?

The affix past is not followed by any AUX verb to be attached to, but rather an NP.
All that we need in order to produce a perfect question from above is to insert DO
to the left of past. The DO support or insertion is an obligatory rule which permits
us to attach the verb DO immediately to the left of any tense marker that is not
attached to a verb.
Let’s apply do support
SD : past Adam go to the store?

1. 2
SC : 1#do. 2
Past do Adam go to the store?
Let’s apply affix hopping
SD : past do Adam go to the store?
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1. 2. X
SC:. 2+ 1. X
Do+past Adam go to the store?
After the application of the morphophonemic rules ,the outcome is :
SS :did Adam go to the store?
Note : In the active declarative sentence, the sentence should not be changed as
such :
Adam did go to the store Why
not ?
Let’s take it as an example
Ad: Adam did go to the store
Applying the “yes /no question” rule: SD
: Adam past do go to the store

1. 2 3
SC : 2 1 3
Past Adam do go to the store?
Apply the “do support” rule , because the tense ”past “can’t stand alone SD
: past Adam do go to the store?

1. 2
SC :. 1#do. 2
Past do Adam do go to the store?
The application of the “ affix hopping” rule:
SD : past do Adam do go to the store?

1. 2. X
SC : 2+1. X
Do +past Adam do go to the store?
After the application of the morphophonemic rules ,the outcome is :
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SS : did Adam do go to the store?

After applying the rules we found that the sentence is ungrammatical, because in
our original sentence (Did Adam go to the store) it is not (Did Adam do go to the
store)
This is why you need to be careful when changing a sentence to an active
declarative sentence
Did Adam go to the store?

Ad : Adam went to the store. ✅

Ad : *Adam did go to the store.❌

Do support
SD : tense. x
1. 2
SC :. Tense#do 2

Passive transformation rule (optional)

Take a sentence like “I want ice cream now.” It’s clear and straightforward—you
know immediately that the subject, I, wants an object, ice cream. Now, recast this
sentence, flipping it so that the object is in the position of the subject: “Ice cream
is wanted by me now.” It isn’t just longer, but it’s also more detached,
roundabout, and a little awkward, too.
Those two sentences are examples of the active voice and the passive voice.
Certain kinds of writing are best suited for the active voice, while the passive
voice is most appropriate for other kinds of writing. Understanding how, when,
and why to use each is key to being an effective writer and speaker.
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• All Passive sentences are derived from Active Sentences with transitive
verbs.
• Passive sentences are considered surface structures to Active sentences.
• The doer of the action called the Agent (subject)
• The receiver of the action called the Patient (one who/which receives the
action)
• The main verb should be [+ transitive]
How to apply passive transformation rule
The direct object of the active sentence becomes the grammatical subject of the
passive sentence. We add be-en to aux and keep the verb. We insert the
preposition with followed by the subject of the actual clause, which will be the
complement of the preposition by .
Example:
Ice cream is wanted by me now
First thing, change the sentence to an active declarative sentence
Ad : I want ice cream now

Before you start analyzing, you should ask yourself this

question:
What rules do we have in a sentence:
We’ve only seen three rules, which are affix hopping, yes /no
question, and do support
Now ,we will deal with passive transformation rule How
can I find out what rules I have?
For example
She is a nice girl .
Did she leave the house?
Are you crying?
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Let’s take the first example: she is a nice girl.

Do you think there is a yes/no question rule? Of
course not, because there is no question Mark (?)
Do you think there is “do support rule “?
Of course not, because there is no (do , does , did) Do
you think there is ‘affix hopping rule'?
Of course yes, because as we said, affix hopping is an
obligatory rule that we must apply in all sentences.
Let's take the second sentence: Did you leave the house? Ask
the same questions ,you will find that there is an affix hopping,
Yes no question, and do support
What about the last example? Are you crying ?
As you may have noticed, there is an affix hopping and a yes
/no question.
Note :
Keep in mind that the order is very important.
Why?
You can’t apply do support before yes/ no question or affix
hopping before them (there is an exception regarding affix
hopping, we will see that in imperative rule )
(The arrangement of the rules is like when you take off your
clothes, you cannot take off the inner clothes before the outer
clothes, you must take off piece by piece, the same thing with
the rules, you must follow the order. ) Just an explanation
Correct arrangement :
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Active declarative
Yes/no question
Do support
Affix hopping
What about the passive transformation rule ?
For example
Ice cream is wanted by Lina now
Before changing it to an active declarative sentence, what rules do we have?
Of course, there is no yes/no question and no do support.
But there is affix hopping and passive transformation rule

• In the passive transformation rule , we add be-en after aux

• We change np1 with np2
• We add “by” before np1

SD : NP1. Aux. V. Np2 1.

2. 3. 4 SC :. 4.
2+be-en 3 #by 1 Let’s apply it :
First step, change the sentence to an active declarative sentence
Ad : Lina want ice cream now
Second step, apply the passive transformation rule
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SD : Lina present want ice cream now

1. 2. 3. 4. X
SC : 4 2+be-en. 3.#by 1. X
Ice cream present+be-en want by Lina now
Let’s apply affix hopping:
SD : ice cream present be-en want by Lina now
X. 1. 2. 1. 2. Y
SC:. X. 2+1. 2+1. Y
Ice cream be+ present want+ en by Lina now
After the application of the morphophonemic rules ,the outcome is :
SS: ice cream is wanted by Lina now
Example
The cake was eaten by Hajar
Change the sentence to an active declarative sentence
Ad : Hajar ate the cake
Apply the passive transformation rule:
SD : Hajar past eat the cake .

1. 2. 3. 4
SC: 4. 2+be-en. 3 #by 1
The cake past +be-en eat by Hajar .
The application of the “ affix hopping” rule

SD : the cake past be -en eat by Hajar.

X. 1. 2 1. 2. Y
SC :. X. 2+ 1. 2. +1. Y
The cake be +past eat+en by Hajar.
After the application of the morphophonemic rules ,the outcome is :
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SS : the cake was eaten by Hajar.

Agent deletion rule :

An agent is a person or thing that performs an action and is the subject of an
active offer. Most passive sentences do not mention the agent. However, when it
is mentioned it is usually preceded by the the preposition “by”.

• When there is no agent ,we mention it using someone or somebody

For example : the cake was eaten
So ,we will mention it using someone or somebody:
Ad : someone ate the cake
We will use someone or somebody to make things easier for us when
we apply the passive transformation rule, but then we delete it in the
agent deletion step , that’s why we called it agent deletion
• TGG proposes a deletion rule that eliminates the prepositional phrase
containing the subject agent. We can say, therefore, that sentence has
undergone two transformations, passive and passive agent deletion.
• Agent deletion means deleting the subject

Agent deletion rule:

SD : NP2. X. BE- EN. V. BY NP1

1. 2. 3. 4. 5
SC:. 1. 2. 3. 4. Q

Example:
The cake was eaten
First , there is no Yes /no question or do support
There is a passive transformation rule ,as well as agent deletion, because there is
no subject or agent .of course ,we have affix hopping.
Because there is agent deletion rule, we will add someone or somebody.
Change the sentence to an active declarative sentence
Ad : someone ate the cake
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Apply the passive transformation rule SD

: someone past eat the cake

1. 2. 3. 4
SC:. 4. 2+be-en. 3 #by 1
The cake past +be-en eat by someone Apply
the “agent deletion” rule :
SD : The cake past be-en eat by someone

1. 2. 3. 4. 5
SC:. 1. 2. 3. 4
The cake past be-en eat.
The application of the “ affix hopping” rule:
SD : the cake past be-en eat.
X. 1. 2. 1. 2
SC:. X. 2+1. 2+1.
The cake be+past eat+en.
After the application of the morphophonemic rules ,the outcome is :
SS: the cake was eaten.

Wh movement rule:
An echo question is a type of direct question in which you repeat part or all of
what the other person has just said. Repeat the parrot’s question or Q. We do this
when we don’t fully understand or hear what someone is saying. Eco Q should be
considered as intonation.
Wh movement:
In linguistics, wh-movement is the formation of syntactic dependencies involving
interrogative words. An example in English is the dependency formed between
what and the object position of doing in "What are you doing?" Wh/operation as
follows:
We move the wh/word accompanied by its complement category, or with no
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Complement to the front plus reversing the subject -aux For

example:
Which whiskey do you like ?

Explanation
First : what rules do we have in this sentence ?
There is a yes no question rule ( because there is a question mark ?)
Also we have “do support rule” (there is “do”)
And wh movement (because it begins with wh ),and affix hopping(obligatory rule)
Correct arrangement:
Wh movement
Yes no question
Do support
Affix hopping
Let’s apply the rules
First change the sentence to an active declarative sentence Ad
:you like which whiskey.
First, we will apply the rule of wh movement:
SD : you present like which whiskey
1 2 3
SC:. 3. 1. 2
Which whiskey you present like
As you may have noticed, We move the wh/word accompanied by its
complement category (which whiskey),not just (which) Apply the
“yes no question” rule :
In a yes no question, we move the first two elements of aux
In this example, we just have “present ”as an auxiliary
Therefore, we will only transfer the "present”
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SD :. Which whiskey you present like

X 1. 2. 3
SC:. X 2. 1. 3
Which whiskey Present you like?
Obviously, the affix “present” cannot stand alone in this case. Therefore, the need
for another rule is necessary. The rule to be applied next is Do support:
Apply the “do support “ rule :
SD : which whiskey Present you like?
X. 1. 2
SC: x. 1#do. 2
Which whiskey Present do you like ?
The application of the “ affix hopping” rule SD
: which whiskey Present do you like?
X. 1. 2. Y
SC:. X. 2+1. Y
Which whiskey do+present you like?
After the application of the morphophonemic rules ,the outcome is :
SS: which whiskey do you like?

Wh movement rule:
SD :X tense +….. Wh
1. 2. 3
SC: 3 1. 2
Example
SD : you present have-en do what
1. 2. 3
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SC : 3 1 2
What you present have-en do

Dative movement:
The term dative movement has been used to refer to the transformation that
relates a prepositional indirect-object construction (The girl gave milk to the cat)
to a double-object construction (The girl gave the cat milk), especially in English
(e.g. Erteschik-Shir 1979).
Dative movement or dative shift refers to a pattern in which the
subcategorization of a verb can take on two alternating forms, the oblique dative
form or the double object construction form.

Dative Movement has the effect of moving the indirect object to the position
immediately following the dative verb and deleting the preposition to or for".

Verbs that take two objects or can be called dative verbs: give, show, tell, send,
write, offer, pay… How to apply it ?
Example:
Hajar showed her sister the picture
As usual, there is dative movement and affix hopping:
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If we want to change it to an active declarative sentence,we should add “to”or for

So ,the active declarative of this sentence is :
Ad : Hajar showed the picture to her sister
In the second step,we will apply the rule of dative movement:
SD : Hajar past show the picture to her sister.
X. 1. 2. 3. 4

SC: X 1. 4+2
Hajar past show her sister+the picture
The application of the “ affix hopping” rule
SD: Hajar past show her sister the picture
X. 1. 2. Y
SC: X. 2+ 1. Y
Hajar Show + past her sister the picture
After the application of the morphophonemic rules ,the outcome is :
SS: Hajar showed her sister the picture.

Complex np shift :
Complex NP Shift is a kind of movement in which we invert the NP with the PP.
Shift means there is no deletion of any elements of the sentence.

Let’s take an example:

Adam sent to Sara the paper which he had written From the library.
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First thing, change it to an active declarative sentence:

Ad :Adam sent the paper which he had written from the library to sara .
Apply the “ complex np shift” rule :
SD : Adam past send the paper which he had written from the library to Sara.
1 2. 3. 4
SC: 1 2. 4 +. 3
Adam past Send to Sara+ the paper which he had written from the
library.
The application of the “ affix hopping” rule :
SD : Adam past send to Sara the paper which he had written from library.
X. 1. 2. Y
SC:. X. 2+1. Y
Adam send +past to Sara the paper which he had written from library After
the application of the morphophonemic rules ,the outcome is :
SS: Adam sent to Sara the paper which he had written from the library.

Imperative rule
An imperative sentence is a sentence that expresses a direct command, request,
invitations, warning, or instruction. Imperative sentences do not have a subject;
instead, a directive is given to an implied second person. For example, the
sentence “Wash the dinner plates” commands the implied subject to wash the
dishes
Examples:
Wash the dinner plates
Leave the house
Move the table
These examples need a subject, because every sentence needs a subject
In these examples, there is an omission of the np subject
And the deletion of modal
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The omitted subject is “you “ and the Modal shall be either “will “or “shall”
Let’s add the subject and the Modal to the sentences You
will wash the dinner plates.
You will leave the house.
You will move the table.

Explanations :
As we have seen with all the rules,we apply the affix hopping rule at the end But
in the imperative rule,we have to apply the affix hopping first
Why?
Because in the imperative rule,we will delete “you” and “will”
And if we apply affix hopping after it , there’s no affix to hop “leave the house “
That’s why ,we should use affix hopping then apply the imperative rule:

Let’s work on the examples above :

Wash the dinner plates
As we said, add the subject and modal
Change sentence to an active declarative sentence
Ad : you will wash the dinner
The application of the “ affix hopping” rule
SD : you present will wash the dinner plates
X 1. 2. Y
SC:. X. 2. +. 1. Y
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You. will+ present wash the dinner plates.

Apply the “ imperative rule “:
SD : you will wash the dinner plates

1. 2. 3
SC:. 3
Wash the dinner plates.

SS: wash the dinner plates

2-leave the house
Ad: you will leave the house
The application of the “ affix hopping” rule
SD: you present will leave the house
X. 1. 2. Y
SC:. X. 2+1. Y
You. Will+ present leave the house
Apply the “ imperative rule”: SD: you
will leave the house

1. 2. 3

SC: 3
Leave the house
SS: leave the house

Reflexivization rule :
In grammar, reflexivity is a property of syntactic constructs whereby two
arguments of an action or relation expressed by a single predicate have the same
reference. Reflexivity may be expressed by means of: reflexive pronouns or
reflexive verbs.
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Reflexivization: Changes a direct object of a verb into a reflexive pronoun (with –

self at the end) when the subject and the object refer to the same individual or
individuals:
For example:
I hurt myself.
John shot himself.

Let’s apply the rule

Ad : I hurt me
Apply the “ Reflexivization rule”: SD:
I present hurt me

1. 2. 3. 4
SC: 1. 2. 3. 4+self
I present hurt me+self

The application of the “ affix hopping” rule

SD: I present hurt myself
X 1. 2. Y
SC : X. 2+1. Y
I hurt + present myself
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After the application of the morphophonemic rules ,the outcome is :

SS: I hurt myself

There insertion rule:

There-insertion is a operation which inserts expletive there in the first,
presumably the subject position of an existential sentence.
There”-Insertion: Changes a structure with an indefinite subject + be + location
construction into an equivalent structure beginning with an inserted word there,
with the former indefinite subject placed after the verb be:

There is a fly in my soup (compare: A fly is in my soup). There were many

mistakes in the report (compare: Many mistakes were in the report).
Description: This transformation is used to move new or unknown information
from NP to position after AUX input. The words used in this construction are only
placeholders. There is nothing to “mark” and the pronunciation is usually
unstressed or low. Pay attention to the correspondence between the main
subject and the subject-verb (the first sentence is blurry, the error is in the second
sentence). If BE is the main verb, BE-MainV-Raising is raised to AUX.

For example:
There is a fly in my soup.
Change the sentence to an active declarative sentence
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Ad: a fly is in my soup

Apply the rule of there insertion :

SD: a fly present be in my soup

1. 2. 3. 4
SC: there 2 3+1 4
There present be +a fly in my soup
The application of the “ affix hopping” rule

SD: there present be a fly in my soup

X. 1. 2. Y
SC:. X. 2. +. 1. Y
There. be+present a fly in my soup
After the application of the morphophonemic rules ,the outcome is :
SS: there is a fly in my soup

Tag -question rule:

Tag Question: Creates a copy and an inverted version of a subject + AUX (verb)
string, changes the “polarity” of the AUX, and attaches the entire string to the end
of a sentence:

He should arrive on time, shouldn’t he? He doesn’t love you, does he? They
love you, don’t they? He was walking in the park, wasn’t he? The man was not
being shot at, was he?
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For example:
He should arrive on time, shouldn’t he?
Change the sentence to an active declarative:
Ad: he should arrive on time.
We will start with the affix hopping rule :

SD : he past shall arrive on time

X. 1. 2. Y
SC :. X. 2. +. 1. Y
He. Shall +past arrive on time

Apply the “ tag -question “rule:

SD: he should arrive on time

1 2 3
SC : 1. 2 3. , 2 #n’t+1
He should arrive on time , shouldn’t +he?
So ,the outcome of this sentence is :
SS: he should arrive on time, shouldn’t he?
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Conclusion

In conclusion, Transformational Generative Grammar is an approach to linguistics

developed most notably by Noam Chomsky that says that a common element in
the syntax of every language is that there is a deep structure and a surface
structure that are related to one another by means of transformations.

Exercises and their corrections

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Exams
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Good luck 🤞

Transformation
Generative
Grammar