A PROJECT REPORT ON

TRANSFORMER PROTECTION
A dissertation -1

Submitted for partial fulfillment of the requirements for the award of the Master
degree of Master of Technology in Electrical Engineering (With

Specialization in Power System)

Submitted by :
Guided by :
Govind Parashar
Mr. Prateek Tiwari
(Assistant Professor) Enrollment:- 23E2RCPSM40P603
Department of Electrical Engineering Roll N:- 23ERCPS603
Power System

Department of Electrical Engineering

Regional Collage For Education Research & Technology,
Jaipur, India
Rajasthan Technical University, Kota

May 2024
 CERTIFICATE

This is to certify, Mr. GOVIND PARASHAR of IInd. Semester M.Tech. (Power System), have
worked for their project entitled as TRANSFORMER PROTECTION UNDER my
guidance being submitted in partial fulfillment of award of degree of M.Tech from
Rajasthan Technical University, Kota during the session 2023-2024.

Date: Mr. Prateek Tiwari

Assistant Professor
(Project Guide)

epartment of Electrical Engineering/RCERT Page | ii

 ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

The satisfaction and euphoria that accompany the successful completion of any work will
be incomplete unless we mention the names of these people who made it possible, whose
valuable guidance and encouragement served as a beacon light and crowned the efforts
with success.

We express our earnest gratitude to our internal guide, Mr. Prateek Tiwari, Assistant
Professor, Department of Electrical Engineering, RCERT, our project guide, for his
constant support encouragement and guidance. We are grateful for his cooperation and
his valuable suggestion.

Finally, we express our gratitude to all other members who are involved either directly or
indirectly for completion of this project.

Govind Parashar

Roll No:- 23ERCPS603

Department of Electrical Engineering/RCERT Page | iii

Transformer Protection
Table of Contents
Section I 1

Introduction 1

Section 2 2

Electrical Protection 2

Transformer Over Current Protection 3

Transformer Through Fault Withstand Standards 3

Transformer Differential Protection 6

Factors to be Considered 6

Transformer Differential Relay 7

Transformer Differential Relay Connections 7

Example - Transformer Differential Relay Connection 7

Section III 10

Gas Analysis 10

References: 11
Transformer Protection

Section I
Introduction
The primary objective of the Transformer Protection is to detect internal faults in the
transformer with a high degree of sensitivity and cause subsequent de-energisation and, at the same time
be immune to faults external to the transformer i.e. through faults. Sensitive detection and
deenergisation enables the fault damage and hence necessary repairs to be limited. However, it should
be able to provide back up protection in case of through faults on the system, as these could lead to
deterioration and accelerated aging, and/or failure of the transformer winding insulation due to over
heating and high impact forces caused in the windings due to high fault currents. In addition to the
internal faults, abnormal system conditions such as over excitation, over voltage and loss of cooling can
lead to deterioration and accelerated aging or internal failure of the transformer. Hence protection again
these failures should be considered in as part of the comprehensive transformer protection scheme.

Transformer protection can be broadly categorized as electrical protection implemented by

sensing mainly the current through it, but also voltage and frequency and, as mechanical protection
implemented by sensing operational parameters like oil pressure/ level, gas evolved, oil & winding
temperature.

Like in most things in Transformer Protection too, the extent of protective devices applied to a
particular Transformer is dictated by the economics of the protection scheme vis-à-vis the probability
of a particular type of failure and the cost of replacing and repairing the transformer as well the
possibility of the failure leading to damage of adjacent equipment or infrastructure. Failure costs
include all the direct and indirect costs associated with it. The protection scheme cost includes the cost
of the protective device but is mainly the cost of the disconnecting device i.e. the Circuit Breaker and
other auxiliaries like batteries and necessary infrastructure. Further the life cycle cost is taken into
account.

There are no strict guidelines as to what protection devices should be used for a particular
transformer. However, typically Transformers below 5000 KVA (Category I & II) are protected using
Fuses. Transformers above 10,000KVA (Category III & IV) have more sensitive internal fault detection
by using a combination of protective devices as shown in Figure 1. For ratings between the above a
protection scheme is designed considering the service criticality, availability of standby transformers,
potential of hazardous damage to adjacent equipment and people etc.

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Transformer Protection

Section 2
Electrical Protection
The electrical protection of the Transformer comprises of the following and each is elaborated
further.
• Fused Protection
• Differential Current Protection

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Transformer Protection

• Over Current Protection

• Over Excitation Protection
• Over Voltage Protection

Transformer Over Current Protection

Over current protection is commonly used for protection from phase and ground faults. It’s
used as primary protection where differential protection is not used – typically for category I & II
transformers and as backup protection if differential protection has been used – typically for category
III & IV transformers. The protection zone of over current devices is normally more than the
transformer. Hence they are part of the system protection and need to be coordinated with the other
system protection devices.

Typically, fuses are used as primary protection for transformers below 10MVA. Above 10MVA
over current relays are used as back up along with differential relays as primary protection for
transformers. Instantaneous over current relays are also used for back up where differential relays have
been used. Typically they are set to 150% to 200% of the maximum of
1. Magnetising current inrush (If harmonic restraint is not used)
2. Short time load – Cold Pickup
3. Maximum 3 phase short circuit current

Transformer Through Fault Withstand Standards

The philosophy of transformer over current protection is to limit the fault current below the
transformer through fault with stand capability. The fault withstand capability in turn is based on the
possibility of mechanical of the windings due to the fault current, rather than on thermal characteristics
of the transformer.
The fault withstand capability is defined by the IEEE standard C57.91 – 1995 and is
summarized below
Transformer Rating –
KVA
b
Dotted Curves Apply From
1 Phase 3 Phase

25 – 501, where

==
I 5 – 500 15 – 500 a – 1250 f 1250 t 2 at
2
60 Hz
60I I
a 70% – 100% of max possible fault where I2t =
II 501 – 1,667 501- 5,000 or 10
a+b K , K is determined at max I; where t = 2
a 50% – 100% of max possible fault where I2t =
1668 – 5,001 –
III or 5
10,000 30,000 a+c K , K is determined at max I; where t = 2
IV > 10,000 > 30,000 a+c – As Above

Note:

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Transformer Protection

a)
It’s classified as Frequent Faults if the number of faults over the transformer life time is more than the
number shown. Else it’s classified as infrequent faults.
For category II & III the frequent fault curve may be used for backup protection in case it’s exposed
to frequent faults, but is protected by high speed primary relays
See Figure 3 – Guide to determine fault frequency

b)
I, symmetrical short circuit current in per unit of normal base current based on minimum nameplate
KVA rating; t, time in seconds; f, frequency in HZ.

For Category I frequent & For Category II frequent

Category II & III infrequent

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Transformer Protection

For Category III Frequent Figure 3 Guide to Fault Frequency

& Category IV infrequent
The procedure to decide on, over current protection rating, as per the transformer fault
withstand ratings is as follows:
1. Determine the transformer category from the above table
2. If in category II or III determine if it will be subject to faults frequently or
infrequently. Use figure 3 – Guide to fault frequency
3. Based up on the above determine the curve applicable
4. Replot the curve determined in step 3 specifically for the transformer under
consideration using the secondary or the primary amperes as the abscissa, secondary
amperes is preferred for coordination with down stream protective devices.
5. Select the proper fuses or relays – tap, time dial setting etc such that coordination is
maintained and within the within the transformer withstand curve determined above.
The determination of the transformer fault withstand curve using above procedure is
explained using an example below: Example:
Consider a 3 phase, 2500KVA, 12KV/ 480V, Z - 5.75%, ∆/Y transformer. The transformer has
fuse protection on the primary side and a direct acting main secondary CB.
1. Category –
Category II - from the table above
2. Fault Frequency – infrequent From figure 3 and the data given
3. Curve Applicable – (a) Using 1 & 2 and curve applicability
4. Curve Plot
To plot the curve we determine the points as follows.
Z = 5.75% = 0.0575pu
V 1

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Transformer Protection

Max 3phase short circuit current I = = =17.93pu

Z 0.0575
1250 1250

==
Max withstand time curve ends point t 2 2 = 4.13sec
I 17.93
We now need to determine the points on the curve. The points above the dashed line
can be directly determined from the standard curve. The points on the dashed part of
the curve up to the end point as determined above are determined using the 1250
=
equation t 2. Some of the points are tabulated below:
I
Current PU
Time –t from Current PU From
Curve From Curve Current @ 480V
(a) (a) 1250
I= t
1000 2.3 6,916 500 2.8 8,419
300 3.0 9,021
100 4.0 12,028 50 5.0 15,035
12.5 10.0 30,070
4.13 17.39 52,296

Transformer Differential Protection

Factors to be Considered
Differential Protection provides the best overall protection. However in case of ungrounded or
high impedance grounding it cannot provide ground fault protection. Differential protection is normally
applied to Transformers 10MVA and above or depending upon its criticality.
The following factors affect the differential current in transformers and should be considered
while applying differential protection. These factors can result in a differential current even under
balanced power in & out conditions
1. Magnetising inrush current – The normal magnetizing current drawn is 2 – 5% of the
rated current. However during Magnetising inrush the current can be as high as 8 – 30
times the rated current for typically 10 cycles, depending upon the transformer and system
resistance.
2. Over excitation – This normally of concern in generator – transformer units. But it can
also be of concern in certain transmission transformers where line capacitance is dominant
and light load conditions can lead to high voltage on the transformer. Transformers are
typically designed to operate just below the flux saturation level. Any further increase from
the max permissible voltage level (or Voltage / Frequency ratio), could lead to saturation of
the core, in turn leading to substantial increase in the excitation current drawn by the
transformer.

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Transformer Protection

3. CT Saturation – External fault currents can lead to CT saturation. This can cause relay
operating current to flow due to distortion of the saturated CT current. Alternatively the
harmonic current present in the saturated CT can cause a delay in the operation of the
differential relay during internal faults.
Proper selection of CT ratios is essential to minimize problems due to the saturation. CT
selection is discussed later
4. Different primary and secondary voltage levels, that is the primary & secondary CT’s are
of different types and ratios
5. Phase displacement in Delta-Wye transformers.
6. Transformer voltage control taps
7. Phase shift or voltage taps in regulating transformers

Transformer Differential Relay

To account for the above variables less sensitive Percentage Differential Relays with percentage
characteristics in the range of 15 to 60% are applied to transformers. Additionally, in modern
microprocessor and numeric relays harmonic restraints can be applied.
The second harmonic is the dominant harmonic in the magnetic inrush current. Hence a second
harmonic restraint is utilised to prevent the relay from operating during the inrush.
The excitation current contains high magnitudes of the odd harmonic, typically 25% of the third
component and 11% of the fifth component. The fifth component is utilised to sense over excitation. If
an over excitation relay has been applied, the fifth harmonic signal is used to block the differential trip
signal so as to have easy fault discrimination during trip analysis. Otherwise, it is used to restraint the
relay operation.
In addition to the fixed the percentage differential relays, variable percentage relays are also used.
In this case, the percentage restraint increases as the transformer through current increases. This limits
the adverse effect of CT saturation if any.

Transformer Differential Relay Connections

The following rules are to be followed for connecting a transformer differential relay; the
fundamental rule being all the currents into and from the differential zone should be accounted for 1
unit per phase:
1. The number of restraint windings used should be at least equal to the number of
transformer windings.
2. A restraint winding should be used for each fault source.
3. If feeder side CT’s are paralleled, they should be done carefully.
The current through the relay restraint windings should be in phase as well as the current
difference (i.e. current through the relay operating winding) should be small (ideally zero) for load and
through fault conditions. The way to method to achieve this is a two step process as below:
1. Phasing By suitably using Wye or Delta CT units to ensure that the primary and
secondary currents through the relay restraint windings are in phase.
2. Ratio Adjustment Having decided on the CT connections, the CT ratio and/ or the
relay tap is selected so as to have minimum relay operating current. The above process
is illustrated by the example below

Example - Transformer Differential Relay Connection

Consider a 138/69KV, 75 MVA, ∆/Y transformer as shown below.

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Transformer Protection

Step 1 – Phasing
The first step is to connect the CT’s so that the currents in the restraint windings are in phase.
There are to ways that this can be tried –
a) Connecting the ∆ side (ABC) CT’s in ∆ and the Y side (abc) CT’s in Y. However, in
case of a through ground fault, the secondary Y CT’s would circulate the zero sequence
currents through the restraint winding and as the HV primary windings are ∆
connected the corresponding zero sequence current would flow through the ∆ and the
same would not be sensed by the primary CT’s and hence the primary restraint
winding. This would lead to a current difference and cause the relay to operate on a
through fault. Therefore this would not be a correct option.
b) Connect ∆ side (ABC) CT’s in Y and, the Y side (abc) CT’s in ∆. In this case the zero
sequence currents would be restricted within the CT ∆ on the abc side and within the
main winding ∆ on the ABC side. Thus no zero sequence would flow through the
restraint winding and the balance maintained.

Next the CT’s must be connected so that the currents are in phase. Do this we assume balanced
current to be flowing through the transformer. Though we can assume flow in any direction it’s easier to
start with the Wye side. Assume Ia, Ib and Ic to be flowing out of the marked polarity this will cause the
current in the respective ∆ side windings to be (Ia – Ib), (Ib – Ic) and (Ic – Ia) and into the polarity
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Transformer Protection

marked. The corresponding (ABC) CT current in the respective phase A, B & C restraint winding would
be (Ia – Ib), (Ib – Ic) and (Ic – Ia) and flowing from left to right as shown in figure 3. To maintain the
same phase in the ‘abc’ restraint windings the current in these should be the same i.e. (Ia – Ib), (Ib – Ic)
and (Ic – Ia) and flowing from left to right. The same can be obtained by connecting the abc side CT’s in
∆ as shown in the figure 3.
Step 2 – CT Ratio and Tap selection
Differential relay restraint winding’s typically have taps whereby difference in the restraint
current ratio can be set in the range of 2:1 or 3:1. The mismatch in the restraint currents is defined by

⎛ IIHL − TTHL ⎞
M =100× Abs⎜ ⎟%
⎝ S ⎠
Where:

IH = High Side Current

IL = Low Side Current
TH = High SideTap
TL = Low SideTap

S = Smaller Ratio of I
IHL & TTHL
Continuing with the transformer in our example
75000
IH == 313.8A at 138KV
3 138× Choosing
CT ratio as 400:5

IH = = 3.92A at CT Secondary And IL == 627.6A at 69KV

3×69
Choosing CT ratio as 700:5

IL = = 4.48A at CT Secondary and

IL = 3×4.48 = 7.59A at restraint winding
Now

IH = 3.92 = 0.516
IL 7.59
Let’s assume that we select relay taps as
T
TH =1 & L=2

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Transformer Protection

Therefore

1
TH = = 0.5

TL 2
Using the mismatch equation M =100×

Abs⎛⎜⎜ IHL − TTHL ⎞⎟⎟ I

⎝ S ⎠
We get
⎛ 0.516−0.5⎞
M =100× Abs⎜ ⎟ M = 3.2
⎝ 0.5 ⎠
Transformer differential relays typically have percentage characteristic in the range of 20 to
60%. Thus the mismatch factor of 3.2% is highly acceptable as there is an ample margin to account for
unforeseen mismatch due to CT saturation and other errors.

Effect of Voltage Changing Taps

Power transformers typically have taps to change the nominal voltage ratio by ±10%. In this
case, the procedure remains the same only that all the calculations are carried out at the nominal
voltages. To the mismatch factor so obtained, half the adjustable range is added to obtain the final
mismatch percentage.
In our example, considering the voltage adjustable range ±10% by tap, the final mismatch
would be
M = + =3.2 10 13.2%

Section III
Gas Analysis
In oil immersed transformers different types of gases are generated due to different faults or due
to degradation of different materials in the transformer. The major advantage of this gas evolution is that
substantial amount of gas is evolved even for very incipient faults or material degradations. Thus
analysis of this gas forms a very important means for monitoring the health of the transformer or for
determining the fault in case of a fault.
The gas evolved is present dissolved in the oil. The gas is analyzed either online in case of such
systems have been installed on the transformer. Alternatively, oil samples are periodically withdrawn
and the oil is analysed in a lab. The periodicity depends on the size and criticality of the transformer. In

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Transformer Protection

case a Gas Accumulation Relay (Buchholz Relay) is installed. These gases do get accumulated in it. Gas
samples or gas relays can be used in this case.
The implication of a few of the gases that may be observed in the oil is mentioned below.
Actual cause analysis is done by observing the ratio in which these gases are observed and is beyond the
scope of this report.
Hydrogen is generated by Corona or partial discharges. In conjunction with other gases observed
with it the source of the discharge can be determined
Ethylene is associated with thermal degradation of oil. Trace quantities of methane and ethane
are generated at 150° C. Ethylene is generated in significant quantities at 300° C.
Carbon dioxide &Carbon monoxide are evolved on when cellulose (paper) insulation gets over
heated.
Acetylene is produced significant quantities by arcing in oil

References:
1. Protective Relaying Principles and Applications, 3rd Edition by J Lewis Blackburn &
Thomas J Domin
2. IEEE Std. C37.91-2000
IEEE Guide for Protective Relay Applications to Power Transformers

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 Transformer Protec on Principles
1. Introduc on • on-load tap changer failures (mechanical, electrical, short
circuit, overhea ng)
Transformers are a cri cal and expensive component of the
power system. Due to the long lead me for repair of and Condi ons Protec on Philosophy
replacement of transformers, a major goal of transformer Internal
protec on is limi ng the damage to a faulted transformer.
Some protec on func ons, such as overexcita on protec on
Winding Phase-Phase, Differen al (87T), overcurrent (51,
and temperature-based protec on may aid this goal by
Phase-Ground faults 51N)
iden fying opera ng condi ons that may cause transformer Restricted ground fault protec on
failure. The comprehensive transformer protec on (87RGF)
provided by mul ple func on protec ve relays is appropriate
Winding inter-turn Differen al (87T), Buchholz relay,
for cri cal transformers of all applica ons. faults

Core insula on failure, Differen al (87T), Buchholz relay, sudden

shorted lamina ons pressure relay

Tank faults Differen al (87T), Buchholz relay and

tank-ground protec on

Overfluxing Volts/Hz (24)

External

Overloads Thermal (49)

Overvoltage Overvoltage (59)

2. Transformer Protec on Overview

Overfluxing Volts/Hz (24)
The type of protec on for the transformers varies
depending on the applica on and the importance of the
External system short Time overcurrent (51, 51G),
transformer. Transformers are protected primarily against circuits Instantaneous overcurrent (50, 50G)
faults and overloads. The type of protec on used should
minimize the me of disconnec on for faults within the • abnormal opera ng condi ons (overfluxing, overloading,
transformer and to reduce the risk of catastrophic failure overvoltage)
to simplify eventual repair. Any extended opera on of the • external faults
transformer under abnormal condi on such as faults or
overloads compromises the life of the transformer, which
means adequate protec on should be provided for quicker 4. Innova ve GE Mul lin Solu ons to Transformer
isola on of the transformer under such condi ons.
Protec on Applica ons

3. Transformer Failures 4.1 Differen al Characteris c

Failures in transformers can be classified into The major opera ng challenge to transformer differen al protec
• winding failures due to short circuits (turn-turn faults, on is maintaining security during CT satura on for external
phase-phase faults, phase-ground, open winding) faults while maintaining sensi vity to detect low magnitude
internal faults. CT satura on reduces the secondary output
• core faults (core insula on failure, shorted lamina ons) current from the CT, and causes a false differen al current to
• terminal failures (open leads, loose connec ons, short appear to the relay. GE Mul lin differen al relays meet this
circuits) challenge in the following ways:
• the restraint current is based on the maximum
measured winding current, as opposed to the
tradi onal magnitude sum of the currents. This
ensures ideal restraint for the actual fault condi
on, balancing sensi vity and security.
• the differen al element uses a dual slope-dual
breakpoint characteris c. The differen al element
can be set to account for both DC and AC satura
on of the CTs, ensuring security, while

Transformer Protec on Principles

maintaining sensi vity.
Available in the T60, T35.

45
4.2 Inrush Inhibit during Transformer Energiza
on:
The transformer energiza on resembles the condi on of
an internal fault. If no inhibi ng mechanism is provided,
the differen al element will trip. The magne zing inrush
current nd nd has significant 2 harmonic
content. The level of 2 harmonic current can be
used to differen ate between inrush and a fault condi on.
The UR T60 and T35 GE Mul lin nd transformer relays use
two different 2 harmonic modes to inhibit the
differen al element for inrush.
nd nd
Tradi onal 2 harmonic blocking – The tradi onal 2
harmonic restraint responds to the ra o of the
magnitudes of nd the 2 harmonic and the
fundamental frequency currents. nd nd
Ground fault current
Adap ve 2 harmonic blocking– The adap ve 2 harmonic
for impedance grounded neutral transformer for faults at different % of the winding.
blocking responds to both magnitudes and phase angles
of the nd
2 harmonic and the fundamental frequency currents. 46
The differen al element correctly dis nguishes between An alterna ve method for inrush inhibit is also available, where either
faults and nd transformer energiza on, when the 2 current, voltage, or breaker status is used to indicate a deenergized
harmonic current is nd nd less than the entered 2
transformer. The threshold can be lowered during energiza on of the
harmonic se ng. While levels of 2 harmonic during
inrush o en do not go below 20%, many nd transformers transformer as indicated either by breaker contact, current or voltage
are suscep ble of genera ng lower 2 nd harmonic sensing, and will last for a se able me delay. This allows se ngs of less
current during energiza on. Se ng the 2 harmonic than 20% for inrush inhibit during transformer energiza on.
restraint below 20% may result in incorrect inhibit of the Available in the 745.
differen al element during some internal fault events.
The
nd 4.3 Sensi ve Ground Fault Protec on to limit Transformer
adap ve 2 harmonic blocking allows se ngs in the tradi onal Damage
20% range, while maintaining the security of the differen
al element against inrush. Available in the T60, T35. Differen al and overcurrent protec on do not provide adequate protec
on for wye-connected windings with grounded neutrals. Faults close
to the neutral produces lesser fault current as shown by the current
distribu on curve. The restricted ground fault func on can be used to
provide differen al protec on for such ground faults, down to faults at
5% of the transformer winding. Restricted ground fault protec on can
be a low impedance differen al func on or a high impedance differen

Transformer Protec on Principles

al func on. The low impedance func on has the advantage temperature may be directly measured, or calculated from the
to being able to precisely set the sensi vity to meet the ambient temperature, load current, and transformer characteris cs.
applica on requirement. This sensi ve protec on limits the In addi on, the calcula ons may use a monthly model of ambient
damage to the transformer to allow quicker repair. The temperature, elimina ng the need for external connec ons to the
restricted ground fault element uses adap ve restraint transformer and relay. This winding hot-spot temperature and
based on symmetrical components to provide security transformer loss of life informa on is used in thermal overload protec
during external phase faults with on to provide alarming or tripping when unacceptable degrada on
of the transformer winding insula on is occurring.
Available in 745, T60.
significant CT error. This permits the func on to maximize sensi
vity without any me delay. Available in the 745, T60.
4.6 Applica on Capabili es
4.4 Overflux Protec on GE Mul lin transformer protec on relays are suitable for different
transformer protec on applica ons, including medium voltage and
Transformer overfluxing can be a result of
high voltage transformers of any size, dual secondary transformers,
• Overvoltage auto-transformers, three-winding transformers, transformers with
dual-breaker terminals.
• Low system frequency
In addi on, these relays are designed for both new and retrofit
installa ons. New installa ons typically use wye-connected CTs, and
A transformer is designed to operate at or below a internally compensate the measured currents for the phase shi of
maximum magne c flux density in the transformer core. the protected transformer. Tradi onal installa ons may use delta-
Above this design limit the eddy currents in the core and connected or wye-connected CTs that externally compensate the
nearby conduc ve components cause overhea ng which measured currents for the phase shi of the protected transformer.
within a very short me may cause severe damage. The GE Mul lin accommodates both methods as simple configura on se
magne c flux in the core is propor onal to the voltage ngs.
applied to the winding divided by the impedance of the
Beyond these typical applica ons, GE Mul lin transformer protec on relays
winding. The flux in the core increases with either
can be applied on more advanced applica ons.
increasing voltage or decreasing frequency. During startup
or shutdown of generator-connected transformers, or
following a load rejec on, the transformer may experience 4.7 Phase shi transformers
an excessive ra o of volts to hertz, that is, become Phase shi transformers – phase shi transformers purposely introduce
overexcited. When a transformer core is overexcited, the a variable phase shi between the primary and secondary voltage. This
core is opera ng in a non-linear magne c region, and creates phase shi is not a mul ple of 30 degree, but is adjustable in small
harmonic components in the exci ng current. A significant increments, to allow operators to change the phase angle between
amount of current at the 5th harmonic is characteris c of parts of the power system to control power flow in the system. GE
overexcita on. Mul lin relays are successfully applied for protec ng phase shi ing
Available in the 745, T60, and T35. transformers.
4.5 Winding hot-spot temperature protec on
4. Split-phase autotransformers
The transformer winding hot-spot temperature is another
quan ty that should be used for protec on of transformers. Split-phase autotransformers – are single-phase autotransformers
Protec on based on winding hot-spot temperature can connected in parallel to make a large three-phase bank. The differen
poten ally prevent short circuits and catastrophic al protec on from GE Mul lin can be used to iden fy turnturn faults in
transformer failure, as excessive winding hot-spot one of the auto-transformers without opera ng the en re bank.
temperatures cause degrada on and eventual failure of the
winding insula on. The ambient temperature, transformer
loading, and transformer design determine the winding 5. Typical applica ons
temperature. Temperature based protec on func ons
alarm or trip when certain temperature condi ons are met. This sec on highlights some typical applica on of GE Mul lin
GE Mul lin relays use IEEE C57.91 compliant thermal transformer protec on relays. This sec on is not intended as a
models to calculate the winding hot-spot temperature and comprehensive list of possible applica ons. For ques ons about the
the loss of life of the winding insula on. The top-oil correct relay for a specific applica on, please contact GE Mul lin.

Transformer Protec on Principles

 4
7

Func ons Typical Product Order Code

Typical Func ons T60-N00-HCH-FN-H6P-MXX-PXX-UXX-WXX

T35-N00-HCH-FN-H6P-MXX-PXX-UXX-WXX
745-W2-P5-G5-HI-T

86
Lockout

Transformer Protec on Principles

 + Voltage and Power metering
auxiliary 67 T60-N00-HCH-FL-H6P-MN-PXX-UXX-WXX
Direc onal overcurrent T35-N00-HCH-FL-H6P-MN-PXX-UXX-WXX
745-W2-P5-G5-HI-T 50/51
Overcurrent
and short circuit 24 + Addi onal Func ons
Volts per Hertz (87G, 67, 24, 59) T60-N00-HCH-FL-H6P-MN-PXX-UXX-WXX
(both windings)
745-W2-P5-G5-HI-R-T
59
Overvoltage
Lockout 50G
Ground fault Standalone
Integrated V, S
Voltage and Power metering HEA61-A-RU-220-X2
T35-N00-HPH-FN-H6P-MXX-P4L-UXX-WXX
T60-N00-HPH-FN-H6P-MXX-P4L-UXX-WXX

Power Transformers, HV Windings, Dual-Breaker Source Typical Func ons Addi onal Func ons

87T Differen al 87RGF Restricted Ground Fault

86 Lockout auxiliary 67 Direc onal overcurrent
50/51 Overcurrent and short circuit 24 Volts per Hertz
(two windings)
59 Overvoltage
50G Ground fault
V, S Voltage and Power metering

Func ons Typical Product Order Code

Typical Func ons T60-N00-HCH-FL-H6P-MN-PXX-UXX-WXX

T35-N00-HCH-FL-H6P-MN-PXX-UXX-WXX

+ Voltage and Power metering T60-N00-HCH-FL-H6P-MN-PXX-UXX-WXX

T35-N00-HCH-FL-H6P-MN-PXX-UXX-WXX

+ Addi onal Func ons T60-N00-HCH-FL-H6P-MN-PXX-UXX-WXX

Lockout
Standalone
Integrated HEA61-A-RU-220-X2
T35-N00-HPH-FL-H6P-MN-P4L-UXX-WXX
T60-N00-HPH-FL-H6P-MN-P4L-UXX-WXX

Transformer Protec on Principles

Transformer Protec on Principles
Transformer Protec on Principles
 Thanks
Submitted by :
GOVIND PARASHAR
Enrollment:- 23E2RCPSM40P603
Roll NO: - 23ERCPS603

Power System

Transformer Protec on Principles