Te ach Ele ctr on ics Pr og r am

Kit + Curricul um + Support

Classroom Circuit Workbook

• email: [email protected] • website: www.mandlabs.com

List of Components in KIT-1 Premium Edition:

S. No. Piece/Component Quan'ty

1 Breadboard GL-12 1
2 Mini BreadBoard KH-102 1
3 Wire Cu\er and Stripper 1
4 Screw Driver 1
5 Mastech Mul_meter 1
6 9V Carbon Zinc Ba\ery 2
7 1.5V Carbon Zinc Ba\ery 2
8 Relay (12V DC) 2
9 DC Motor 1
10 Micro (Bump) Switch 1
11 Poten_ometer (10K) 1
12 SPDT (Single Pole Double Throw) Switch 2
13 Jumper Wire Pack 1
14 Jumper Wire (Rolls- Red, Black, Green, Blue) 4
15 LED 5 mm W/R SB 10
16 LED 5 mm W/O SB 10
17 LED 5 mm W/B SB 10
18 LED 5mm W/PG 10
19 Diode 4007 5
20 Zener Diode 5V6 2
21 Motor Propeller 1
22 NPN Transistor (547B) 5
23 PNP Transistor (557B) 5
24 Capacitor- 1MFD 2
25 Capacitor-100 MFD 2
26 Capacitor-1000 MFD 2
27 Capacitor- 10pF 2
28 Capacitor- 10 MFD 2
29 LDR 2
30 Preset-1K 1
31 Preset-10K 2
32 Preset-50K 1
33 Preset-100k 1
34 Buzzer HYDZ 1
35 Resistor- 5.6R 5
36 Resistor- 100R 5
37 Resistor- 330R 5
Copyright 2019@Mand Labs. All Rights Reserved. 3O
 38 Resistor- 1K 5
38 Resistor-10K 5
39 Resistor- 220K 5
40 Resistor- 1M 5
41 Resistor- 10M 5
42 Resistor- 100k 5
43 Push Bu\on Switch 5
44 IR LED 5 mm 2
45 Photodiode 5 mm 2
46 Thermistor NTC 502 2
47 Cell Holder 1
48 Inductor Coil 1
49 Book-1 1
50 Book-2 1
51 Flash Drive 1
52 Component Trays 2
53 Breadboard Carrybox 1
54 Mand Labs Hardboard Box 1

Resistance Table

Color Code
S.No. Value (in Ω) Quan'ty
(Fourth Band – Gold)
1 5.6 Green Blue Gold 5
2 100 Brown Black Brown 5
3 330 Orange Orange Brown 5
4 1k Brown Black Red 5
5 10k Brown Black Orange 5
6 220k Red Red Yellow 5
7 1M Brown Black Green 5
8 10M Brown Black Blue 5

Capacitance Table

S.No. Value Quan'ty

1 10 pf 2
2 1 µF 2
3 10 µF 2
4 100 µF 2
5 1000 µF 2

Copyright 2019@Mand Labs. All Rights Reserved. 4O

Symbols of Components used in Schema'cs

S. No. Component Symbol Func'on of Component

It supplies electrical energy or power to the

circuit. The longer terminal on the lei side is
1) Ba\ery posi_ve and the shorter terminal on the right
O side is nega_ve.
!

An LED stands for light emijng diode. It

converts electrical energy to light energy.
2) LED
O

3) Resistor O It restricts the flow of current.

A transducer which changes its resistance with

Light Dependent the change in intensity of light falling on its
4)
Resistor (LDR) surface. Its resistance decreases in the light
O and increases in the dark.

A three terminal resistor with a sliding contact

5) Poten_ometer that forms an adjustable voltage divider. It can
also be used as a variable resistor.
O

This is also a type of variable resistor, which is

6) Preset operated with a small screwdriver or a similar
tool.
O

7) Buzzer It converts electrical energy to sound energy.

Single Pole Single

An on-off switch which allows current to flow
8) Throw (SPST)
O only when it is closed (ON).
switch

Copyright 2019@Mand Labs. All Rights Reserved. 5O

 Single Pole Double A two way changeover switch, which allows
9) Throw (SPDT) the current flow to one of the two ways
switch depending upon its posi_on.
O

A capacitor that can be used to store electric

10) Capacitor
charge.
O

An Ammeter, which is used to measure

11) Ammeter
current.
O
Vcc stands for posi_ve terminal of the ba\ery.
12) Posi_ve Supply Vcc

Nega_ve Supply or Ground stands for nega_ve terminal of the

13)
Ground ba\ery.
O

14) Junc_on A point where two or more wires are joined.

O

A semiconductor, which allows the current to

14) Diode
O flow in only one direc_on.

A special diode, which conducts in reverse

15) Zener Diode direc_on and is used to maintain a fixed
O
voltage across its terminals.

An electromagne_c switch which can be

operated electrically

COM – Common
16) Relay NO – Normally Open
NC – Normally Closed

A special type of switch, which is operated

17) Bump Switch
mechanically.

Copyright 2019@Mand Labs. All Rights Reserved. 6O

 It allows the current to flow only when the
18) Push Switch O bu\on is pressed.
It is a bridge symbol which denotes a wire
O crossing another wire even though they are
19) Jumper
not connected.

A device which converts electrical energy into

mechanical energy.
21) Motor
O

A semiconductor device with three terminals,

which can be used as an amplifier and a
22) NPN Transistor switch. Its legs are denoted as E– Emi\er, B –
Base and C – Collector.
O

A semiconductor device with three terminals,

which can be used as an amplifier and a
switch. Its legs are denoted as E– Emi\er, B –
23) PNP Transistor
Base and C – Collector.
O

Copyright 2019@Mand Labs. All Rights Reserved. 7O

Circuit Diagrams
Level I

Copyright 2019@Mand Labs. All Rights Reserved. 8O

Experiment: Measure baRery voltage using a mul'meter

Step 1: Connect the red probe of the mul_meter to VΩmA and the black probe to COM.
“COM” stands for “Common”.
Step 2: Rotate the knob of the mul_meter to 20 in V− (DC) region. This is DC (Direct Current) region that can
only measure DC Voltages.
Step 3: Connect the red probe of mul_meter to the posi_ve terminal and the black probe to the nega_ve
terminal of the ba\ery.
Step 4: Note the reading and crosscheck with what is wri\en on your ba\ery.

Observa_on:

…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………

Experiment: Measure resistance using a mul'meter and tally color codes

1. Set the mul_meter dial to 20k in the DMM (Digital Mul_meter) in the ohm(Ω) region.
2. Connect the red probe of the mul_meter to any one terminal of the resistor.
3. Now connect the black probe of the DMM to the other end of the resistor.
4. If the meter shows the reading 1 on the extreme lei side, then you will have to move the dial to either
higher or lower range. In brief, we are adjus_ng the range to obtain the reading.
5. If the meter shows the reading 1 on the extreme right side, then you will again need to move the dial to
a higher or lower range. In short, we are adjus_ng the range to obtain the accurate reading. “1” is also a
reading.
6. If your meter is set on 20k, 200k or 200k, mul_ply the reading with 1000.

Fill the table and cross check the value with the “Resistance Table” on page 4.

S. No. Resistor Code Value on Mul'meter Meter

1) Green Blue Gold Gold
2) Brown Black Brown Gold
3) Orange Orange Brown Gold
4) Brown Black Red Gold
5) Brown Black Orange Gold
6) Red Red Yellow Gold
7) Brown Black Green Gold
8) Brown Black Blue Gold

Copyright 2019@Mand Labs. All Rights Reserved. 9O

Experiment: Con'nuity Test of an LED

Con_nuity test of an LED is used to find out whether the LED is in a working state or not.
Follow the steps below:

1. Set the mul_meter knob to beep symbol .)))

2. Connect the red probe of the mul_meter to the anode (longer leg) of the LED.
3. Connect the black probe of the mul_meter to the cathode (shorter leg) of the LED.

Observa_on

………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………..

Experiment: Glowing an LED

Bill of Material

S. No. Name of Component Descrip'on Quan'ty

1) LED Any Color 1
2) Resistor 330 Ω 1
3) Ba\ery 9V DC 1
4) Connec_ng Wire Single Core Pieces

Observa_on

………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………..

Inference

………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………..

Copyright 2019@Mand Labs. All Rights Reserved. 1O 0

Ac'vity:

1. Measure the voltage across the LED and the 330 ohm resistor using mul_meter. Add up the individual
voltages and check whether the sum of voltages equal to the ba\ery voltage.

2. Reverse the connec_ons of the LED and see if it glows. If it does not glow, what is the reason?

Experiment: Beep a Buzzer

Bill of Material

S. No. Name of Component Descrip'on Quan'ty

1) Buzzer HYDZ 1
2) Resistor 100 Ω 1
3) Ba\ery 9V DC 1
4) Connec_ng Wire Single Core Pieces

Observa_on

………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………

Inference

………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………

Copyright 2019@Mand Labs. All Rights Reserved. 1O 1

Experiment: Glowing an LED using an LDR

Bill of Material

S. No. Name of Component Descrip'on Quan'ty

1) LED Any Color 1
2) Resistor 330 Ω 1
3) LDR Light Dependent Resistor 1
4) Ba\ery 9V DC 1
5) Connec_ng Wire Single Core Pieces

Aier the circuit is complete, place your finger on the top surface of LDR and observe how the intensity of
the LED changes. You can also take your circuit into the dark and observe the effect.

Observa_on
.............................................................................................................................................................................
.............................................................................................................................................................................

Inference

.............................................................................................................................................................................
.............................................................................................................................................................................

Copyright 2019@Mand Labs. All Rights Reserved. 1O 2

Experiment: Glowing an LED Using a Poten'ometer

Bill of Material

S. No. Name of Component Descrip'on Quan'ty

1) LED Any Color 1
2) Resistor 330 Ω 1
3) Poten_ometer 10k Ω 1
4) Ba\ery 9V DC 1
5) Connec_ng Wire Single Core Pieces

Aier your circuit is complete, rotate the knob of the poten_ometer.

Observa_on

………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………..

Inference

………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………..

Copyright 2019@Mand Labs. All Rights Reserved. 1O 3

Experiment: Varying Intensity of Light Using a Preset

Bill of Material

S. No. Name of Component Descrip'on Quan'ty

1) LED Any Color 1
2) Resistor 330 Ω 1
3) Preset 10k Ω 1
4) Ba\ery 9V DC 1
5) Connec_ng Wire Single Core Pieces

Aier the circuit is complete, take a screw driver and put it inside the slot on the preset. Rotate the slot
slowly from extreme lei to right or vice versa. Observe the change in the intensity of the LED.

Observa_on

.............................................................................................................................................................................
.............................................................................................................................................................................

Inference

.............................................................................................................................................................................
.............................................................................................................................................................................

Copyright 2019@Mand Labs. All Rights Reserved. 1O 4

Experiment: Alternate Change in Intensity of LEDs using a Preset

Bill of Material

S. No. Name of Component Descrip'on Quan'ty

1) LED Any Color 2
2) Resistor 330 Ω 1
3) Preset 100k Ω 1
4) Ba\ery 9V DC 1
5) Connec_ng Wire Single Core Pieces

Aier the circuit is complete, rotate the slot on the preset from extreme lei to right or vice versa.

Observa_on

.............................................................................................................................................................................
.............................................................................................................................................................................

Inference

.............................................................................................................................................................................
.............................................................................................................................................................................

Copyright 2019@Mand Labs. All Rights Reserved. 1O 5

Experiment: Voltage Regulator using Preset
A voltage divider is used to provide variable voltage to a circuit. Given below is the schema_c of “Preset as
Voltage Regulator”.

Terminal 1 of preset is given Vcc (posi_ve) and terminal 3 is grounded (nega_ve). Output is taken from
terminal 2. Say, your preset is of 10k Ω. So, output from terminal 2 is a variable voltage source. We can think
of a voltage diver as a variable ba\ery, which can provide voltage varying from zero to a rated value
(maximum).

We can vary the voltage across terminals 1 and 2 from zero to a certain value by simply rota_ng the preset.
Measure the voltage between terminals 2 and 3 (ground) of the preset using a mul_meter. Rotate the
preset. You will observe a rising voltage reading with the preset rota_on.

Copyright 2019@Mand Labs. All Rights Reserved. 1O 6

Circuit Modifica_on

Aier the circuit is complete, rotate the preset.

Observa_on

.............................................................................................................................................................................
.............................................................................................................................................................................

Inference

.............................................................................................................................................................................
.............................................................................................................................................................................

Copyright 2019@Mand Labs. All Rights Reserved. 1O 7

Experiment: Measure Current Using a Mul'meter

An Ammeter is a device that measures current

and is always connected in series with the circuit.
It is denoted by symbol ‘A’. We can use a
mul_meter in ammeter mode.

To measure the current in a circuit we need to insert the meter in series with the circuit. This is done by
crea_ng a gap in the circuit and then filling it with the mul_meter leads.

To measure DC current, rotate the dial of the mul_meter meter to DC region denoted by “A ---”. Ini_ally, you
can move the dial to 200m posi_on. At 200m posi_on, we will be able to measure all currents that are less
than or equal to 0.2A or 200 mA. The meter in the kit can measure current from 2000μ to 200m on A ---
scale.

2000μ = 2000 micro = 2000 × 10−6 = 0.002 A 20m = 20 milli = 20 × 10−3 = 0.02 A
200m = 200 milli = 200 × 10−3 = 0.2 A

Bill of Material

S. No. Name of Component Descrip'on Quan'ty

1) LED Any Color 1
2) Resistor 1k Ω 1
3) Mul_meter Digital 1
4) Ba\ery 9V DC 1
5) Connec_ng Wire Single Core Pieces

Observa_on

.............................................................................................................................................................................
.............................................................................................................................................................................

Inference

.............................................................................................................................................................................
.............................................................................................................................................................................

Copyright 2019@Mand Labs. All Rights Reserved. 1O 8

Ohm’s Law Verifica_on
In this circuit, let us find out the theore_cal value of current. We know two quan__es here:

1. Voltage, V = 9 Volt

2. Resistance, R = 1k ohm = 1000 ohm

According to Ohm’s law, V = R × I

The voltage, V, is the total voltage available to the circuit.

Ba\ery Voltage = Voltage across LED + Voltage across 1k resistor

A LED needs a minimum voltage of 1.8-2V to light up. In doing so, a voltage drop of approximately 2V takes
place across the LED. Hence, Voltage across LED = 2V

Voltage across 1k resistor = Ba\ery Voltage - Voltage across LED = 9 − 2 = 7 V

Thus, I = Current through 1k resistor = Voltage across 1k resistor/1k ohm
I = 7/1000 = 0.007 A (Ampere)
I = 0.009 A

We can convert the current into mili-amperes by mul_plying its value with 1000.
So, I = 0.007 × 1000 = 7 milliamps = 7 mA

# Please note that 1 milli stands for 10-3 = 1/1000

Ac_vity:
Does the 7mA value match with the prac_cal value of the current in the circuit. If not, why?

………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………..
……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………..
……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………..

Copyright 2019@Mand Labs. All Rights Reserved. 1O 9