Real Time Research Project Stage-2 Report On

ADVANCED FOOTSTEP POWER GENARATION SYSTEM FOR

CHARGING

Submitted in partial fulfillment for award of the degree of

Bachelor of Technology in
Electrical and Electronics Engineering Department
by

G HANSIKA 24325A0208
V KALAVATHI 23321A0212
A HARIKA 23321A0210
H SMITHAGNA 23321A0230
V KEERTHI 24325A0212

Under the esteemed Guidance of

Mrs. R. Manju Bhargavi, M.Tech (PID)

Associate Professor, EEE Department

Bhoj Reddy Engineering College for Women

Department of Electrical and Electronics Engineering
(Sponsored by Sangam Laxmibai Vidyapeet, Accredited by NAAC
with A Grade.Approved by AICTE & affiliated o JNTUH)
Recognised by UGC Under section 2(f) of UGC Act,1956
Vinaynagar, IS Sadan Crossroads, Saidabad ,Hyderabad – 500 059 ,Telangana
Website: www.brecw.ac.in;
(2023-2027)
 Bhoj Reddy Engineering College for Women
(Sponsored by Sangam Laxmibai Vidyapeet, approved by AICTE & affiliated to JNTUH)

Vinaynagar, I S Sadan Crossroads, Hyderabad 500 059, Telangana

Telephone: 040-2453 7282, Website: www.brecw.ac.in, Email: [email protected]

Date:

CERTIFICATE

This is to certify that the Real Time Research Project Report entitled “Advanced
Footstep Power Generation For Charging” is a bonafide work carried out by

G. Hansika 24325A0208
V. Kalavathi 23321A0212
A. Harika 23321A0210
H. Smithagna 23321A0230
V. Keerthi 24325A0212

in partial fulfillment for award of the degree of Bachelor of Technology in Electrical

and Electronics Engineering department from Bhoj Reddy Engineering College
for Women, Hyderabad, affiliated to Jawaharlal Nehru Technological University
Hyderabad (JNTUH).

Internal Guide Head of the Department

Mrs. R. Manju Bhargavi, M tech (PID) Mrs. S. Deepti, M.E. (PS)

External Examiner
San
gam Laxmibai Vidyapeet is an educational society for promotion of education among girls and women. It is established
in 1952 and registered under the Telangana Societies Registration Act.
 DECLARATION

We hereby declare that the work presented in this project entitled “Advanced Footstep
Power Generation For Charging” submitted towards completion of Real Time Research
Project in year of II B.Tech. EEE at ‘Bhoj Reddy Engineering College for Women’,
Hyderabad, is an authentic record of our original work carried out under the guidance of
Mrs. R. Manju Bhargavi, Associate Professor, EEE, BRECW .

Sign. with date:

G HANSIKA (24325A0208)

Sign. with date:

V KALAVATHI (23321A0212)

Sign. with date:

A HARIKA (23321A0210)

Sign. with date:

H SMITHAGNA (23321A0230)

Sign. with date:

V KEERTHI (24325A0212)
 ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS

The satisfaction and euphoria that accompanies the completion of task would be
incomplete without the mention of the people whose constant guidance and encouragement
have crowned our efforts in success.

It gives us an immense pleasure to express deep gratitude and respect to our internal
guide, Mrs. R. Manju Bhargavi, MTech. (PID), Associate Professor, Department of EEE,
BRECW, for the eminent guidance and suggestions she has provided for successful
completion of the Real Time Research Project.

We thank Mrs. S. Deepti M.E (PS), Head of the Department, EEE, BRECW, for
giving timely cooperation and taking necessary action throughout the course of our project.

We also thank Dr. J. Madhavan, Ph.D., Principal, BRECW, for providing us an

opportunity to carry out the project.

Last but not the least; we would like to acknowledge all those, whose names cannot
be penned here, but who were directly or indirectly are a part of this project.

G HANSIKA (24325A0208)

V KALAVATHI (23321A0212)

A HARIKA (23321A0210)

H SMITHAGNA (23321A0230)

V KEERTHI (24325A0212)
 CONTENTS
TITLE…………………………………………………………………….……...i
DECLARATION……………………………………………………………….. ii
DEDICATION………………………………………………………………….. iii
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT……………………………………………………... iv
ABSTRACT…………………………………………………………………….. v
CONTENTS……………………………………………………………………..vi
LIST OF TABLES………………………………………………………………vii
LIST OF FIGURES……………………………………………………………. viii
ABSTRACT……………………………………………………...……ix

CHAPTER 1 INTRODUCTION

1.1 Literature survey 1

1.2 Objective 2
1.3 Organisation of project 2

CHAPTER 2 BLOCKDIAGRAM AND FLOW OF

OPERATIONS

2.1 Block diagram 3

2.2 Flow of operations 4

CHAPTER 3 COMPONENTS AND ITS

SPECIFICATIONS

3.1 Hardware components 5

3.2 Specifications and features 5
3.2.1 Peizo electric sensors 11
3.2.2 Bridge rectifier 11
 3.2.3 Relay 12
3.2.4 Charging cable 12
3.2.5 Mobile phone 12
3.2.6 LCD display 13
3.2.7 Additional circuit elements 13
3.2.8 Arduino uno 13
3.2.9 Micro controller 13
3.2.10 Battery/storage unit 14

CHAPTER 4 SOFTWARE REQUIREMENTS

4.1 Arduino IDE 14

4.1.1 Features of Arduino IDE 14
4.1.2 Requirements of Arduino IDE 15
4.2 Installation and implementation 16
4.3 Implementing code 17

CHAPTER 5 PROJECT DESCRIPTION

5.1 Project summary 21

CHAPTER 6 ADVANTAGES ,DIS ADVANTAGES AND

APPLICATIONS
6.1 Advantages 24
6.2 Disadvantages 24
6.3 Applications 24

CHAPTER 7 CONCLUSION AND FUTURE SCOPE

7.1 Conclusion 25
7.2 Future scope 25

REFERENCES
 LIST OF TABLES

TABLE NUMBER TITLE PAGE NO.

4.1 Features of ArduinoIDE 15

4.1.2 Requirements of Arduino IDE 15

5.2 Observation table 26

LIST OF FIGURES

FIGURE NUMBER TITLE PAGE NO.

2.1 Block diagram 3

3.1 Peizo sensors 5

3.2 Bridge rectifier 6

3.3 Battery 6

3.4 Arduino uno 7

3.5 Relay 8

3.6 Charging cable 8

3.7 Mobile phone charging 9

3.8 LCD display 9

3.9 Bread board 10

3.10 Voltage regulator 10

3.11 Diodes 10
3.12 Capacitors 10

3.13 Resistors 10

3.14 Connecting wires 10

4.2 Installing the Arduino IDE software 16

4.2.1 Running the installation file 16

5.1.1 Testing the piezo sensors 21

5.1.2 Testing Arduino uno 22
 ABSTRACT

As with energy demand, the country`s population is developing rapidly. At the equal
time, energy waste is growing in diverse ways. Therefore, the principle answer is to
translate this power without delay right into a useful form.In this project, power is
generated from human footsteps and energy is saved in batteries that can also be
used to charge mobile phones. The device includes an Arduino IDE, USB cable,
LCD display .When the client connects his/her mobile phone through USB cable to
the system then it get’s charged by footstep power generation. It uses piezoelectric
sensors and Once When a user apply weight on piezo electric sensors the voltage is
developed across the plates and that voltage is applied to the battery for charging.
The display we use in this project is LCD and it is interfaced with a piezo device
employing a microcontroller that permits the user to watch the voltage and charges
a connected battery and consists of a connection of USB cable to mobile phone for
charging. The utilization of energy of foot step is very much important for highly
populated countries like India and China. In this the generated voltage is not wasted
even though we don’t consume it as we use the battery to store it and with the help
of a battery which is used as a storage device will utilize the power for charging,

lighting the streetlights, etc.

 CHAPTER 1 INTRODUCTION
1. INTRODUCTION
Advanced Footstep Power Generation for Charging is a new advanced system and
which it does not consume more time. In this system, piezo sensors were used to sense
the waste energy by our footsteps, due to which power shortages were reduced , the
system develops much cleaner and cost effective way of power generation method ,
which helps to bring down global warming. Microcontroller based footstep power
generation is used to generate voltage using footstep force. The proposed system works
as a medium to generate power using force. This project is very useful in public places
like bus stands, theatres, railway stations, shopping malls, etc. So, these systems are
placed in public places where people walk and they have to travel on this system to get
through the entrance or exits. With the increasing demand for sustainable energy
solutions, innovative methods of power generation are gaining attention. The Advanced
Footstep Power Generation System for Charging is a novel approach that converts
human footsteps into electrical energy .This system utilizes piezoelectric sensors or
electromagnetic induction mechanisms embedded in walkways to utilize mechanical
energy from footsteps and store it as electrical energy.

1.1 LITERATURE SURVEY

With the increasing demand for sustainable energy solutions, footstep power generation has
emerged as an innovative approach to harness human movement for electricity. This system
integrates piezoelectric sensors to convert mechanical energy into electrical power, which is
then stored and used for charging devices.

Existing Research & Technologies

 Piezoelectric Energy Harvesting : Studies highlight the effectiveness of piezoelectric

materials in converting mechanical stress into electrical energy. Research suggests that
high-traffic areas can generate significant power using embedded piezoelectric sensors.
 RFID-Based Charging Mechanism: RFID technology enables secure and efficient
energy distribution, allowing users to access stored power through RFID authentication.
 Studies discuss the integration of microcontrollers (Atmega 328) and Arduino IDE to
manage power flow.

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 The future of footstep power generation using RFID for charging looks promising as
cities and industries increasingly adopt sustainable energy solutions. Here are some key
developments expected in this field.
 Integration with Smart Cities : Footstep power generation will be embedded in urban
infrastructure, such as sidewalks, metro stations, and shopping malls, to harness energy
from pedestrian movement.
 Enhanced Efficiency & Scalability: Advancements in piezoelectric materials will
improve energy conversion rates, making the system more viable for large-scale
applications. Modular designs will allow easy scalability, enabling widespread adoption
in high-footfall areas like airports and stadiums.
 Contribution to Carbon Neutrality Goals : By reducing reliance on fossil fuels,
footstep power generation will contribute to global sustainability efforts and carbon
neutrality initiatives.Governments and private sectors will invest in renewable energy
projects incorporating this technology.

1.2 OBJECTIVE
The main aim of this project is to design and develop an energy-harvesting
system that generates electrical power from human footsteps using piezoelectric
sensors and enables secure device charging .

1.3 ORGANIZATION OF THE REPORT

Chapter 2 Presents the block diagram and system architecture representation and flow of
operations and circuit diagram.
Chapter 3 Presents the hardware description, the components used and their
specifications and features .
Chapter 4 Presents the software description. It explains the implementation of
the project using Arduino IDE platform.
Chapter 5 Presents the project description along with each module interfacing to
Arduino uno.
Chapter 6 Presents the advantages, disadvantages and applications of the project.

Chapter 7 Presents the results, conclusion and future scope of the project.

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 CHAPTER 2

BLOCK DIAGRAM AND FLOW OF OPERATIONS

2.1 BLOCK DIAGRAM

FIG 2.1 BLOCK DIAGRAM

2.1.1 CIRCUIT DIADRAM

Fig 2.1.1 CIRCUIT DIAGRAM

3
2.2 FLOW OF OPERATIONS
 Energy Harvesting
Footstep Activation: When an individual steps on the designated area, mechanical
pressure is applied to the piezoelectric sensors installed beneath or within the flooring.
Conversion to Electrical Energy: The force from the footsteps causes the piezoelectric
materials to generate an AC (alternating current) voltage signal that represents the
harvested energy.
 AC to DC Conversion
Bridge Rectifier: The AC voltage from the sensors is fed into a bridge rectifier circuit,
which converts it to a DC (direct current) voltage. This conversion is essential because
most storage systems and charging circuits are designed to operate on DC power.
 Energy Storage and Monitoring
Battery Charging Circuit: The rectified DC voltage enters a battery charging circuit
where it is used to charge a dedicated battery or capacitor bank. This stored energy is
accumulated until it reaches a level sufficient for later use.

Microcontroller Monitoring: A microcontroller continuously monitors the battery’s

charge level and system parameters. It ensures that only safe and sufficient energy is
available for distribution while also managing other functions of the system.

 Charging Process

Charging Cable Connection: The stored, regulated DC power is then routed through a
charging cable designed for mobile devices.

Mobile Device Charging: When a mobile phone (or another compatible device) is
connected via the charging cable, it receives the energy to charge its battery.

 Status Feedback

An LCD display (or built-in indicators) may show the charging status, providing real-
time feedback to the user regarding the operation and current battery level.

 Post-Charge Operation

4
 Completion and Shutdown: Once the mobile device is fully charged disconnect it.

Monitoring Maintenance: The system remains in monitoring mode, ready to harvest and
store any new energy produced by subsequent footsteps .

CHAPTER 3
COMPONENTS AND ITS SPECIFICATIONS
3.1 Hardware Components
The main blocks of this project are

1. Piezoelectric Sensors – Generate AC voltage from footstep pressure.

2. Bridge Rectifier – Converts AC voltage to DC voltage.

3. Rechargeable Battery (Li-ion ) – Stores the generated power.

4. Arduino Uno – Controls the system and processes sensor .

5. LCD Display (16x2 with I2C) – Displays voltage, current, power, steps, and
calories.

6. USB Charging Port – Allows device charging when access is granted

 Piezoelectric Sensors

5
 Fig 3.1 peizo sensors

Purpose: Convert mechanical energy (from footsteps) into electrical energy.

Application: Installed beneath flooring to capture kinetic energy.

 Bridge Rectifier

Fig3.2 bridge rectifier

 Purpose: Converts the AC voltage generated by the piezoelectric sensors into DC

voltage.

6
 Application: Ensures the power output is compatible with battery charging and
electronic circuit

 Battery/Energy Storage Unit

Fig3.3 battery

 Purpose: Stores the harvested DC energy for later use.

 Application: Typically a rechargeable battery or capacitor bank designed for energy
accumulation.

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 Microcontroller ( ARDUINO UNO)

Fig 3.4 arduino uno

 Purpose: Manages the overall operation of the system, including monitoring battery
levels, controlling energy flow, and processing RFID data.
 Application: Acts as the central processing unit for decision-making and regulation..

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 Charging Cable/Connector

Fig 3.7 charging cable

 Purpose: Provides the physical connection between the energy output and the mobile
device.
 Application: Delivers the DC power for charging mobile phones or other small
electronic devices.

 Mobile Phone

Fig 3.8 mobile phone charging

9
  Purpose: The end device that receives the stored energy for charging.
 Application: Represents the practical application of the system for users.

 LCD Display

Fig 3.9 LCD display

 Purpose: Provides real-time feedback on system status, such as battery charge level and
charging progress.
 Application: Enhances user interaction and system monitoring.

10
 Additional Circuit Elements

Fig 3.10 breadboard Fig 3.11 voltage regulator

Fig 3.12 diodes Fig 3.13capacitors

Fig 3.14 resistors Fig 3.15 connecting wires

 Components: Voltage regulators, capacitors, resistors, wiring, and bread board.

 Purpose: Ensure proper voltage levels, signal integrity, and overall system reliability

11
3.2 Specifications and features

3.2.1. Piezoelectric Sensors

 Specifications:

 Sensitivity: Typically in the range of a few millivolts per Pascal; output voltage can reach
several volts under pressure.
 Frequency Response: Optimized for low frequencies (as footsteps generally occur within
1–10 Hz).
 Current Output: Low current (in the microampere to milliampere range), suitable for
energy harvesting with proper signal conditioning.

 Features:

 Energy Conversion: Converts mechanical stress from footsteps into an AC voltage.

 Durability: Designed to withstand repeated mechanical stress.
 Form Factor: Often available in thin-film or robust disc formats for floor integration.

3.2.2.Bridge Rectifier

 Specifications:

 Diode Type: Typically uses diodes like 1N4007 or Schottky diodes.

 Peak Reverse Voltage (PRV): Around 50V to 100V, to tolerate variable AC inputs.
 Forward Current Rating: Often rated around 1A, which is generally sufficient for the
harvested energy.
 Voltage Drop: Approximately 0.7V per diode (or around 0.3V for Schottky types) in
operation.

 Features:

 AC to DC Conversion: Converts the AC signal from the piezo sensors into usable DC
voltage.
 Reliability: Provides a stable current path and ensures correct polarity for downstream
circuitry.
 Ease of Integration: Standard component that fits well in energy-harvesting circuits.

3.2.3 Charging Cable / Connector

 Specifications:

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  Standard: Typically USB connectors that offer a 5V DC power output.
 Current Rating: Generally supports 0.5A to 2A, depending on the design and mobile
device requirements.

 Features:

 Universal Connectivity: Meets standard charging requirements for most mobile phones.
 Robust Construction: Designed to handle daily usage with repeated plug-in/plug-out
cycles.
 Ease of Use: Simple connection interface for end users to charge their devices.

3.2.4 Mobile Phone

 Specifications:

 Charging Voltage: Typically charges at 5V (standard USB charging).

 Battery Capacity: Varies from device to device (usually in the range of 2000–5000 mAh
for smartphones).

 Features:

 Smart Charging Support: Typically includes circuitry to negotiate charging currents.

 Portability: Represents the end-use device benefiting from the harvested energy.
 Interactivity: Users can monitor charging status via the mobile’s interface.

3.2.5 LCD Display

 Specifications:

 Type: Commonly a 20*4 character alphanumeric LCD.

 Operating Voltage: Typically runs on 5V.
 Interface: Can be parallel or use an I2C interface for simplified wiring.

 Features:

 User Interface: Provides real-time feedback (e.g., battery charge level, authentication
status).
 Visual Aids: Often includes adjustable contrast and backlight for better visibility.
 Compact: Minimal space consumption while delivering essential system information.

3.2.7Additional Circuit Elements (Voltage Regulators, Resistors, Capacitors,

etc.)

 Specifications:

 Voltage Regulators: For example, a 7805 regulator offering 5V output from a higher input
voltage (7–35V input).

13
  Resistors and Capacitors: Specific values (e.g., 1 kΩ resistors, 10 µF capacitors) are
Stabilization selected based on circuit requirements for filtering, biasing, and timing.

 Features:

 Ensure that the voltage supplied to sensitive components remains constant.

 Filtering: Capacitors help reduce noise and smooth the power supply.
 Circuit Protection: Resistors and diodes protect against overcurrent and voltage spikes.

3.2.8 Arduino Uno: The Arduino Uno is a complete development board that includes the
ATmega328P as its core. In addition to the microcontroller, it integrates other components such
as a USB-to-serial converter, voltage regulators, power circuitry, headers, and user-friendly
connectors. These additional elements make it easier to prototype projects without having to
design the supporting circuitry from scratch.

3.2.9 Microcontroller (e.g., Atmega328)

 Specifications:

 Core: 8-bit AVR microcontroller.

 Clock Speed: Typically 16 MHz when used on an Arduino Uno board.
 Voltage Operation: Generally functions at 5V, although 3.3V variants exist.
 Memory: Around 32 KB of flash memory, with additional SRAM and EEPROM.

 Features:

 Programmability: Easily programmed via the Arduino-IDE.

 I/O Capability: Supports multiple analog and digital pins to interface with sensors, RFID,
LCD, and relay.
 Low Cost and Low Power: Widely used for embedded applications due to its efficiency
and affordability.

3.2.10 Battery / Energy Storage Unit

Specifications:

 Cell Chemistry: Lead dioxide/metallic lead in a sulfuric acid electrolyte.

 Voltage: Each cell is about 2.1 V; six cells in series produce a fully charged voltage of
~12.6 V.
 Capacity & Energy Density: Capacity is measured in Ah; energy density is
approximately 35–40 Wh/kg.
 Cycle Life: Deep-cycle versions typically last around 350 cycles.
 Charging: Uses constant current then constant voltage charging, with a charging voltage
of about 14.4–14.7 V for a 12V battery.
 Maintenance: Flooded types require regular water top-ups, while AGM/Gel versions are
maintenance-free.
 Applications: Commonly used in automotive starters, UPS systems, backup power, and
renewable energy storage.

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4. SOFTWARE REQUIREMENTS
This project is implemented using following software
• Arduino IDE

• LCD I2C library

• Serial monitor

4.1 Arduino IDE

The Arduino Integrated Development Environment (IDE) is the official software used to
write, compile, and upload code to Arduino-compatible microcontrollers, such as the Arduino
Uno, Nano, Mega, etc. It is open-source and designed to be beginner-friendly for electronics
and embedded system development.

4.1.1 Features of Arduino IDE

Feature Description
Sketch Editor Write code in C/C++ using Arduino’s simplified
syntax.
One-Click Upload Upload your sketch directly to an Arduino board via
USB.
Built-in Serial View real-time data from sensors or debug using serial
Monitor output.
Library Manager Easily install libraries (e.g., for RFID, sensors,
displays, etc.).
Board Manager Add support for various Arduino boards and third-
party boards like ESP32.
Cross-platform Available on Windows, macOS, Linux.
Open Source Actively maintained by the Arduino community and
customizable.
TABLE 4.1 Features of Arduino IDE
4.1.2 Requirements of Arduino IDE

Component Minimum Requirement

2 GB (4 GB recommended)
RAM

Disk Space 500 MB for installation

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Component Minimum Requirement

USB Port For uploading code to Arduino board

Java
Included with IDE
Runtime

TABLE4.1. 2 Requirements of Arduino IDE

4.2 Installation and Implementation

4.2.1 Step 1: Install the Arduino IDE

Go to the official site: https://www.arduino.cc/en/software

1. Download the installer for your operating system.

2. Run the installer and follow on-screen instructions.
3. After installation, plug in your Arduino via USB.
4. Open the IDE, select the board type and COM port:
o Tools → Board → Arduino Uno (or other)
o Tools → Port → Select appropriate COM port
5. You’re ready to start coding

Firstly go to Microsoft wedge/google chrome and search Arduino ide download or else
you can directly copy the given website link.

16
To install the Arduino IDE 2 on a Windows computer, simply run the file downloaded
from the software page.

Fig 4.2 installing the Arduino IDE software

17
4.2.2 Running the installation file.
Follow the instructions in the installation guide. The installation may take several minutes.

Fig 4.3 Running the installation file

4.2.3 Step 2: Install Required Libraries

 LCD Library (e.g., LiquidCrystal):

To install a library:

1. Open the Arduino IDE.

2. Go to Sketch > Include Library > Manage Libraries…
3. search for "LiquidCrystal" and install an appropriate version if not already included by
default

4.2.4 Step 3: Connect Your Arduino Uno

1. Hardware Connection: Plug your Arduino Uno into your computer using a USB cable.
2. Select Board and Port: In the Arduino IDE, go to Tools > Board and ensure Arduino
Uno is selected. Then go to Tools > Port and choose the port assigned to your Arduino.

4.2.5 Step 4: Write & Upload Your Project Code

Below is a basic skeleton code that demonstrates:.

 Piezo Sensor Monitoring: Reading sensor data (for energy or demonstration purposes).

 LCD Feedback: Displaying system messages.

4.3 IMPLEMENTING CODE

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#include <Wire.h>

#include <LiquidCrystal_I2C.h>

LiquidCrystal_I2C lcd(0x27, 16, 2);

const int piezoPin = A0; //

const int ledPin = 13; // LED connected to pin 13

const float resistance = 220.0;

int steps = 0;

float threshold = 0.1;

void setup() {

pinMode(ledPin, OUTPUT); // Set LED pin as output

lcd.init();

lcd.backlight();

lcd.setCursor(0, 0);

lcd.print("Footstep System");

delay(2000);

lcd.clear();

void loop() {

int sensorValue = analogRead(piezoKnockPin);

float voltage = sensorValue * (5.0 / 1023.0);

if (voltage > threshold) {

19
 steps++;

digitalWrite(ledPin, HIGH); // LED ON when step detected

delay(300); // Debounce

} else {

digitalWrite(ledPin, LOW); // LED OFF when no step detected

float power = (voltage * voltage) / resistance;

lcd.clear();

lcd.setCursor(0, 0);

lcd.print("Steps: "); lcd.print(steps);

lcd.setCursor(0, 1);

lcd.print("V: "); lcd.print(voltage); lcd.print("V ");

lcd.print("P: "); lcd.print(power); lcd.print("W");

delay(500);

Uploading the Code:

1. Click the Verify (checkmark) button to compile the code.

2. Click the Upload (right arrow) button to flash the code onto your Arduino board.
3. Open the Serial Monitor (Tools > Serial Monitor) to view debug print-outs, such as
piezo sensor values.

4.3.1 Step 5: Run Your Project

 Hardware Setup:

 Make sure your wiring is correct (relay and sensor connected).

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  Connect the output (charging cable) that will eventually lead to your mobile phone
charging circuit.
 Ensure the energy harvested from the piezoelectric sensors and the fuel cell/lead acid
battery integration is correctly interfaced with the Arduino's power management circuit.

 Testing:

 With the Arduino running the uploaded code.

 Watch the LCD for messages (e.g., "Charging...") and check that the relay is activated to
supply power through your charging circuit.
 Confirm that the piezo sensor readings appear on the serial monitor, demonstrating
energy harvesting activity.

 Monitoring & Troubleshooting:

 Adjust the code if necessary to fine-tune the relay activation time or sensor thresholds.
 Verify all power levels and proper isolation between high-voltage sections and the
Arduino control circuitry.

CHAPTER 5 TESTING AND RESULT

5.1 TESTING

Before setting up all the hardware components as per the circuit diagram, the testing of each
component is so crucial so that if at all any component is damaged we can replace it in a first
step itself and there will be no further complications in the circuit connections.

Firstly lets test the piezo sensors by connecting them to the multimeter and then apply pressure
on them to observe the voltage generation in multimeter .

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 Fig 5.1.1 Testing piezo plates

Next step is to check whether the Arduino is working or not ,for this firstly download and
implement Arduino IDE and the connect it to the power supply if at all led glows in it then the
Arduino is working well.

Fig 5.1.2 Testing Arduino uno

After testing Arduino uno and piezo sensors, the lcd has to be tested by giving power supply to
it and observe the blue light in it then ensure it is working.

Fig 5.1.3 Testing LCD

Assemble all the components by following the circuit diagram and do required solidering for
the components like lcd to i2c and the battery to wires and wherever it’s needed.

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 5.1.4 Assembling the components

5.2 Result
For obtaining result firstly set up the code in Arduino IDE software after downloading the
suitable library to run the program

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 Fig 5.2.1 Uploading code

Then compile the code after verifying and you get the led flickering you apply the pressure on
the sensors.

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 Fig 5.2.1 led starts glowing after applying pressure

The led glows high when you apply pressure and low when you won’t apply the pressure ,and
check the piezo connections carefully if they become loose then there might be a chance of
false readings in lcd display.

Fig 5.2.2 LCD display output

Keep applying pressure it’ll get stored in a battery and then connect the charger to it and charge
mobile phone .

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 5.2.3 Charge the mobile

OBSERVATION TABLE:

STEPS 10 30 70 83 121
VOLTAGE 0.53 1.14 1.44 1.47 1.52
POWER 0.00 0.00 0.1 1 1

Table 5.2 Observation table

26
 CHAPTER 6 ADVANTAGES ,DISADVANTAGES AND
APPLICATIONS
6.1 Advantages
1. Sustainable energy source
2. Eco-friendly & carbon-free
3. Cost effective & low maintenance
4. Enhances smart infrastructure
5. Doesn’t depend on weather conditions
6. Reduces energy wastage
7. Promotes health and fitness awareness
6.2 Disadvantages
1. High initial Cost
2. Low power output per step
3. Maintenance & Repairs
4. Limited Life Span of batteries
5. Sensor Failures
6.3 Applications
1. Railway stations & bus stops
2. Pedestrian walkways & parks
3. Shopping malls
4. Universities and schools
5. Smart offices
6. Gyms & stadiums
7. Metro stations
8. Music concerts

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 7. CONCLUSION AND FUTURE SCOPE
7.1Conclusion
The Advanced Footstep Power Generation System Using RFID for Charging
successfully demonstrates an innovative and sustainable method of energy harvesting
by converting human footstep pressure into usable electrical energy through
piezoelectric sensors. The integration of RFID technology ensures secure and
controlled access to the stored energy for charging electronic devices, making the
system both smart and user-specific. Real-time monitoring through the LCD display
enhances user awareness by showing voltage, current, power, step count, and calories
burned. This project not only addresses the growing demand for renewable energy
solutions but also highlights the potential for deploying such systems in high-traffic
areas, contributing to smart city infrastructure. It serves as a step toward
environmentally friendly energy solutions and paves the way for future advancements
in self-powered systems.
7.2 FUTURE SCOPE

 Modular Energy Storage Upgrades: Develop hybrid storage systems that combine fuel
cells, lead acid batteries, or even other energy storage technologies like supercapacitors. This
provides flexibility for different power demands and operational environments.

 Smart Grid and IoT Integration: Integrate the system into a smart city network with real-
time data analytics. Using IoT connectivity, the harvested energy data can be monitored for
performance, predictive maintenance, and dynamic load management.

 Scalability and Large-Scale Deployment: Design deployments for large public spaces
such as transit hubs, malls, or airports, where the cumulative energy harvesting can supplement
local power needs. This might include scaling the system to manage hundreds of modules in a
coordinated network.

 Enhanced User Authentication and Payment Systems: Upgrade the RFID-based

authentication to include encryption or multi-factor verification, and integrate with digital
payment systems. This allows a credit-based charging system where users earn credits for
energy generation, facilitating fair usage.

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 Integration with Environmental and Contextual Sensors: Couple the system with
additional sensors (temperature, humidity, occupancy) to create a multi-modal smart platform.
These sensors can help optimize both energy harvesting and user experience in various
environmental conditions.

 Automated System Control and Adaptive Charging: Incorporate machine learning

algorithms into the central controller (Arduino or more advanced microcontrollers) for adaptive
decision-making. This could enable predictive adjustments in charging times based on past user
behavior or energy generation history.

 Emergency and Disaster Relief Applications: Adapt the system for temporary installations
in disaster relief zones, providing instant, decentralized charging for essential communication
devices. Its renewable nature makes it an ideal candidate for emergency power backup where
grid infrastructure is compromised.

 Research and Educational Platforms: Use the project as a hands-on prototype in academic
settings to study sustainable energy solutions, renewable energy integration, and embedded
system design. It could serve as a demonstrative tool for student research projects and
innovation challenges.

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 REFERENCES
[1] R. S. Reddy, “Advanced footstep [4] K. R. H. Rao, G. P. Ramesh, and P. J.
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and S. Anitha, “Innovative advanced Tripathi, “Footstep power generation using
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[3] K. S. Reddy, M. K. Reddy, T. R. Tej,

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