Chapter 5 – Integrals I

∫ csc(ax+ b)∙ cot ( ax +b ) dx=

−1
csc ( ax+ b ) +C ∫ f (g ( x ) )∙ g' ( x ) dx=∫ f (u ) du
Standard Integrals a
Trigonometric Substitution
( ax +b )n+1
∫ ( ax +b ) dx = ( n+1 ) a +C ,(n ≠ 1) ∫ 2 1 2 dx = 1a tan−1 x +b ( ) Expression Substitution Domain
n
+C
a + ( x +b ) a √ a −( x +b )
2 2 x+ b=a sinθ −π π
≤θ≤
2 2
1 1
∫ ax +b dx= a ln|ax+ b|+C 1
∫
√ a −( x +b )
2 2
dx=sin−1 ( x+a b )+C √ a +( x+ b )
2 2 x+ b=a tan θ −π
2
≤θ≤
π
2
1
∫ e ax +b dx= a eax+ b+C
x
∫ −1
√ a −( x +b )
2 2
dx=cos
−1
( x +ba )+C √ ( x +b ) −a
2 2 x+ b=a sec θ π
0 ≤θ< ∨π ≤θ<
2
3π
2
∫ b dx= lnb( b ) + C
x
Integration by Parts

−1
∫ 2
1
| |
a − ( x +b ) 2
1
dx= ln
2a
x +b+ a
x+ b−a
+C
∫ f ' ( x ) g ( x ) dx=f ( x ) g ( x )−∫ f ( x ) g' ( x ) dx
∫ sin ( ax +b ) dx= a
cos ( ax +b )+ C
Type Examples Remark
∫ 1 dx= 21a ln| x+
2
x +b+ a |
b−a
2
+C Logarith
∫ lnax +b dx
1 ( x+ b ) −a mic
∫ cos ( ax+ b ) dx= a sin ( ax +b )+C Inverse Substitute
∫
1
dx=ln|( x+ b ) + √ ( x +b ) + a |+C
2 2
Trigometr
∫ sin−1 ax +b dx u=ax+ b
1
∫ tan(ax +b) dx= a ln|sec(ax+ b)|+ C √ ( x +b ) + a
2 2
ic
∫ cos −1
ax +b dx to simplify
integral
1
dx=ln |( x +b ) + √ ( x+ b ) −a |+C
2 2
1 ∫ ∫ tan−1 ax +b dx
∫ sec ( ax+b ) dx= a ln|sec ( ax+ b ) + tan ( ax+b )|+C √ ( x +b ) −a2 2

Algebraic x a , polynomials
Partial Fractions Power functions
−1
∫ csc ( ax +b ) dx= a
ln |csc ( ax +b )+ cot ( ax+ b )|+C Factors of V ( x) Partial Fractions
Trigomet sin ax +b , cos ax +b , tan ax +b
ric
ax +b A ,
−1
∫ cot (ax+ b)dx= a ln|csc ( ax+ b )|+C ax+ b csc ax +b , sec ax +b ,

( ax +b )2 A B cot ax +b
2 1 +
∫ sec ( ax +b ) dx = a tan ( ax +b )+ C ax+ b ( ax +b )2
Exponent ax+b
e
ial
a x 2+ bx+ c Ax +B
2 −1 Trigonometric Identities Useful for
∫ csc (ax+ b)dx= a cot ( ax +b ) +C 2
a x +bx +c Integration
b2−4 ac <0
 sec 2 θ−1=tan 2 θ
1
∫ sec ( ax+b ) ∙ tan ( ax+b ) dx= a sec ( ax +b )+ C a3 +(b)3=(a+(b))(a2−a(b)+ b2 )

2
csc θ−1=cot θ
2

Integration by Substitution
 1 px+ q '

 sin A cos A= sin 2 A

2 ∫ a x 2+ bx+ c dx ∫ A ff + B dx= A ln|f |+ B ∫ 1f dx
1 px+q '
cos 2 A= ( 1+cos 2 A )
 2 ∫
√ a x 2 +bx +c
dx ∫ A f√ f+ B dx= A 2 √ f + B∫ √1f dx
1
 sin 2 A= ( 1−cos 2 A ) 2
f ( x )=a x +bx +c
2 1) Let

1 2) Find f ' ( x)
 sin A ∙cos B= [sin ( A + B ) +sin ( A−B ) ]
2
3) Find A and B by fitting f' into
1
 cos A ∙ sin B= [sin ( A + B )−sin ( A−B ) ] px+ q
2
a a
1
 cos A ∙ cos B= [ cos ( A+ B ) +cos ( A−B ) ] ∫ f (x) dx=∫ f (a−x) dx
2 0 0

 g ( x)
lim f ( x ) =exp ( lim g ( x ) ∙ ln f (x ) )
−1
sin A ∙sin B= [ cos( A +B)−cos( A−B)] Examples
2
Chapter 6 – Integrals II FTC
Find exact value of f ' (0)
Riemann Sums
Take out term
1
{ }
1 n
1 i e
2x
e
2x
with1 x
∫ f ( x ) dx=lim
n→∞ n
∑ f ( 1.
n
) Force n out first
f ( x )=∫
3+ x
dt ¿ ( 3+ x )∫ dt
0 i=1
1 √ 1+ln t 1 √ 1+ln t
2. Express as

( ni )=f ( x)
2x
e
f 1 1
∙2 e 2 x +∫
'
f ( x )=( 3+ x ) ∙ dt
√1+2 x 1 √ 1+ ln t
b n
b−a b−a
lim ∑ ( ) ∙ f (a+ i (
n )
Product Rule + FTC,
∫ f ( x)dx ≈ n→ ∞ n
)
f ( 0 )=3∙ 2+∫
' 1
1
dt
don’t touch integral
a i=1 part
1 √ 1+ ln t
Fundamental Theorem of Calculus
b
FTC
1
∫ f (x)dx=F ( b )−F (a)
a

u(x)
d
FTC
2
∫
dx v(x)
f (t )dt=f ( u ( x ) ) ∙ u' ( x )−f ( v ( x ) ) ∙ v ' (x )

Miscellaneous
Chapter 7 – Applications of Integrals I Area on x- b Area on y- d

axis A=∫ f ( x )−g(x) dx axis A=∫ f ( y )−g( y )dy

a c
Disk Method Shell Method

b d
2 2
V =π ∫ ( f ( x ) ) dx V =π ∫ ( f ( y ) ) dy
a c
 b f (b ) b

∫ f ( x ) dx=b f ( b )−a f ( a )− ∫ f −1
( x ) dx g ( X )=∫ g ( t ) f ( t ) dt
a f ( a) a
b

−1 −1 1 −1 −1 1 −1 −1 1 E ( X )=∫ t f ( t ) dt E ¿
sec t=cos csc t=sin cot t=tan
t t t a

Arc Length Values of a∧b depends on question

√ √
d d
dy 2 dx 2
∫
c
1+( )
dx
dx –OR– ∫
c
1+ ( ) dy
dy First Order Ordinary Differential Equations
Separable 1
b b ODE g( y)
∫
dy= f ( x) dx ∫
V =2 π ∫ x |f (x)|dx V =2 π ∫ x |f ( x )−g( x)|dx When f cont. on [c,d] , works on
a a y on one side, x on other
f > 0∧f <0
Linear ODE dy
+ P ( x ) ∙ y=Q ( x )
Chapter 8 – Applications of Integrals II dx
Probability Density Function
I ( x )=exp (∫ P ( x ) dx )
f ( x ) ≥ 0 for all x Probability > 0
y ∙ I ( x )=∫ Q ( x ) ∙ I ( x ) dx
∞ Total Probability
∫ f ( t) dt=1 =1 dy
1) Set =…
−∞ dx
d d 2) Check separability
V =2 π ∫ y |f ( y )| dy V =2 π ∫ y |f ( y )−g( y )|dy x2 Probability = 1
dy=f ( x ) dx
c c
iii. P ( x1 ≤ X ≤ x 2 )=∫ f (t) dt area under 3) g( y) –OR–

Inverse Functions x1 curve

Use on Inverse trigo and logs dy
iv. P ( X=x )=0 ∀x + P ( x ) ∙ y=Q(x )
dx
x
P ( X ≤ x )=P ( X < x )= ∫ f (t) dt 4a) Integrate both sides 4b) Find
−∞ I ( x )=exp ∫ P( x )dx
Cumulative Distribution Function
5a) Add arbitrary 5b) ALWAYS
¿ P (X ≤ x ) constant, C
x y ∙ I ( x )=∫ Q ( P(
x ) ∙ XI (≤x )z)
dx
Expected Value (Mean)
F ( x )=∫ f ( t ) dt ¿
−∞ 6a) Combine ln ❑ 6b) y ∙ I ( x )=…+C
terms
7a) y=… 7b) y=…
 Geometry

Law of Sines sin A sin B sinC

= =
a b c
Law of 2 2 2
c =a + b −2 ab cos C
Cosines
1
×base × height
2
Area of
triangle 1
ab sin C
2

√ s (s−a)( s−b)(s−c) where

1
s= (a+b+ c)
2
Solid Volume Surface Area
Cone 1 2 πr √ r 2 +h2
πr h
3
Cylinder π r 2h 2 πrh
Sphere 4 3 4 π r2
πr
3
Cumulative Distribution Function x
F ( x )=∫ … dt
DF

Basically just wants to

find area under curve
in x

Riemann Sums
n

∑ i= n2 (n+1)
i=0

∑ i2= n6 (n+1)(2 n+1)

i=0

n
n2 2
∑i = 3
4
( n+ 1 )
i=0