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Lesson 1 Globalization

Globalization is defined as the intensification of worldwide social relations that connect distant localities, altering experiences and perceptions across various domains such as economics, culture, and ideology. It encompasses five 'scapes'—ethnoscapes, mediascapes, technoscapes, financescapes, and ideoscapes—and is characterized by the liberalization of markets and the shift in gender roles, particularly empowering women through increased access to information and economic opportunities. Manfred Steger outlines six core claims about globalization, emphasizing its inevitability, benefits, and the necessity for a global response to challenges like terrorism.

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8 views34 pages

Lesson 1 Globalization

Globalization is defined as the intensification of worldwide social relations that connect distant localities, altering experiences and perceptions across various domains such as economics, culture, and ideology. It encompasses five 'scapes'—ethnoscapes, mediascapes, technoscapes, financescapes, and ideoscapes—and is characterized by the liberalization of markets and the shift in gender roles, particularly empowering women through increased access to information and economic opportunities. Manfred Steger outlines six core claims about globalization, emphasizing its inevitability, benefits, and the necessity for a global response to challenges like terrorism.

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• All those processes by which people of the world

are incorporated into a single world society. –


Sociologist, Martin Albrow & Elizabeth King
(1990)
• Globalization can thus be defined as the
intensification of worldwide social relations
which link distant localities in such a way that
local happenings are shaped by events
occurring many miles away and vice versa. –
Anthony Giddens (1991), in The Consequences of
Modernity.
• Globalization is the compression of the world and
the intensification of the consciousness as whole. –
Roland Robertson (1992), professor of sociology at
the University of Aberdeen.
• Globalization is the extension of social relations
through changing world-time. - Paul James (2005)
• The process of world shrinkage, of distance getting
shorter, things moving closer, pertaining to the
increasing ease with which somebody on one side
of the world can interact, to mutual benefit, with
somebody on the other side of the world. – Thomas
Larsson (2001), a Swedish journalist.
• The best scholarly definition of globalization is provided
by Manfred Steger (2009) who describes globalization as
“a variety of accelerating economic, political, cultural,
ideological, and environmental processes that are rapidly
altering our experience of the world. He described the
process as “ the expansion and intensification of social
relations and consciousness across the world-time and
world-space.
• “Expansion” means both the creation of new social
networks and the multiplication of existing connections
that cut across traditional political, economic, cultural and
geographic boundaries.
• “Intensification” refers to the expansion, stretching, and
acceleration of these networks.
Five Scapes of Globalization
– Arjun Appadurai, anthropologist
• 1. ethnoscapes – the migration of people across cultures
and borders
• 2. mediascapes – the use of media that shapes the way
we understand our imagined world
• 3. technoscapes – cultural interactions due to the
promotion of technology
• 4. financescapes – the flux of capital across borders
• 5. ideoscapes – the global flow of ideology
Six (6) Core Claims of Globalization according
to Manfred Steger
1. Globalization is about the liberalization and global
integration of markets.
2. Globalization is inevitable and irreversible.
3. Nobody is in-charge of Globalization.
4. Globalization benefits everyone (in the long run)
5. Globalization furthers the spread of democracy in the
world.
6. Globalization requires a global war on terror.
Gender and Development through Globalization
Globalization is shifting gender roles and norms:
Increased access to information, primarily through
television and the Internet, allows countries to learn about
social mores in other places, which can change
perceptions and promote the adoption of more egalitarian
attitudes.
Economic empowerment for women reinforces this
process by promoting changes in gender roles and allowing
women to influence time allocation, shift relative power
within the household and exercise agency more broadly.
Gender and Development through Globalization

• For some, women participation in the labour market has


represented a pathway for empowerment.
• In addition to the growing demand for female labour, other
factors, such as the rising levels of female education,
falling fertility rates and changing aspirations, have also
contributed to the growing tendency by women to seek
paid work (UNRISD 2005).
• More women are entering the work force.
10. It is defined as production that is carried out by firms
outside of their country of origin.
a) International finance
b) Multinational production
c) Trade

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