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Module 6

The document compares analog and digital meters, highlighting that digital meters convert analog signals into numeric readouts, offer high accuracy, and come in various types such as panel and bench meters. It also discusses the advantages of digital meters, including high input impedance and automation features like automatic polarity indication and ranging. Additionally, it covers the IEEE 488 bus for digital interfacing between programmable instruments, emphasizing its role in remote control of electronic test equipment.

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8 views35 pages

Module 6

The document compares analog and digital meters, highlighting that digital meters convert analog signals into numeric readouts, offer high accuracy, and come in various types such as panel and bench meters. It also discusses the advantages of digital meters, including high input impedance and automation features like automatic polarity indication and ranging. Additionally, it covers the IEEE 488 bus for digital interfacing between programmable instruments, emphasizing its role in remote control of electronic test equipment.

Uploaded by

I'm an idiot but
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Comparison of Analog and digital

meters
Digital measurements
• Convert Analog into digital or numeric readout.
• Capable of measuring Analog dc voltages.
• Various features such as speed, automation
operation and programmability.
Digital meters
• High accuracy
• High input impedance
• Smaller in size

• Types:
1. Panel meters( one location)
2. Bench type meters ( multimeters)
3. System meters (multimeters)
Digital multimeter

A simplified block diagram


Advantages
• Accuracy high.
• Input impedance is very high , no loading
effect.
• Output variable is electrical which can be used
for interfacing with external equipment.
• Less cost.
• Available in small size.
This type of ADC operates by successively dividing the
voltage range by half, as explained in the following steps.
(1) The MSB is initially set to 1 with the remaining three
bits set as 000. The digital equivalent voltage is compared
with the unknown analog input voltage.
(2) If the analog input voltage is higher than the digital
equivalent voltage, the MSB is retained as 1 and the second
MSB is set to 1. Otherwise, the MSB is set to 0 and the
second MSB is set to 1. Comparison is made as given in step
(1) to decide whether to retain or reset the second MSB.
The above steps are more accurately illustrated with the help
of an example.
Let us assume that the 4-bit ADC is used and the analog
input voltage is VA = 11 V. when the conversion starts, the
MSB bit is set to 1.
Now VA = 11V > VD = 8V = [1000]2
Since the unknown analog input voltage VA is higher than the
equivalent digital voltage VD, as discussed in step (2), the MSB is
retained as 1 and the next MSB bit is set to 1 as follows
VD = 12V = [1100]2
Now VA = 11V < VD = 12V = [1100]2
Here now, the unknown analog input voltage VA is lower than the
equivalent digital voltage VD. As discussed in step (2), the second
MSB is set to 0 and next MSB set to 1 as
VD = 10V = [1010]2
Now again VA = 11V > VD = 10V = [1010]2
Again as discussed in step (2) VA>VD, hence the third MSB is
retained to 1 and the last bit is set to 1. The new code word is
VD = 11V = [1011]2

Now finally VA = VD , and the conversion stops.


Digital frequency meter
Measurement of time
Automation in digital instruments
1. Automatic polarity indication.
2. Automatic ranging.
3. Automatic Zeroing.
Automatic polarity indication
Automatic polarity indication
Automatic ranging
Automatic ranging
Fully automatic digital instrument
Electronic counter
1. Total count.
2. Frequency mode.
3. Ratio mode.
4. Period mode
5. Time interval mode.
Totalizing
• Input pulses are counted or totalised by the decade
counter as long as the switch is closed.
If the count pulse exceeds the capacity of the decade
counter, the overflow indicator is activated and the
counter starts counting again.
Frequency mode
• If the time interval in which the pulses are being
totalized is accurately controlled, the counter operates
in frequency mode.
• By a rectangular pulse of known duration to the AND
gate in place of dc voltage source.
• “Gating of counter”
• f=N/t
• f=frequency of the
i/p signal
N=pulse counted
t=duration of the gate
pulse
Ratio mode
• Displays the numerical value of the ratio of the
frequencies of two signals.
• Low freq signal is used in place of clock to
provide a gate pulse.
• The no of cycles of the high frequency signal
which are stored in the decade counter (in
presence of gate pulse) is read as a ratio of
frequency.
Period mode
• It is desirable to measure the period of the
signal rather than its frequency.
• Input signals as gate pulses and counting the
clock pulses.
• Period-measured from the number of pulses of
known frequency or known time duration
which are counted by the counter during one
cycle of the input signal.
• T=N/f
Time interval mode
• Measures the time elapsed between two events.
• Gate is controlled by two independent inputs, the
start input which enables the gate and the stop input
which disables the gate.
• During the time interval between start and stop
signal, clock pulses accumulate in the register,
gives an indication of the time interval between
start and stop of the event .
Specifications
Specifications
IEEE 488 bus
• Digital interfacing
between Programmable
instruments.
• Impedance mismatch,
Obtaining cables with
proper connections are
eliminated.
• Programmable ins-both talk and listen.
• Listen mode-Get instruction to make a particular
measurement.
• Talk-Send its measurand.
• Controller-Manages the operation of the system
IEEE 488
• IEEE-488 is a short-range digital
communications 8-bit parallel multi-master
interface bus specification. IEEE-488 was
created as HP-IB (Hewlett-Packard Interface
Bus) and is commonly called GPIB (General
Purpose Interface Bus).
• GPIB is widely used for enabling electronics
test equipment to be controlled remotely,
although it was also used in a many other
applications including general computer
communications.
GPIB system
Sequence of operations
• It has 8 bidirectional data lines supported by 3
handshake control signals and 5 general
purpose interface management lines.
• Data lines-transfer data, address, commands
and status bytes among 8-10 instruments.
• Bit 8 of these words-Don’t care
• Bit 7 and 6-which command is being sent
• Bit 1 to 5- address of the talker or listener to
which the command is to be sent.

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