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 SEISMIC WAVES,
RESEARCH AND ANALYSIS
Edited by Masaki Kanao
Seismic Waves, Research and Analysis
Edited by Masaki Kanao

Published by InTech
Janeza Trdine 9, 51000 Rijeka, Croatia

Copyright © 2011 InTech

All chapters are Open Access distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution 3.0
license, which allows users to download, copy and build upon published articles even for
commercial purposes, as long as the author and publisher are properly credited, which
ensures maximum dissemination and a wider impact of our publications. After this work
has been published by InTech, authors have the right to republish it, in whole or part, in
any publication of which they are the author, and to make other personal use of the
work. Any republication, referencing or personal use of the work must explicitly identify
the original source.

As for readers, this license allows users to download, copy and build upon published
chapters even for commercial purposes, as long as the author and publisher are properly
credited, which ensures maximum dissemination and a wider impact of our publications.

Notice
Statements and opinions expressed in the chapters are these of the individual contributors
and not necessarily those of the editors or publisher. No responsibility is accepted for the
accuracy of information contained in the published chapters. The publisher assumes no
responsibility for any damage or injury to persons or property arising out of the use of any
materials, instructions, methods or ideas contained in the book.

Publishing Process Manager Igor Babic

Technical Editor Teodora Smiljanic
Cover Designer InTech Design Team

First published January, 2012

Printed in Croatia

A free online edition of this book is available at www.intechopen.com

Additional hard copies can be obtained from [email protected]

Seismic Waves, Research and Analysis, Edited by Masaki Kanao

p. cm.
ISBN 978-953-307-944-8
Contents

Preface IX

Chapter 1 Seismic Wave Interactions Between the Atmosphere - Ocean

- Cryosphere System and the Geosphere in Polar Regions 1
Masaki Kanao, Alessia Maggi, Yoshiaki Ishihara,
Masa-yuki Yamamoto, Kazunari Nawa, Akira Yamada,
Terry Wilson, Tetsuto Himeno, Genchi Toyokuni,
Seiji Tsuboi, Yoko Tono and Kent Anderson

Chapter 2 Wavelet Spectrogram Analysis of

Surface Wave Technique for Dynamic Soil
Properties Measurement on Soft Marine Clay Site 21
Sri Atmaja P. Rosyidi and Mohd. Raihan Taha

Chapter 3 Electric and Electromagnetic Signals Under, On, and Above

the Ground Surface at the Arrival of Seismic Waves 47
Akihiro Takeuchi, Kan Okubo and Nobunao Takeuchi

Chapter 4 Electric Displacement by Earthquakes 71

Antonio Lira and Jorge A. Heraud

Chapter 5 Quasi-Axisymmetric Finite-Difference Method

for Realistic Modeling of Regional and Global
Seismic Wavefield – Review and Application – 85
Genti Toyokuni, Hiroshi Takenaka and Masaki Kanao

Chapter 6 The Latest Mathematical Models

of Earthquake Ground Motion 113
Snezana Gjorgji Stamatovska

Chapter 7 Using a Poroelastic Theory to Reconstruct

Subsurface Properties: Numerical Investigation 133
Louis De Barros, Bastien Dupuy, Gareth S. O’Brien,
Jean Virieux and Stéphane Garambois

Chapter 8 Coupling Modeling and Migration for Seismic Imaging 155

Hervé Chauris and Daniela Donno
VI Contents

Chapter 9 Effects of Random Heterogeneity

on Seismic Reflection Images 173
Jun Matsushima

Chapter 10 Wave Propagation from a

Line Source Embedded in a Fault Zone 195
Yoshio Murai

Chapter 11 Seismic Modeling of Complex Geological Structures 213

Behzad Alaei

Chapter 12 Shear Wave Velocity Models Beneath

Antarctic Margins Inverted by Genetic
Algorithm for Teleseismic Receiver Functions 237
Masaki Kanao and Takuo Shibutani

Chapter 13 Modelling Seismic Wave

Propagation for Geophysical Imaging 253
Jean Virieux, Vincent Etienne, Victor Cruz-Atienza,
Romain Brossier, Emmanuel Chaljub, Olivier Coutant,
Stéphane Garambois, Diego Mercerat, Vincent Prieux,
Stéphane Operto, Alessandra Ribodetti and Josué Tago

Chapter 14 2.5-D Time-Domain Finite-Difference

Modelling of Teleseismic Body Waves 305
Hiroshi Takenaka and Taro Okamoto
Preface

Low-frequency acoustic energy released within the Earth's crust and mantle mostly
propagates - depending on the density and elasticity of the medium - through several
types of seismic waves categorized as body waves (longitudinal P and transverse S) or
surface waves (long L and ground roll R).

The importance of seismic wave research lies not only in our ability to understand and
predict earthquakes and tsunamis, it also reveals information on the Earth's
composition and features in much the same way as it led to the discovery of
Mohorovicic's discontinuity. As our theoretical understanding of the physics behind
seismic waves has grown, physical and numerical modeling have greatly advanced
and now augment applied seismology for better prediction and engineering practices.
This has led to some novel applications such as using artificially-induced shocks for
the exploration of the Earth's subsurface and seismic stimulation for increasing the
productivity of oil wells.

This book will present the latest techniques and advances in seismic wave research
and analysis from theoretical research, data acquisition and interpretation, to analyses
and numerical simulations, as well as research applications. The major topics in this
book cover; physical interaction in the Earth system, wavelet spectrogram analysis,
electromagnetic signals, mathematical models of earthquake ground motion, 3D
imaging, poroelastic analysis, random heterogeneity, complex geological structures,
finite-difference method, and so on.

Finally, we would like to extend our gratitude to Drs. Hiroshi Takenaka, Yoshio
Murai, Jun Matsushima, and Genti Toyokuni, for their sincere cooperation on the
review process on this special issue. The authors would like to express their sincere
thankfulness for InTech publication company for their kind support in the publication
management for this special issue on “Seismic Waves”.

Masaki Kanao
National Institute of Polar Research (NIPR)
Tokyo, Japan
 1

Seismic Wave Interactions Between

the Atmosphere - Ocean - Cryosphere
System and the Geosphere in Polar Regions
Masaki Kanao et al.*
National Institute of Polar Research, Tokyo
Japan

1. Introduction
At the time of the International Geophysical Year (IGY; 1957-1958), it was generally
understood by a majority of seismologists that no extreme earthquakes occurred in polar
regions, particularly around Antarctica. Despite the Antarctic being classified as an aseismic
region, several significant earthquakes do occur both on the continent and in the
surrounding oceans. Since IGY, an increasing number of seismic stations have been installed
in the polar regions, and operate as part of the global network. The density of both
permanent stations and temporary deployments has improved over time, and has recently
permitted detailed studies of local seismicity (Kaminuma, 2000; Reading, 2002; 2006; Kanao
et al., 2006).
Several kinds of natural seismic signals connected to the atmosphere - ocean - cryosphere
system can be detected in polar regions (Fig. 1). Ice-related seismic motions for small
magnitude events are generally named ‘ice-quakes’ (or ‘ice-shocks’) and can be generated by
glacially related dynamics (Tsuboi et al., 2000; Anandakrishnan et al., 2003; Kanao and
Kaminuma, 2006). Such cryoseismic sources include the movements of ice sheets, sea-ice,
oceanic tide-cracks, oceanic gravity waves, icebergs and the calving fronts of ice caps. At
times, it can be hard to distinguish between the waveforms generated by local tectonic
earthquakes and those of ice-related phenomena. Cryoseismic sources are likely to be
influenced by environmental conditions, and the study of their temporal variation may
provide indirect evidence of climate change..
In the Arctic, particularly in Greenland, the largest outlet glaciers draining the northern
hemisphere’s major ice cap have suffered rapid and dramatic changes during the last

* Alessia Maggi2, Yoshiaki Ishihara3, Masa-yuki Yamamoto4, Kazunari Nawa5, Akira Yamada6, Terry

Wilson7, Tetsuto Himeno1, Genchi Toyokuni1, Seiji Tsuboi8, Yoko Tono8 and Kent Anderson9
1National Institute of Polar Research, Tokyo, 2Institut de Physique du Globe de Strasbourg, CNRS and University

of Strasbourg, 3National Astronomical Observatory, National Institutes of Natural Sciences, Iwate, 4Kochi
University of Technology, Kochi, 5National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology, Tsukuba,
6Geodynamics Research Center, Ehime University, Ehime, 7Ohio State University, 8Japan Agency for Marine-

Earth Science and Technology, Yokohama, 9Incorporated Research Institutions for Seismology, Washington, DC,
2France; 1,3,4,5,6,8Japan; 7,9USA
2 Seismic Waves, Research and Analysis

decade. They have lost kilometers of ice mass at their calving fronts, thinned by 15% or more
in their lower reaches, accelerated by factors of 1.5 (Howat et al., 2005; Rignot and
Kanagaratnam, 2006), and generated increasing numbers of large glacial earthquakes
(Ekström et al., 2003; 2006). These significant changes, which have occurred as the climate
has warmed and surface melting on Greenland has increased (Steffen et al., 2004), highlight
the importance of dynamic processes operating within the polar ice sheet and at its outlet
glaciers.
In this chapter, several features of seismic wave propagation in polar regions are illustrated,
through discussion of travel time anomalies, wave amplitudes and the frequency content of
power spectral densities (PSD). Characteristic seismic signals are classified into one of three
main categories according to their origin: ice-related phenomena, oceanic loading effects
and atmospheric perturbations. The physical interaction mechanisms between the
atmosphere - ocean - cryosphere system and the geosphere (solid Earth) in polar regions are
analyzed, and their possible use as climate change indicators is discussed.

Fig. 1. Photographs of atmosphere - ocean - cryosphere and geosphere environments in

polar regions, particularly around the Lützow-Holm Bay (LHB) region, Antarctica. Left ,
from top to bottom: a glacier, tide-cracks, iceberg and sea ice. Middle: Syowa Station (SYO)
in the Ongul Islands, surrounded by sea-ice and separated from the continent by the Ongul
Channel. Right, from to to bottom: glacier and mountains, the ‘spring river’ between sea-ice
and the coast, ice fall at the edge of a small glacier. All photos are provided by M. Kanao
and NIPR

2. Seismic signals from the ocean

All seismic stations deployed on the Earth’s surface record ubiquitous signals at periods
between 4 and 25 s are commonly referred to as “microseisms”. In the absence of
earthquakes, microseismic waves are the strongest amplitude signals worldwide.
Microseisms are considered to be dominated by Rayleigh waves that arise from gravity
waves in the ocean that are forced by surface winds. The period ranges of microseisms are
dictated by the physics of gravity wave generation, and are constrained by the speed and
extent of Earth’s surface winds (Aster et al., 2008; Aster, 2009; Bromiriski, 2009).
The microseism spectrum has a bimodal composition, caused by the existence of two
distinct physical mechanisms that transfer ocean wave energy to seismic waves in geosphere
Seismic Wave Interactions Between
the Atmosphere - Ocean - Cryosphere System and the Geosphere in Polar Regions 3

(Fig. 2). The first spectral peak between approximately 12 and 30 s, commonly called
“primary” or single-frequency microseism (SFM), arises from the transfer of ocean gravity
wave (swell) energy to seismic waves as oceanic waves shoal and break in the shallow
waters. The highest amplitude and longest period swells are created by large and intense
storms that generate strong sustained winds over a large area. Swell propagates dispersively
across ocean basins, which results in longer period swell arriving at the coast before the
shorter period swell. This period-dependent delay is readily measured in data recorded by
seismic stations, ocean buoys, and seismographs, such as those deployed recently on a giant
Antarctic iceberg (MacAyeal et al., 2009).
The second, more prominent, microseism peak between approximately 4 and 10 s,
commonly called secondary or double-frequency microseism (DFM), arises from nonlinear
interaction of interfering ocean wave components that produce a pressure pulse at double
their frequency. This pressure pulse propagates with little or no attenuation to the sea floor
where it generates seismic waves. The DFM is thought to be generated both near the coasts,
where coastal swell reflection can provide the requisite opposing wave components, and in
the deep southern ocean.

An example of PSD and the origin for microseisms

Fig. 2. Left: An example of a typical power spectral density plot (PSD) (modified after Aster,
2009). Right: An illustration of the origin of microseisms (modified after Hatherton, 1960)

3. Microseisms in polar regions

On a global scale, microseism amplitudes are generally highest during local winter, because
nearby oceans are stormier in winter than in summer (Stutzmann et al., 2009). In polar
regions, particularly from the evidence of Antarctic stations, the opposite observation is
made: microseism amplitude is attenuated during local winter for both primary and
secondary microseisms (Hatherton, 1960). The observation is explained by the presence of
the sea-ice extent impeding both the direct ocean-to-continent coupling that generates the
SFM and the coastal reflection which is an important component in the generation of the
DFM (Grob et al., 2011).
In order to illustrate the variability of microseismic amplitude over time we have calculated
power spectral densities (PSD) for data from the broadband seismometer (STS-1) at Syowa
Station (SYO; 39E, 69S, Lützow-Holm Bay, East Antarctica). During time period shown,
continuous STS-1 waveform data with 20 Hz sampling were automatically transmitted from
4 Seismic Waves, Research and Analysis

SYO to the National Institute of Polar Research (NIPR) by an Intersat telecommunication

system (Aoyama and Kanao, 2010; Iwano and Kanao, 2009).
Figure 3 shows PSDs of the vertical broadband seismometer at SYO for a typical austral
summer day in January, 2010, over the period band 0.1-100s. The DFM is clearly visible, as
are several high-frequency dispersed signals that may be caused by variations of the ice
environment in the vicinity of the station.

1 day 6 hours

Teleseismic event Ice signals?

DFM DFM

Fig. 3. The power spectral densities (PSD) of the vertical broadband seismometer (STS-1V) at
SYO for January 02, 2010. Left: one day of data. Right: 6 hours of data, corresponding to the
shadowed area of the left figure.

SFM

DFM

Fig. 4. Power spectral densities (PSD) of the broadband seismometer (STS-1V) at Syowa
Station (SYO), Antarctica, for a period in 2001-2005. Signals corresponding to SFM and DFM
are indicated by blue and red arrows (modified after Grob et al, 2011)
Seismic Wave Interactions Between
the Atmosphere - Ocean - Cryosphere System and the Geosphere in Polar Regions 5

Figure 4 shows similar PSDs calculated for 5 consecutive years (2001-2005) over the period
band 0.1-80 s. The DFM can be identified all year round, though with distinctly lower
amplitude during the local winters (april-october). The relatively high degree of inter-
annual variability presumably reflects the large influence of extratropical cyclonic storms
that commonly affect both the northern and southern oceans. On the contrary, the SFM is
observed only under excellent storm conditions during the austral local winter. The strength
of both DFM and SFM are strongly related to the seasons, but presumably also to local ice
conditions. For example, summers with lower amplitude microseisms at SYO correspond to
residual sea-ice extension area near the Enderby Land coast (Grob et al, 2011).
In contrast, one-day PSD images for broadband seismograph at SYO clearly represent the
continuous DFM; which was detectable in any time slots when storms or blizzards visited
the station (Fig. 3). The DFM could probably be generated from the near southern oceans,
including the vicinity of Lützow-Holm Bay.

Fig. 5. Top: Teleseismic detectability at Syowa Station (SYO), Antarctica in 1987-2007

(modified after Kanao, 2010) as a function of Mb. Broken blue line indicates the smoothed
average of Mb values for the whole period. Bottom: Temperature variations at SYO for the
same years. Blue solid line: August (austral winter); red solid line: December (austral
summer); green broken line: averaged values for a whole season
6 Seismic Waves, Research and Analysis

An important parameter for station operators is the teleseismic detectability, i.e. the
capability of a station to detect a seismic event occurring at teleseismic distances (over 30°
away). This parameter is strongly correlated to the noise level at the station. Temporal
variations in teleseismic detectability at SYO were investigated for the period from 1987 to
2007 by Kanao, 2010. Figure 5 shows the body-wave magnitudes (Mb) for the events
detected at SYO over the past two decades. The magnitudes of detected events range from a
maximum of 6.5-7.0 to a minimum of 4.0-4.5. The average detected magnitude has decreased
slightly over time, as the station quality has improved. During the austral summer, the
station shows less teleseismic detectability (i.e. the station detects fewer low magnitude
events) than during the austral winter, because of high noise level in the local summer due
to both natural factors and human activity in the vicinity of the station.
The magnitude variations in teleseismic detectability imply strong relationship with the
surrounding environment, such as meteorological events, sea-ice thickness and its spreading
area (Ushio, 2003), and more particularly the amplitude of microseisms which is strongest
during the austral summers.

4. Microbaroms and ice signals on infrasound

Infrasound is defined as sub-audible sound, i.e pressure waves with frequencies ranging
from the cut-off frequency of sound for a 15°C isothermal atmosphere (3.21 mHz) to the
lowest frequency of the human audible band (20 Hz). This frequency range is a new horizon
for the remote sensing of the Earth’s atmospheric physical environment. For example, the
Sumatra-Andaman great earthquake of December 26th 2004 not only produced a tsunami
that was recorded as far as Antarctica (Nawa et al., 2007), but also produced recordable
infrasound waves in the atmosphere (Iyemori et al., 2005). Another example is given by the
infrasound and seismic recording of the shock waves generated by a meteorite that overflew
Japan (Ishihara et al, 2004).
Over the last few decades, in order to monitor the nuclear tests, a global infrasound network
was constructed by the Comprehensive Nuclear-Test-Ban Treaty Organization (CTBTO; Fig.
6; Butler and Anderson, 2008). One objective of CTBTO is to estimate the detection and
location capabilities of this network at regional and global distances, another is to explore
ways to improve these capabilities and enhance the understanding of wave propagation
through the atmosphere of the observed events. At this time, the CTBTO has sixty infrasound
stations, each containing at least four sensors (arrayed stations), that can detect a several-
kiloton TNT level explosion at a range of ~1000 km. Although the full capability of the global
infrasonic network is yet to be established, it has been found to be adequate for monitoring
nuclear tests, but too sparse for analyzing natural infrasound phenomena in detail.
In 2008, a Chaparral type sensor was installed on a rock outcrop at SYO station in East
Antarctica as an International Polar Year (IPY 2007-2008) project (Ishihara et al., 2009). From
the analysis of data recorded during the last two winter seasons in 2008-2010, we found
continuous background infrasound noise (Fig. 7) that seem to correspond to co-oscillation of
the DFM and SFM as observed by the seismometer at SYO. Time variations similar to those
observed on seismic spectra are also observed in infrasound data, and also seem to
correspond to storms that occur with intervals of a few days. These observations indicate
physical interaction between the atmosphere – ocean system and the solid earth (geosphere)
in the microseism/microbarom frequency ranges.
Seismic Wave Interactions Between
the Atmosphere - Ocean - Cryosphere System and the Geosphere in Polar Regions 7

Comprehensive Nuclear Test-Ban Treaty Organization (CTBTO)

Fig. 6. Top: A global distribution map of the Comprehensive Nuclear Test-Ban Treaty
Organization (CTBTO) infrasound network. Bottom, from left to right: infrasound station
photo at 155US in West Antarctica; an observation test running at Tohoku University, Japan;
infrasound station distribution in Antarctica

DFM

SFM

Fig. 7. Power spectral densities (PSD) of the infrasound signals at Syowa Station (SYO),
Antarctica, during the period in January – October, 2010. Signals corresponding to SFM and
DFM are indicated by blue and red arrows respectively
8 Seismic Waves, Research and Analysis

Figure 8 represents the PSD of infrasound signals at SYO during April 2009. The DFM is
indicated by a red arrow, and varies significantly both in amplitude and frequency content
over the month. These variations appear to correspond to the atmosphere variations tied to
changes in weather conditions, as well as the spreading area and the thickness of sea ice in
the surrounding bay. Also visible are the repeating signals with harmonic over-tones at a
few tens of Hz (labeled ‘ice sheet motion?’ in Fig. 8), that may be related to ice dynamics
caused by various environmental changes in cryosphere near the station (i.e. sea-ice
movement, tide-crack opening shocks, ice-berg tremors, basal sliding of the ice-sheet,
calving of glaciers etc.). Energy from storms sometimes extends to the low frequencies,
below 0.1Hz.
A theoretical modeling approach would be required to determine the actual sources of
several kinds of infrasound signals in the polar region. It would be also useful to compare
these signals with other data, such as broadband seismograms that share sensitivity over
part of the infrasound frequency range. The array alignment of the infrasound stations,
moreover, could provide robust information about the arrival direction and epicentral
distance from the infrasound sources.

DFM

Fig. 8. Power spectral densities (PSD) of the infrasound signals at SYO during the period
April 2009. The DFM is indicated by a red arrow. High frequency signals above 10Hz are
also identified, and labeled as ‘ice sheet motion?’

5. Glacial earthquakes in polar regions

Over the past few decades, more and more seismic observations in the polar regions by both
temporary seismic networks and permanent stations have detected local seismicity.
Bannister and Kennett (2002) found that the majority of the seismicity in the McMurdo
Station area was located along the coast, particularly near large glaciers. They suggested a
few generation mechanisms for these events, distinguishable by their focal mechanism and
depth: basal sliding of the continental ice sheet, movement of ice streams associated with
several scales of glaciers, movement of sea-ice, and tectonic earthquakes. Müller and
Eckstaller (2003) deployed a local seismic network around the Neumayer Station, and
determined hypocenters of local tectonic events, located along the coast and the mid area of
Seismic Wave Interactions Between
the Atmosphere - Ocean - Cryosphere System and the Geosphere in Polar Regions 9

the surrounding bay. Seismic signals involving ice-related phenomena are called «ice-
quakes (ice-shocks for smaller ones), and are most frequently reported in association with
glacially related mass movements of ice-sheets, or with sea-ice, tide-cracks and icebergs in
the other polar areas (Wiens et al., 1990; Wiens, 2007; Anandakrishnan and Alley, 1997;
Kanao and Kaminuma, 2006). The so-called «ice-micity» detected around the Bransfield
Strait and Drake Passage by a local network of hydrophone arrays in 2006-2007 illustrate the
dynamic behavior of sea ice in the Bransfield and Antarctic Peninsula regions(Dziak et al.,
2009).
Local seismicity around the Lützow-Holm Bay (LHB) from 1987 to 2003 was reported by
Kanao and Kaminuma (2006) (Fig. 9). The seventeen events were only detected by local
seismic network deployed around the LHB, except for the September 1996 Mb=4.6
earthquake in the southern Indian Ocean. Almost all the hypocenters were located along the
coast, apart from a few on the northern edge of the continental shelf. Several of these events
could be large ice-quakes associated with the sea-ice dynamics around the LHB or in the
southern ocean.

1996SY
Sep., Mb=4.6

SYO

LHB
SYO
1987-1989
1990-2003

Fig. 9. Local seismicity around the LHB region from 1987 to 2003 (modified after Kanao and
Kaminuma, 2006). These events, except for the September 1996 Mb=4.6 earthquake in the
Indian Ocean, were detected by the local seismic network deployed at the LHB

Sea-ice dynamics and icebergs also affect seismic signals. A large volume of sea ice was
discharged from LHB during the 1997 austral winter, and clearly imaged by the NOAA
satellite (Ushio, 2003). The broadband seismographs at SYO recorded distinct waveforms
associated with the discharge events (Fig. 10). The long-duration sea-ice tremors had very
distinct spectral characteristics that distinguished them clearly from ordinary teleseismic
and/or local tectonic events. Several sequences of harmonic over-toned signals, presumably
associated with the merging of multiple ice volumes, appeared on the PSDs. The PSDs also
showed surge events that seem more closely related to the break-up process of the sea-ice
mass. Both kinds of cryoseismic waves occurred continuously for few hours, and repeated
themselves several times within a few days during late July, 1997. Identification of the exact
sources that produced these characteristic signals has not yet been completed, and
theoretical modeling will most likely be required to explain the physical processes. Similar
10 Seismic Waves, Research and Analysis

cryoseismic phenomena were also reported around the Ross Sea region (MacAyeal et al.,
2009), the marginal sea of the Antarctic Peninsula (Bohnenstiehl et al., 2005; Dziak et al.,
2009), as well as the continental margin of Dronning Maud Land (Muller and Eckstaller,
2003). In particular, iceberg-originated harmonic tremor emanating from tabular icebergs
was observed by both seismo-acoustic and local broadband seismic signals (MacAyeal et al.,
2009). The tremor signals consisted of extended episodes of stick-slip ice-quakes generated
when the ice-cliff edges of two tabular icebergs rubbed together during glancing, «strike-
slip» iceberg collisions. Source mechanisms of such harmonic tremors might provide useful
information for the study of iceberg behavior, and a possible method for remotely monitoring
iceberg activity.

Sea-ice originated tremors

recorded at LHB Hz

SYO; STS-1, vertical comp.

6 hours x 4 div.s (30/07/1997) Horizontal scale; min.

Hz

SYO

Hz

Horizontal scale; min.

Hz
NOAA image (09/11/1997)

Fig. 10. A large volume of sea-ice discharge from the LHB occurred during the 1997 austral
winter. Left : NOAA image in September 11, 1997. The broken red circle with light-blue
shading highlights the estimated residuals of the discharged sea-ice volume. Right: PSDs of
the broadband seismographs at SYO in July 30, 1997, in four successive time-periods of 6
hours each. Several characteristic signals with harmonic spectra were identified on the
seismograms

Several kinds of natural signals were recorded by a seismic experiment with 161 temporary
stations on the continental ice sheet (Mizuho Plateau in the LHB region) during the 2002
austral summer (Miyamachi et al., 2003). The experiment recorded chiefly the artificial
waveforms originated by seven large explosions, but also detected tectonic earthquakes and
ice related phenomena. The recorded signals have been classified into teleseismic events,
local events assumed to be ice-quakes and the unidentified events (X-phases, Yamada et al.,
2004). These ice-related phenomena are expected to be sensitive to climate change (Kanao et
Seismic Wave Interactions Between
the Atmosphere - Ocean - Cryosphere System and the Geosphere in Polar Regions 11

al., 2007). The recordings display variations in frequency content and arrival-times along the
seismic profile consistent with documented abrupt variations of the sub-ice topography.
The features of the X-phases were clearly different from those of the small local ice-quakes
(Fig. 11). A possibility for the origin of the X-phases may be regional intra-plate earthquakes.
Such regional events around Antarctica from 1900 to 1999 are compiled by Reading (2002).
East Antarctica from 90ºE to 180ºE, particularly the areas of Wilkes Land, the Transantarctic
Mountains, and the Ross Sea, was the region showing the highest seismicity in the Antarctic.
From the comparison with the arrival data at SYO, the maximum amplitudes of seismic
phases appear to arrive at SYO with the delay of several seconds. Therefore, the X-phases
could possibly travel to the seismic observation line and then SYO from the relatively active,
intraplate seismogenic region in Wilkes Land – Ross Sea area. The estimated origin of the
unidentified X-phases might be an intraplate earthquake or possibly a large ice-quake
(glacial earthquake) around East Antarctica.

(a)

(b)
Fig. 11. Seismic signals recorded at a linear profile of stations deployed on ice sheet of the
Mizuho Plateau (modified after Yamada et al., 2004). (a) Left: Record section showing
seismic waves of ice-quakes. Vertical axis starts from Jan. 14, 2002, 14:03:20 (UTC). Right:
Contour map of phase-weighted stacking (PWS) applied to the ice-quakes (two circled area).
(b) Left: Record section showing seismic waves of «X-phases». Vertical axis starts from Jan.
27, 2002, 14:02:30 (UTC). Right: Contour map showing envelope amplitudes of band-pass
filtered traces (1.0-2.0 Hz)
12 Seismic Waves, Research and Analysis

However, it should also be pointed out that several small to middle magnitude natural
seismic events could not be located accurately, since they have ambiguous arrivals in the
waveforms recorded by the present global network, particularly around Antarctica. In spite
of the development of local networks in last two decades, we can hardly distinguish a
difference between waveforms generated by local tectonic earthquakes and those of large
ice-related phenomena.
In addition to the short-period cryoseismic signals mentioned above, a new class of seismic
events associated with melting of large ice cap was discovered recently (Ekström et al., 2003
and 2006; Nettles et al., 2008; Fig. 12). These large events were called “glacial earthquakes”,
generated long-period (T>25 s) surface waves equivalent in strength to those radiated by
standard magnitude five earthquakes, and were observable worldwide. The glacial
earthquakes radiated little high-frequency energy, which explains why they were not
detected or located by traditional earthquake-monitoring systems. These events are two
magnitude units larger than previously reported seismic phenomena associated with
glaciers, a size difference corresponding to a factor of 1,000 in a seismic moment.
The long-period surface waves generated by glacial earthquakes are incompatible with
standard earthquake models for tectonic stress release, but the amplitude and phase of the
radiated waves can be explained by a landslide source model (Kawakatsu, 1989). Over the
fourteen-year period between 1993 and 2006, more than 200 glacial earthquakes were
detected worldwide. More than 95% of these have occurred on Greenland, with the
remaining events in Alaska and Antarctica (Dahl-Jensen et al., 2010).

Fig. 12. (upper left) A distribution of the glacial earthquakes around Greenland. (upper
right) An example of the comparison between a glacial earthquake and a tectonic crustal
earthquake (after Ekström et al., 2003). (lower) Number of glacial and non-glacial
earthquakes as a function of month (A) or year (B) (after Ekström et al., 2006)
Seismic Wave Interactions Between
the Atmosphere - Ocean - Cryosphere System and the Geosphere in Polar Regions 13

6. Greenland ice sheet dynamics

Glacial earthquakes have been observed along the edges of Greenland with strong
seasonality and increasing frequency from the beginning of this century (Ekstrom et al,
2003), by continuously monitoring data from the Global Seismographic Network (GSN).
These glacial earthquakes in the magnitude range 4.6-5.1 may be modeled as a large glacial
ice mass sliding downhill several meters on its basal surface over the duration of 30-60 s.
Greenland glacial earthquakes were closely associated with major outlet glaciers of the ice
sheet. Ekstrom et al. (2006) reported on the temporal patterns of the occurrence of events,
finding a clear seasonal signal and a significant increase in the frequency of glacial
earthquakes on Greenland after 2002. These patterns are positively correlated with seasonal
hydrologic variations, recent observations of significantly increased flow speeds, calving-
front retreat, and thinning at many outlet glaciers.
The last four decades of seismicity in Greenland and surrounding regions, including
tectonic and volcanic events together with glacial earthquakes, have been investigated by
Kanao et al. (2010). Statistically estimated seismic activity using data compiled by the
International Seismological Center (ISC) indicates a slight increase in magnitude-
dependency b-values from 0.7 to 0.8 from 1968 to 2007 (Fig. 13). This seems to indicate that
the total seismicity in this area, including glacial earthquakes, has increased in magnitude
over the last four decades. Before attributing this evidence to global warming, the other

G G
C I C I

G G

C I I
C

Fig. 13. Background seismicity and Magnitude–dependent ‘b’-values for Greenland and the
neighboring areas, on the basis of the statistic ETAS model using the hypocentral data
collected at the International Seismological Centre (ISC). G: Greenland block; I: Iceland
block; C: northern Canadian block. (left) 1968-1977; (right) 1998-2007
14 Seismic Waves, Research and Analysis

possibility for this increase are to be considered, such as of improvement of sensitivity of

instrument over time and stations densities in the Arctic region.
The detection, enumeration, and characterization of smaller glacial earthquakes has for a
long time been limited by the propagation distance to globally distributed seismic stations
of the Federation of Digital Seismograph Networks (FDSN). Although glacial earthquakes
have been successfully observed at stations within Greenland in recent years (Larsen et al,
2006), the station coverage was too sparse for detailed studies. In order to define the fine
structure and detailed mechanisms of glacial earthquakes within the Greenland ice sheet, a
broadband, real-time seismic network needed to be installed throughout onshore Greenland
and around its perimeter (the Greenland Ice Sheet Monitoring Network; GLISN; Anderson
et al., 2010; Kanao et al., 2008). The 2007-2008 IPY was an opportunity to initiate the new
program by international collaboration.
In Greenland, long-term seismic monitoring of the ice sheet will be used to establish a
baseline for the seismic activity in Arctic polar region. Deviations from the baseline would
be useful indicators of dynamic changes that could signal, for example, new mechanisms of
dynamic collapse of the ice sheet. At least as importantly, the seismic data obtained by the
GLISN network can provide, along with the monitoring capability, new constraints on the
dynamics of ice sheet behavior and its potential role in the sea-level rise during the coming
decades.

Greenland Ice Sheet Monitoring Network (GLISN)

N70°

N60°

Fig. 14. (upper left) Location map of the broadband seismic stations deployed by the GLISN
project. The solid red circles denote the existing FDSN stations and the solid green circles
indicate the GLISN sites. (upper right) Location of the Ice-S station by open red circle.
(lower) Installation of the Ice-S station on June 2011, taken by G. Toyokuni
Seismic Wave Interactions Between
the Atmosphere - Ocean - Cryosphere System and the Geosphere in Polar Regions 15

7. Monitoring the atmosphere-ocean-cryosphere-geosphere system, the

contribution of IPY and CTBTO
In the previous sections of this chapter, we have shown that seismic data contain significant
information regarding wave activity, ice-dynamics and weather-related phenomena (e.g.
storms). Microseism measurements in polar regions are a useful proxy for characterizing
ocean wave climate and global storm intensity in the high latitudes, complementing other
estimates such as marine surveys and satellite images. Individual stations respond most
strongly to wave activities at regional shorelines, and the sensitivity of specific stations to
ocean wave climate is controlled by factors such as storm tracks and coastal bathymetry.
Continuous digital records from the Global Seismographic Network (GSN), the Federation
of Digital Seismographic Network (FDSN) and their precursor networks extend back more
than 40 years, and hence open up the possibility of using seismic data to investigate climate
change. The new permanent network in Greenland (GLISN) significantly increases coverage
of the surrounding Arctic region.
A program containing several field-campaigns was launched during the International Polar
Year (IPY 2007-2008) and complements the networks of permanent stations at the high
latitudes of the polar regions. In Antarctica, the most ambitious seismological field
campaign conducted for the IPY was the «GAmburtsev Mountain SEISmic experiment» or
GAMSEIS, an internationally coordinated deployment of more than 50 broadband
seismographs over the crest of the Gambursev Mountains (Dome-A – Dome-F area) in East
Antarctica. The aim of this experiment was to provide detailed information on the crustal
thickness and mantle structure of the region and find key constraints on the origin of the
Gamburtsev Mountains (Wiens, 2007; Hansen et al., 2010; An et al., 2010). GAMSEIS and
many other seismological deployments, including a French deployment between Concordia
and Vostok (CASE-IPY) and a Japanese deployment around the Lützow-Holm Bay (JARE-
GARNET), were coordinated under a larger program called the ‘Polar Earth Observing
Network (POLENET; http://www.polenet.org/; Fig. 15)’ whose aim was to establish a
geophysical network to cover the whole Antarctic continent as well as Greenland for the
duration of the IPY.
The seismic data obtained by the combined POLENET network are being used to clarify the
heterogeneous structure of the Earth, particularly in the Antarctic region, by studying the
crust and upper mantle and the Earth’s deep interior, including features such as the Core-
Mantle-Boundary (CMB), the lowermost mantle layer (D" zone) and the inner core. In
addition to conventional seismological targets (e.g. crust and lithosphere structure, inner
core structure), the IPY seismic stations could be used to help monitor geographical
variations in climate indicators, over the span of 2-3 years. All data from IPY experiments
will be distributed to the scientific community.
Together with the seismic networks, the infrasound stations in the Antarctic contribute to
both CTBTO and the Pan-Antarctic Observations System (PAntOS) under the Scientific
Committee on Antarctic Research (SCAR). The combination of seismic, infrasound and
hydro-acoustic observations is required to understand in more detail the atmosphere-ocean-
cryosphere-geosphere system and its variations. We are hopeful that the large quantity of
data of these three types accumulated over the past decades by the CTBTO will one day be
distributed to the scientific community.
16 Seismic Waves, Research and Analysis

POLENET in IPY 2007-2008

SYO

JARE-
GARNET

AGAP-
GAMSEIS

CASE-
POLENET- IPY
West.Ant.

US-TAMSEIS
2000-2002

Fig. 15. Distribution map of seismic and the other geophysical stations deployed during the
IPY 2007-2008. The major project names are labeled as; JARE-GARNET, AGAP-GAMSEIS,
CASE-IPY, POLENET-West.Ant. and US-TAMSEIS, respectively. All stations in Antarctic
continent contributed to POLENET program

8. Conclusion
We have described several features of seismic waves, and how they are related to the
atmosphere-ocean-cryosphere system. Microseisms and microbaroms from the southern
ocean are clearly recorded by both broadband seismographs and infrasound sensors
deployed at Antarctic stations, and are modulated by the presence of sea-ice. Microseism
measurements were a useful proxy for characterizing ocean wave climate and global storm
intensity, complementing other estimates by ocean buoys or satellite measurements. Using
the infrasound data at SYO, we have detected long duration signals with harmonic over-
tones that may be related to the ice dynamics near the station.
Most of the community agrees that the polar regions play a critical role in the Earth’s
system. The Greenland ice sheet and its response to climate change potentially have a great
impact upon mankind, both through long-term sea-level rise and through modulation of
fresh water input to the oceans. Monitoring the dynamic response of the Greenland ice cap
and the Antarctic ice sheet, would be important components of a long-term effort to observe
climate change on a global scale. Future directions in global monitoring targets will emerge
from multidisciplinary projects combining the data of several global networks.
There are still a lot to be learned about the physical mechanisms of interaction between the
atmosphere-ocean-cryosphere system and the geosphere in the polar regions. Continuous
observation by a sufficiently large number of high quality stations, as well as theoretical
work, will probably be necessary to make progress in this field. Given the high cost and
Seismic Wave Interactions Between
the Atmosphere - Ocean - Cryosphere System and the Geosphere in Polar Regions 17

technical difficulties of continuous observation in the polar regions, such work would
require strong international collaboration beyond the end of the International Polar Year.

9. Acknowledgements
We would like to express our sincere appreciation of our many collaborators in both polar
regions. We thank all the members of IPY Antarctic projects of the AGAP/GAMSEIS (Prof.
Douglas Wiens of Washington University, Prof. Andy Nyblade of Penn. State University,
and other members), the POLENET (Prof. Terry Wilson of the Ohio State University, and
other members), as well as the Japanese Antarctic Research Expeditions (JARE; Prof.
Kazuyuki Shiraishi of NIPR and many other members). We also thank the Arctic ice sheet
monitoring program of GLISN (Prof. Trine Dahl-Jensen of Geological Survey of Denmark
and Greenland, and other members). Infrasound observation at SYO was supported by the
Ministry of Education, Science, Sports and Culture, Grant-in-Aid for Young Scientists (B)
19740265, 2007 (P.I. as Yoshiaki Ishihara). The authors would like to express their sincere
thankfulness for reviewers and InTech publisher for their useful comments and supports in
publication management for the special issue on “Seismic Waves”. The production of this
paper was supported by an NIPR publication subsidy.

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 2

Wavelet Spectrogram Analysis of Surface

Wave Technique for Dynamic Soil Properties
Measurement on Soft Marine Clay Site
Sri Atmaja P. Rosyidi1 and Mohd. Raihan Taha2
1Universitas Muhammadiyah Yogyakarta
2UniversitiKebangsaan Malaysia
1Indonesia
2Malaysia

1. Introduction
The surface wave measurement is one of in-situ seismic methods based on the dispersion of
Rayleigh waves (R-waves) which is used to determine dynamic soil properties, i.e., the shear
wave velocity (VS), shear modulus (G), damping ratio (D) and depth of each layer of the soil
profile. Much of the basis of the theoretical and analytical work of this method for soil
investigation has also been developed (Stokoe et al., 1994). Seismic data used in surface
wave analysis are non-stationary in nature, i.e., varying frequency content in time.
Especially in the low frequency range measurement, i.e., in soft soil deposit, the interested
frequency of surface wave can be relatively low, i.e., less than 20 Hz. In these frequency
values, the noisy signals from the natural or man-made sources may disturb the identical
frequency level of the surface wave signals generated from the source. Therefore, a time-
frequency decomposition of a seismic signal is needed to obtain the correct information of
phase spectrum generated from signal transformation. In most of surface wave methods, the
data analysis from time to frequency domain has been carried out by using Fourier
transformation. However, some information of non-stationary seismic data in analysis
maybe lost due to any arbitrary periodic function of time with period which is expressed as
sum a set of sinusoidal in Fourier transform. The Fourier analysis is unable to preserve the
time dependence. In addition, it also can not describe the evolutionary spectral
characteristics of non-stationary processes. Thus, a new tool, i.e., wavelet analysis is
required which allows time and frequency localization of the signals in the surface wave
measurement beyond customary Fourier analysis.
Based on processing signal data at different scales or resolutions, wavelet analysis is
becoming an important tool for identifying and analyzing localized variations of signal
power, particularly it is well-suited for approximating data with sharp discontinuities
within a time series. By decomposing a time series into time-frequency spectrum (TFW), one
is able to determine both the dominant modes of variability and how those modes vary in
time. The wavelet transform has been used in numerous studies, i.e., Meyers et al. (1993),
Liu (1994), Weng & Lau (1994), Wang & Wang (1996) for climate and meteorological studies,
Foufoula-Georgiou and Kumar (1995), Capilla (2006), Rosyidi et al. (2009) for geophysics,
22 Seismic Waves, Research and Analysis

and Chik et al. (2009) and Rosyidi (2011) for civil engineering applications, respectively.
Theoretical aspect of wavelets is given in many essential literatures such as Daubechies
(1992), Mallat (1999), Soman and Ramachandran (2005). From their studies, the wavelet
analysis has been successfully proven as an interactive technique for analyzing the
waveforms and non-stationary characteristic of generated seismic signals from the surface
wave measurements. Capilla (2006) used Haar wavelet transform application on the
detection of micoseismic signal arrival. The results showed that the seismic series is able to
be derived from an ensemble of subprocesses operating at characteristic scales and with
time dependent variability from the wavelet approach where the discontinuous Haar
wavelet decomposition shows the capability for efficiently extracting and locating emphasis
the higher frequency in time sudden transitions associated with the transient events. Rosyidi
et al. (2009) also conducted the study on the identification and reconstruction of the wave
response spectrum from seismic surface wave propagation on a Malaysian residual soil
using time-frequency analysis of the continuous wavelet transforms. Their results showed
that the wavelet analysis is useful in spectral analysis, time-frequency decomposition for the
identification of transient events in non-stationary signal and filtering of noisy signals in
seismic surface waves records. In surface wave measurements, the application of wavelet
analysis has been started by Kim and Park (2002) who used a harmonic wavelet transform
for determining dispersion curve in the spectral analysis of surface wave (SASW) method.
Their results showed that a new procedure based on wavelet transform was proposed for
calculating the phase and group velocities at each frequency independent of remaining
frequency components using the information around the time at which the signal energy.
The method was also less affected by noise and near field effect than the phase unwrapping
method that used as a common procedure in the surface wave measurement. Kritski et al.
(2007) proposed a mathematical model to establish a relationship between the continuous
wavelet transform of a signal and its propagated counterpart in a dispersive and attenuating
medium. Their results showed that the wavelet model is able to estimate both phase and
group velocities, as well as the attenuation coefficient. In addition, Shokouhi et al. (2003)
explained the advantages of the wavelet approach in the SASW measurement, i.e., detection
and characterization of cavities and objects buried in the ground and characterization of
layer interfaces, with respect to layer dipping and abrupt interface changes.
The aim of this research is to improve the capability of in-situ surface wave measurement by
developing the wavelet spectrogram analysis of surface waves (WSASW) technique for
measurement of the soil dynamic properties, i.e., the shear wave velocity, shear modulus,
and damping ratio at soft marine clay soils sites. This technique has capability to
reconstructed spectrograms of noisy seismic waves and produces the enhanced phase data
to develop the phase velocity dispersion curve. In soft soil site, the environmental noises are
dominant in the recorded seismic signals due to the wave frequency of interest are identical
to the frequency level of noisy signals. Therefore, the time-frequency wavelet spectrum is
employed to localise the interested response spectrum of surface waves. A filtration
procedure is also proposed in order to remove the noisy signals from the seismic records
which were captured during field measurement.
In this research, a test site at Radio Televsyen Malaysia (RTM), Kelang, Malaysia was
selected as location of measurement (Fig. 1). The site is a fairly flat open paddy field and an
on going construction was seen about 500 m away from the site. The site is generally an
original ground and the soil mass is mainly of greyish clay. The regional geology of the site
Wavelet Spectrogram Analysis of Surface Wave Technique for
Dynamic Soil Properties Measurement on Soft Marine Clay Site 23

has been classified as recent quaternary of dominantly alluvial deposits of soft marine clay
with traces of organics. The soil descriptions from the two boreholes at the location have
also shown that the soil type found were quite similar with the geology classification, i.e.,
greyish clay with decayed wood at most of the soil layers of the subsoil stratum (Fig. 2).

Site map of borehole (BH) locations and surface wave

measurement set up

4
2
BH4 BH3

5
Location of Study
Kelang, Malasia
Legend:
Map source: The World Factbook (2009)
Central Intelligence Agency, Washington, D.C.
1 2 3 4 5 Surface wave measurement
http://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-fact
book/index.html
Borehole

Fig. 1. Location of study

2. Research method
In the proposed WSASW technique, there are four main stages as described in the following
sections.

2.1 Field measurement

In this study, the seismic signal data were collected by using the SASW field measurement
set up. There are three important set ups in the SASW measurement for soft soil location,
i.e., adequate wave frequencies produced from the various impact sources, capability of
receivers or geophones to receive the interested frequency and the appropriate acquisition
unit or spectrum analyser used in the measurement. A set of impact hammer sources of
various frequencies was used to generate R waves on the soil surface. The propagation of
the waves were detected using two receiving geophones and the analog signals were then
transmitted to a spectrum analyser which consisted of acquisition box and transferred
digitally to a notebook computer (Fig. 3).
Sledge hammers of 8 and 12 kg were used as transient impact sources in the SASW
measurement. One of advantages using an impact (transient) source is to generate and
measure a broad range of frequencies simultaneously. However, the frequency content is
24 Seismic Waves, Research and Analysis

often limited and it is also important to realise that different transient sources generate
energy over different frequency ranges. Prior to the experiments, a pilot study on frequency
range test on transient hammers used in this study was carried out. The hammer generated
surface waves over different frequency range with adequate amplitude and they were able
to be detected by the receiver. For a typical soil deposit, the highest frequency necessary is in
the order of 200 to 800 Hz (Nazarian, 1984). Therefore, the selected sledge hammers in this
research are appropriate to be used for sampling the soft soil layer up to approximately 5
meter of depth.

Soil Profile of BH4 Soil Profile of BH3

0 0 Grey clay with

1 decayed wood
2 2
3 Grey CLAY
4 4
Grey CLAY 5
Depth, m

6 6
7
8 Grey clay with
8
decayed wood
9
10 10
11
12 12
13
14 Brownish grey clay 14
Grey CLAY
with decaved wood
15
16
Grey CLAY
16
***************************
17 Very soft yellowish
Terminated at 16 m
18 18 grey clay with
19 decayed wood
20
21
22
Soft grey CLAY
23
24
Very soft
25 grey CLAY
26
Stiff grey CLAY with
27
decayed wood
28

Fig. 2. Borehole data of BH3 and BH4 from location of study (Fig. 1)
Wavelet Spectrogram Analysis of Surface Wave Technique for
Dynamic Soil Properties Measurement on Soft Marine Clay Site 25

Fig. 3. SASW measurement setup applied on the soil sites

Vertical geophones of 1 Hz used in this study only receive the vertical displacement of the
generated signal from the impact sources as the interested component in the measurement.
Several configurations of the receiver and the source spacings were required in order to
sample different depths. The measurement configuration of the SASW test used in this
study is the midpoint receiver spacings. In addition, the short receiver spacings with a high
frequency source were used to sample the shallow layers of the soil profile. Larger receiver
spacings with a set of low frequency sources were employed to sample the deeper layers.
The distance between the source and the near receiver was set up equal to the distance
between the receivers (Fig. 3). This configuration is adequate for reducing the near-field
effect (Heisey et al., 1982; Ganji et al., 1998).

2.2 Development of experimental phase velocity dispersion curve

An experimental phase velocity dispersion curve from all receiver spacings in one
configuration measurement was generated based on the phase angle data from the both
signals received by geophones. However, in fact, the phase angle is difficult to be
interpreted from the noisy signals because it should be analyzed from huge amounts of non-
stationary seismic data in nature i.e. varying frequency content in time. Therefore, the time-
frequency localization is needed to provide accurate information of wave spectrum. In this
study, the time-frequency analysis of continuous wave transform (CWT) was employed for
localizing and filtering the interested wave spectrum.

2.2.1 Continuous wavelet transform (CWT)

The continuous wavelet transform (CWT) technique is becoming a common tool to analyse
localised variation of power within a time series for non-stationary signal, i.e., seismic
26 Seismic Waves, Research and Analysis

signals. In the technique, wavelets dilate in such a way that the time component also
changes for different frequency. When the time window component of the wavelet
decreases or increases, the frequency component of the wavelet is shifted towards high or
low frequencies, respectively. Therefore, as the frequency resolution increases, the time
resolution decrease and vice versa, which is called as multi resolution analysis, analysing
the signal at different frequencies with different resolutions (Mallat, 1989). CWT offers good
spectral and poor temporal resolution at low frequency, which is useful for low frequency
analysis with long duration signals, and good temporal and poor spectral resolution at high
frequency which is valuable for high frequency signals with short duration. This optimal
time-frequency resolution property makes the CWT technique useful for non-stationary
seismic analysis.
A wavelet is defined as a function of ψ(t) ∈ L2(ℜ) (L2 is the set of square integrable function)
with a zero mean, which is finite energy signals in both time and frequency. By dilating and
translating the wavelet ψ(t), a family of wavelets can be produced as:

1 ⎛ t −τ ⎞
ψ σ ,τ (τ ) = ψ⎜ ⎟ (1)
σ ⎝ σ ⎠
where σ is the dilation parameter or scale and τ is the translation parameter (σ, τ ∈ ℜ and σ
≠ 0). The CWT is defined as the inner product of the family wavelets Ψσ,τ(t) with the signal of
f(t) which is given as:
∞
1 ⎛ t −τ ⎞
FW (σ ,τ ) = ∫ f (t ) ψ⎜ ⎟ dt (2)
−∞ σ ⎝ σ ⎠
where ψ is the complex conjugate of ψ and FW(σ,τ) is the time-scale map. The convolution
integral from equation 2 can be computed in the Fourier domain. To reconstruct the function
f(t) from the wavelet transform, Calderon’s identify (Daubechies, 1992) can be used and is
obtained as:

∞ ∞
1 ⎛ t − τ ⎞ dσ dτ
f (t ) = ∫ ∫ FW (σ ,τ )ψ ⎜⎝ (3)
Cψ −∞ −∞
σ ⎟⎠ σ 2 σ

2
ψˆ (ω )
Cψ = 2π ∫ dω < ∞ (4)
ω
where ψˆ (ω ) is the Fourier transform of ψ(t). The integrand in equation 4 has an integrable
discontinuity at ω = 0 and implies that ∫ψ ( t )dt = 0 . In this study, the mother wavelet of the
Morlet wavelet was used. The shape of the Morlet wavelet is a Gaussian-windowed
complex sinusoid. It is defined in the time and frequency domains as follows:

Ψ 0 ( t ) = π − 4 eimt e −t
1 2
/2
(5)

ψˆ 0 ( sω ) = π − 4 H (ω ) e −( sω − m)
2
1 /2
(6)
Wavelet Spectrogram Analysis of Surface Wave Technique for
Dynamic Soil Properties Measurement on Soft Marine Clay Site 27

where m is the wavenumber, and H is the Heaviside function. The time and frequency
domain plot of Morlet wavelet is shown in Fig. 4. In Figure 4a, the Morlet wavelet is shown
within an adjustable parameter m of 7 which is used in this study. This parameter can be
used for an accurate signal reconstruction of seismic surface waves in low frequency. The
Gaussian's second order exponential decay used in time resolution plot results in the best
time localisation.

100
75
50
25
Wavelet

0
-25
-50
-75
-100
-500 -250 0 250 500
Ti
(a) Time domain of real and imaginary part

40
35
30
25
Wavelet

20
15
10
5
0
-750 -250 250 750
(b) Frequency domain
Fig. 4. Time and frequency domain plot of Morlet wavelet

2.2.2 Proposed procedure of the CWT technique in surface waves analysis

A flow chart of procedure of the CWT technique in the WSASW method is described in
Figure 5. The detail procedure is discussed in the following section.
1. Select the wavelet function and a set of scale, s, to be used in the wavelet transform. The
different wavelet function may influence the time and frequency resolution. In this
study, a Morlet wavelet function was selected as a mother wavelet in the CWT filtering.
2. Develop the wavelet scalogram by implementing the wavelet transform (equation 2)
using computed convolution of the seismic trace with a scaled wavelet dictionary.
Scalogram is a local time-frequency energy density which measures the energy of the
signals in the Heisenberg box of each wavelet. The detail discussion of scalogram can
28 Seismic Waves, Research and Analysis

refer to Mallat (1989). Wavelet scale is calculated as fractional power of 2 using the
formulation (Torrence & Compo, 1998):

jδ j
s j = s0 2 , j = 0,1,..., J (7)

⎛ Nδ t ⎞
J = δ j −1 log 2 ⎜ ⎟ (8)
⎝ s0 ⎠
where, s0 is smallest resolvable scale = 2δt ,δt is time spacing, and J is largest scale.

Start

The original signal, f(t), in time domain from

SASW test

Selecting the wavelet function and setting up

the scale, s

Computing the wavelet transform and

developing the scalogram in the frequency
(scale) and time domain.

Setting up filtering thresholds of continuous

wavelet transfer filtration on the wavelet
scalogram

Reconstruction the filtered signal, f(t), in time

domain

Generating the phase spectrum from two

filtered signals (SASW configuration)

Developing the dispersion curve of phase

velocity

Finish

Fig. 5. Flow chart of CWT Filtering procedure

Wavelet Spectrogram Analysis of Surface Wave Technique for
Dynamic Soil Properties Measurement on Soft Marine Clay Site 29

3. Convert the scale dependent wavelet energy spectrum (scalogram) of the signal to a
frequency dependent wavelet energy spectrogram in order to compare directly with
Fourier energy spectrum.
4. Perform the CWT filtration on the wavelet spectrogram by obtaining the time and
frequency localization thresholds. Wavelet spectrogram is developed from the
scalogram which allows the filtration technique implemented directly to the spectrum.
In this study, the CWT filtration was developed by a simple truncation filter concept
which only considers the passband and stopband. Threshold values in time and
frequency domain are then set as the filter values between passband and stopband. It
allows a straight filtering in each of the dimensions of times, frequencies and spectral
energy. The noisy or unnecessary signals can be eliminated by zeroing the spectrum
energy and consequently, they are fully removed when reconstructing the time domain
signal. Thus, the interested spectrum of signals are to be passed when the spectrum
energy is maintained in original value. A design of the CWT filtration is proposed by
Rosyidi (2009) and can be written as:

⎧ 0, 1 ≤ s ≤ Fl
⎪
f ( s ) = ⎨ 1, Fl ≤ s ≤ Fh (9)
⎪0, Fh ≤ s ≤ N
⎩

⎧ 0, 1 ≤ u ≤ Tl
⎪
f ( u ) = ⎨ 1, Tl ≤ u ≤ Th (10)
⎪0, Th ≤ u ≤ N
⎩
5. The value of 1 means the spectrum energy is passed and the value of 0 represents the
filtration criteria when the spectrum energy is set as 0.
6. Reconstruct the time series of seismic trace using equation 3.
7. Calculate the phase different from reconstructed signals at each frequency to develop
the phase spectrum for the experimental dispersion curve. The phase data can be
calculated from:

φn ( s ) = arctan ⎜
{
⎛ ℑ s −1WnXY ( s ) ⎞
⎟ } (11)
⎝ {
⎜ ℜ s −1W XY ( s ) ⎟
n ⎠ }
where,

WnXY ( s ) = WnX ( s ) WnY ∗ ( s ) = wavelet cross spectrum (12)

8. Finally, by extracting the data of the phase angle from the phase spectrum, a composite
experimental dispersion curve can be calculated by the phase difference method. The
time of travel between the receivers for each frequency can be calculated by:

φ( f )
t( f ) = (13)
( 360 f )
where f is the frequency, t ( f ) and φ ( f ) are, respectively, the travel time and the phase
difference in degrees at a given frequency. The distance of the receiver (d) is a known
30 Seismic Waves, Research and Analysis

parameter. Therefore, the Rayleigh wave velocity, VR or the phase velocity at a given
frequency is simply obtained by:

d
VR = (14)
t( f )

and the corresponding wavelength of the Rayleigh wave, LR may be written as:

VR ( f )
LR ( f ) = (15)
f

By repeating the procedure outlined above and using equation 13 through 15 for each
frequency value, the R wave velocity corresponding to each wavelength is evaluated
and the experimental dispersion curve is subsequently generated.

2.3 Shear wave velocity profile

An inversion analysis was used to generate the shear wave velocity profile. In the inversion
process, a profile of a set of a homogeneous soil layer extending to infinity in the horizontal
direction was assumed. The last layer is usually taken as a homogeneous half-space. Based
on the initial profile, a theoretical dispersion curve was constructed using an automated
forward modeling analysis involving 3-D dynamic stiffness matrix method (Kausel &
Röesset, 1981). In the model, displacements and stresses (or traction) of the propagation of
the waves on a horizontal surface can be expanded using the Fourier series in the
circumferential direction and in terms of cylindrical function (Bessel, Neuman or Hankel
functions) in the radial direction.
For axisymmetric loading only one Fourier series term is needed (the 0 term), and the radial
and vertical displacements (U and W) can be expressed by:
∞
U (r) = qR
∫ uJ 1 ( kR ) J 1 ( kr )dk (16)
k =0

∞
W (z)= qR ∫ w J 1 ( kRo ) J 0 ( kr )dk (17)
k =o

where J0 and J1 = the zero and the first order Bessel function, k = the wave number, r = the
radial distance from the source, R = the radius of the disk, q = the magnitude of the
uniformly distributed load; u and w = functions of k for a harmonic load at the surface
with wavelength 2π k . Kausel & Röesset (1981) showed that the displacement u and w , in
Equation 16, can be written as:
2n+2
k
u= ∑ ui 1wi 1 k ( k 2 − k 2 ) (18)
i =1 i i

2 n+ 2
k
w= ∑ wi21 k ( k 2 − k 2 ) (19)
i =1 i i
Wavelet Spectrogram Analysis of Surface Wave Technique for
Dynamic Soil Properties Measurement on Soft Marine Clay Site 31

For a system of n layers over a half-space, ui1 and wi1 denote the horizontal and vertical
displacements at the surface in the ith mode and can be found from the corresponding mode
shape. By substituting equation 18 and 19 to 16 and 17, respectively the integral can be
evaluated analytically in closed form. This solution is particularly convenient when dealing
with a large number of layers as in the case when it is desired to obtain a detailed variation
of the soil properties. Subsequently, the theoretical dispersion curve generated using the 3-D
model was ultimately matched to the experimental dispersion curve based on lowest root
mean square (RMS) error with an optimisation technique from Joh (1996).

2.4 Development of soil shear modulus and damping ratio profile

The soil shear modulus profile can be obtained by linear elastic model involving the parameter
of the shear wave velocity obtained from inversion process as mentioned in previous
section. The soil shear modulus is calculated from the following equation (Kramer, 1996):

γ VS2
G= (20)
g

where G = the dynamic shear modulus, VS = the shear wave velocity, g = the gravitational
acceleration; and γ = the total unit weight of the material. Nazarian & Stokoe (1986)
explained that the modulus parameter of material is maximum value at a strain below about
0.001 %. In this strain range, modulus of the materials is also taken as constant.
In order to measure the soil attenuation from signals recorded from field measurement,
the spectrogram attenuation model developed by Rosyidi (2009) was employed in the
analysis. The decrease in amplitude (energy density) of the vertical component of the R-
wave with distance due only to geometric configuration is also called the radiation
damping or geometric spreading. An effective soil damping ratio of R-wave in layered
medium can be defined from the attenuation analysis and the value is frequency
dependent. Its value may become very high for the first few modes of vibration. The
attenuation (α) of R-wave can be performed by the spectrogram attenuation model
proposed by Rosyidi (2009) as follows:

⎡ W fR2 ( u , s ) ⎤ ⎡ ⎧ R ⎫n ⎤
ln ⎢ R ⎥ = ln ⎢ ⎨ 1 ⎬ {G ( R ) ⋅ G ( I ) ⋅ K ( R )} e{−α ( f )( R1 − R2 )} ⎥ (21)
⎢ W f 1 ( u, s ) ⎥ ⎢ ⎩ R2 ⎭ ⎥
⎣ ⎦ ⎣ ⎦
where, R1 dan R2 = geophones distance from the sources (if using two geophones),
W fR1 ( u , s ) dan W fR2 ( u , s ) = spectrogram magnitude response for geophone 1 and 2
respectively, G(R) = geometric spreading factor, G(I) = instrumentation correction factor and
K(R) = correction for refracted and transmitted waves.
Finally, the experimental attenuation curves can be used in the inversion process aimed in
estimating the variation of soil shear damping ratio with depth. The inversion process is
carried out using the SURF code (Herrmann, 1994), based on a weighted, damped, least-
squares algorithm. Experimental attenuation curve consists of surface-wave attenuation
data at different frequencies obtained from equation 21. The amplitude variation with
distance can be used to obtain the experimental attenuation curve.
32 Seismic Waves, Research and Analysis

The solution to the inversion problem of estimating the dissipation factors is based on (Aki
& Richards, 1980):

2π f ⎪⎧ N ⎛ ∂VR ⎞ N ⎛ ∂V ⎞ ⎪⎫
α(f )= 2 ⎨ ∑ VP , i ⎜ ⎟ DP , i + ∑ VS ,i ⎜ R ⎟ DS ,i ⎬ (22)
VR ⎩⎪ i ⎝ ∂VP ⎠i i ⎝ ∂VS ⎠ ⎭⎪
where VP, VS and VR are the P-, S- and Rayleigh-wave velocities, respectively. The suffix i
refers to the ith layer and the summation is carried out over N layers of the stratified soil
model. DP and DS are the damping ratio values for P- and S-waves, respectively.
In homogeneous media with high values of Poisson’s ratio (ν),the influence of the P-wave
damping ratio on Rayleigh-wave attenuation is very small (Viktorov, 1967). For layered
media, the influence of DP on Rayleigh-wave attenuation is negligible for values of VP/VS
greater than 2 (i.e. ν > 1/3) as described in Xia et al. (2002). These values are typical for
saturated soils, and in many temperate regions the water table is usually shallow, thus it
is reasonable to perform the inversion of Rayleigh-wave attenuation assuming a constant
value of the ratio DP/DS or assuming that no bulk loss is present (Herrmann, 1994, Foti,
2004). It is important to point out that the relationship between the attenuation of
Rayleigh waves and the dissipative properties of each layer is influenced by the shear-
wave velocity profile of the medium. The detail procedure of the inversion process for
obtaining the shear damping ratio is discussed by Herrmann (1994), Lai and Rix (1998)
and Foti (2004).

3. Results and discussion

3.1 Seismic data and spectrum analysis
Figure 5 shows two examples of the recorded signals from averaging multiple impacts
from the field seismic measurement at soil test site. The signals were received by two
geophones in 8 m receiver spacing. From the recorded signals, it can be recognised that
higher amplitude is measured for the fundamental mode of R- wave amplitude. It is also
noted that the decreasing signal magnitude is identified as the R-wave attenuation in the
soil layer which is an important characteristic for energy decrement. The waveform of
seismic signal recorded (Fig. 5) is transient and-non stationary. Weak recorded signal of
seismic wave particularly in channel 2 is also identified as an effect of environmental
noise which maybe produced from ground noise and man-made vibrations. This means
that either the input signals or behaviour of system at different moments in time was not
identical.
When the signals were transformed into frequency domain using FFT (fast Fourier
transform), time-dependent behaviour of the seismic waves and noisy events were lost
(Fig. 6). The energy content of these events which are present at different times and
frequency would not be picked up by conventional Fourier analysis. In the other words,
the conventional spectral analysis of non-stationary signal of seismic waves cannot
describe the local transient event due to averaging duration of signals. It also cannot
instantly separate the event of true seismic waves from noisy signals. Consequently, it is
difficult to capture the correct phase information in the transfer function of both signals
(Fig. 7).
Wavelet Spectrogram Analysis of Surface Wave Technique for
Dynamic Soil Properties Measurement on Soft Marine Clay Site 33

Fig. 5. The time signals from 8 m receiver spacing from the measurement

3.2 CWT filtering and analysis in the WSASW

In order to enhance the pattern of non-stationary seismic wave signals from noisy signal,
both signals were then transformed in time-frequency resolution by the CWT. This time and
frequency analysis of CWT was employed to overcome the identification problem of
spectral characteristics of signals. Fig. 8 and 9 present the CWT spectrogram of the time
signal from geophone 1 and geophone 2, respectively (Fig. 5), which was constructed by
using a mother wavelet of Morlet.
Three main energy events at different frequency bands were clearly detected which may
result in both low and high mode of seismic and noisy signals (Figure 8 and 9). It can be
seen that coherent low frequency energy was found in the range of up to 2 - 10 Hz in both
CWT spectrograms (event B, C, D, E). This spectrum range is clearly captured and identified
34 Seismic Waves, Research and Analysis

Fig. 6. FFT spectrum of the time signals from 8 m receiver spacing of the measurement

Fig. 7. Phase spectrum of each time signals from 8 m receiver spacing

as dominant noisy signals or ground rolls. Another noisy signal received during
measurement was generated from the electrical devices and generator which has constantly
the frequency content of 50 Hz (event F). The spectrum events of surface wave signals are
recognized at event A with the frequency level of 4 to 35 Hz with arrival time of 0.012 to 0.50
s which consist of high magnitude of energy.
Wavelet Spectrogram Analysis of Surface Wave Technique for
Dynamic Soil Properties Measurement on Soft Marine Clay Site 35

Fig. 8. The CWT spectrogram for signals received by geophone 1

In order to separate the original seismic wave, the wavelet spectrogram filtration was then
implemented. There are two primary ways to set the thresholds for wavelet filtering. The
first is to define a region of time-frequency space. This is primarily used to isolate and
reconstruct signal components. The time and frequency fields define limits in spectrogram
filtering. In this study, the time and frequency range of noise signal was set as threshold of
wavelet (equation 9 & 10). It means that the noisy signals are removed from the spectrogram
and only the interested seismic wave signals remain. Table 1 shows an example of the
threshold parameters of time-frequency used in filtering criteria for the signals from 8 m
receiver spacing of SASW measurement. Consequently the inverse wavelet transform
returns a denoised seismic signal from the filtered spectrogram of interest. Demonstration of
36 Seismic Waves, Research and Analysis

the wavelet analysis in denoising and reconstructing the recorded seismic signals is shown
in Fig. 10. Particularly for seismic signal recorded on channel 2, the reconstructed waveform
of denoised signal improves the signal pattern of the seismic surface waves. The highest
amplitude shown at first phase of signals are recognised as low frequency energy from the
noisy signals or ground rolls based on the spectrogram analysis, therefore, it should be
filtered.

Fig. 9. The CWT spectrogram for signals received by geophone 2

Threshold Time (s) Frequency (Hz)

T1 T2 F1 F2
Geophone 1 0.030 0.650 2.97 7.08
Geophone 2 0.002 0.440 2.75 6.05
Table 1. Time and frequency threshold in CWTF

The phase spectrum from denoised signals from the surface wave measurement was then
constructed by equation 11. Compared to the phase spectrum from original signals, the
enhanced phase spectrum from the CWT filtration provides the better phase information
versus frequency range without noisy interference needed in the surface wave analysis (Fig.
11). It shows that the CWT and wavelet filtering is an effective tool for identifying,
denoising and reconstructing the noisy seismic surface waves measured on the soil profile.
Finally, based on the phase different method (Equation 13 – 15), a phase velocity dispersion
curve from enhanced phase spectrum can be obtained. Fig. 12 presents the dispersion curves
obtained from CWTF compared to the original dispersive velocity data (only produced from
masking process without any filtration), and dispersion curves from the continuous surface
wave (CSW) measurement and the impulse response filtration (Joh, 1996) analysed from
WinSASW.
Wavelet Spectrogram Analysis of Surface Wave Technique for
Dynamic Soil Properties Measurement on Soft Marine Clay Site 37

Fig. 10. Reconstructed signals from the CWTF

180
Phase different (degree)

120

60

-60

-120

-180
0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40
Original phase spectrum
Enhanced phase spectrum (CWT analysis) Frequency (Hz)

Fig. 11. Phase spectrum from two signals obtained by CWTF and spectrogram analysis
compared to the original phase spectrum
38 Seismic Waves, Research and Analysis

80
70

60
Phase velocity (VPH), m/s

50

40
30 Dispersion curve from the CWT filtration
Dispersion curve from the CSW method
20
Average dispersion curve from the CSW method

10 Original data without any filtration

Dispersion curve from IRF in WINSASW (Joh, 1996)
0
0 5 10 15 20 25 30
Frequency, Hz
Fig. 12. Comparison between dispersion curves from the CWTF in the WSASW method and
the dispersion curves from the original phase data (without any filtrations), developed by
the CSW method and by impulse response filtration (IRF) built in WINSASW (Joh, 1996)

3.3 Shear wave velocity evaluation

The actual shear wave velocity of the soil profile is produced from the inversion of the
experimental dispersion curve. In the inversion process, a profile of a homogeneous layer
extending to infinity in the horizontal direction is assumed. An example shear wave velocity
profile of soil site from this study is shown in Fig. 13. The average inverted shear wave
velocity of soil layer for RTM Kelang test sites was found to be 54. 90 m/s with a range of
38.52 to 103.53 m/s. Using the shear wave velocity parameter, the soil material in this study
could be evaluated and classified as soft clay (marine clay). The result shows that the soil
classification based on the shear wave velocities is also reasonably in agreement with the
laboratory tests.
As part of the validation on the results of the shear wave velocity profile obtained from this
study, a steady state method or also well known as the continuous surface wave (CSW)
measurement was carried out at same locations. In CSW measurement, a set of low
frequency content generated from harmonic vibration source was set up in the range of 5
until 30 Hz with the fixed receiver spacing of 1 m. In this frequency level, the observed soil
profile can be investigated until 6 m of depth. The comparison between a shear wave profile
determined by WSASW analysis and CSW method is also shown in Figure 13. This
comparison shows that the shear wave velocity profile by a WSASW technique is in a good
agreement with value of the shear wave velocity determined by CSW method.

3.4 Shear modulus evaluation

Based on the shear wave velocity profile, the shear modulus (G) profile of RTM Kelang site
can be calculated and the result is given in Fig. 14. The result of G is also compared with the
shear modulus calculated using Hardin & Drnevich (1972) model and the shear modulus
obtained from the CSW measurement.
Wavelet Spectrogram Analysis of Surface Wave Technique for
Dynamic Soil Properties Measurement on Soft Marine Clay Site 39

Shear Wave Velocity(m/s)

0 20 40 60 80 100 120
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
Depth (m)

7
8
9 Vs Profile from
10 CWTF ( RMS
11 error 2.13 m/s)
12 Vs Profile from
13 Steady Stead
14 Method (CSW)
15

Fig. 13. A shear wave velocity profile of investigated soil at RTM Kelang site and
comparison with the borehole log

Shear Modulus (MPa)

0 5 10 15 20
0
1
2
3
4
5
Depth (m)

6
7 G Profile from Wavelet
Ana lysis
8
G Profile from Hardin &
9 Drnevich (1972) Model

10 G Profle from CSW

Mea surement
11
12
13
14
15
Fig. 14. A shear modulus profile of investigated soil at RTM Kelang site
40 Seismic Waves, Research and Analysis

From Fig. 15 and Table 2, the soil parameters of physical properties and effective soil
stresses used for the shear modulus calculation using Hardin & Drnevich (1972) is
presented. The soil parameters were obtained from the laboratory tests on soil samples
collected from the drilling at the observed depth. Mathematical equation developed by
Hardin & Drnevich (1972) can be written as:

( )
n
A ( OCR ) PA1− n σ m'
k

Gmaks = (23)
F ( e)

where,
A = the dimensionless elastic stiffness coeficient,
σ m' = mean effective soil stress (obtained from Fig. 15)
PA = atmosphereic pressure,
n = exponent soil constant equal to 0.5,
F(e) = 0.3 + 0.7e2, and e = void ratio,
k = exponent soil constant depending on the plasticity index of soil,
OCR = over consolidation ratio.
' '
σ p' , σ vo and σ m (kPa) OCR Void Ratio, e

0 15 30 45 60 75 0 1 2 3 4 1.5 2.0 2.5 3.0 3.5 4.0

0 0

1 1

2 σ p' 2

3
3
4
4
5
5
6
6
Depth (m)

7
7 σ m'
8
8
' 9
σ vo
9
10
10
11
11
12
12 13
13 14

14
σ m' = σ p' '
- σ vo 15

15 16

Fig. 15. Profile of soil stress, over consolidation ratio (OCR) and void ratio parameter at
observed depth from the site
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"She was not fair nor beautiful—
Those words express her not."

Mary had never hitherto been much considered in the family, as far
as good looks were concerned. The mountain breezes which had
dyed with such brilliant bloom her sisters' cheeks, had failed to
chase the clear paleness of her own complexion; and therefore those
around her who adhered to the usual vulgar idea of beauty, had
never thought of giving her equality in that respect,—with the
exception perhaps of the good Baronet, who on the principle of
"loving others different to oneself," had first coveted the pale violet
above the brighter flowers of the family, as in pleasing contrast to
his own ruddy hues,—and by him whose refined perception had, as
we know long since, discerned and singled out the pearl of great
price from the more glittering jewels of the sisterhood.
But as we see her standing before us at this moment, in her
delicately tinted attire, watching with a quiet smile of admiring
interest the pretty children, who have bounded away together a little
in advance—or lifting up her eyes toward the blue sky above,
seeming to drink in with a pure and lively sense of rapture, the
delight of that most beautiful of summer mornings—

"A morn for life in its most subtle luxury."

Standing thus, unconscious that human eye was upon her, to have
seen her with that glow of youth and hope, and innocent intellectual
enjoyment kindling her cheek, few could have looked coldly upon
her, and said or thought "she was not fair or beautiful."
Very fair at least she seemed to him, who from an upper chamber
window thrown open to cool the fever of his brow, looked down
upon this morning scene, and dwelt upon that living object, pleasant
and alluring to the thirsting of his heart—the thirsting for that
something, purer, holier than his own nature could supply—which
sometimes springs up within the soul of him who has wandered
farthest from the paths of innocency and peace.
Mary was talking to her cousin Louis, who first joined her on the
lawn, when Mrs. de Burgh and Eugene Trevor made their
appearance. The latter congratulated Mary when they sat down to
breakfast, on her having apparently so completely recovered from
her last night's fatigue, and mentioned his having seen her in the
garden from his window.
She blushed, and said she had been making acquaintance with the
dear little children, whose praises she then rung upon the father and
mother's ears. Mr. de Burgh looked delighted, and quite agreed upon
the subject, his lady said more carelessly: "They were nice little
monkeys; the girl good-looking enough, but getting to that dreadful
age when she would require teaching; the boy a puny little fellow,
who should be at the sea if everything was done for him that ought
to be done."
Whereupon, Mr. de Burgh, who took this remark—probably as it was
intended to be—as a reflection upon his own backwardness in
forwarding that arrangement, began an assurance, in way of
defence, of Doctor somebody's preference of his native country's air
to that of the seaside; adding, that it would do the boy much more
good to have that long hair cut off which was exhausting all his
strength. Mrs. de Burgh declared that he was welcome to have it cut
off, for what she cared, for he knew she never interfered in any of
his whims, however absurd they might be.
And so it went on for a short time, till Mary began to wonder if every
repast was to be seasoned by such agreeable accompaniments, as
the bickerings of this and the preceding conversations. But Eugene
Trevor, who seemed to be accustomed to this sort of thing,
managed, laughingly, to divert the conversation from this exciting
topic, and peace was accordingly restored during the remainder of
the meal.
But how wonderful it was to Mary, that those two beings, whom
nature, as well as fortune, seemed to have crowned with every
blessing their bounty can bestow to make this world a paradise—
health, beauty, talents, on the one hand; wealth, station, princely
possessions on the other—should awaken in her mind feelings of
pain and compassion, rather than envy or admiration—as apparently
lacking in so lamentable a degree, that first great ingredient in the
cup of life—love.
How had this come to pass—how had the precious drop been
banished from the draught they were about so joyously to quaff, and
which seemed to sparkle with such glittering lustre when she had
seen them last?
Yet the same changeless heaven was above their heads—and earth
should have been to them a still more thornless paradise.
Alas! Mary had not learnt to see by sad experience, how often this is
the case with hearts that have once loved with—it might have
seemed undying fervour; affection frittered irreclaimably away in the
caprice and wantonness of unbroken prosperity,

"Hearts that the world in vain had tried,

And sorrow but more closely tied.
Who stood the storms when waves were rough,
Yet in a sunny hour fall off,
Like ships which have gone down at sea,
When heaven was all serenity."

Soon after breakfast Mary went up stairs to write to her aunt and
uncle, then returned and sat with Mrs. de Burgh till luncheon time,
when the gentlemen rejoined them, and after that they all went out
together—that is to say Mr. Trevor and the two ladies, for Mr. de
Burgh soon left the party, to follow his own business and pursuits.
They visited the garden, the green-houses, strolled through some of
the most shady and picturesque parts of the grounds, conversing
pleasantly the while; and then, rather wearied by their exertions,
were about to place themselves on a seat, beneath the cool shadow
of some magnificent trees, not far from the house, when a servant
was seen approaching to inform Mrs. de Burgh that visitors were in
the drawing-room; the Countess of Patterdale, and the Ladies
Marchmont.
Mrs. de Burgh made a gesture expressive of distaste at this
disturbance, but walked towards the house. Mary did not think it
incumbent upon her to volunteer her assistance in the entertainment
of these strangers, so remained behind; and a few moments after,
she saw Eugene Trevor, who had accompanied his cousin across the
lawn, coming back to rejoin her.
"You see I have followed your example, Miss Seaham," he said,
sitting down beside her, "and have made my escape. Life is too
short, in my opinion, for mortals to be shut up in a room this hot
afternoon, making themselves agreeable to three fashionable fine
ladies."
"But it is rather hard upon Olivia," Mary said, with a smile.
"Oh, not at all. She is quite equal to the task. A match for all the fine
ladies in the land—are you?"
"Oh, no!" Mary answered laughing, "not at all; I have had so little
experience in that way."
"Ah, well! Olivia is quite in her element amongst them; her real
delight is a London season, where she can play that part to
perfection: unfortunately de Burgh's inclinations do not tend that
way, particularly now that he has this improving mania upon him."
"It is unfortunate that their tastes in this respect do not agree," Mary
rejoined.
"Very unfortunate," he repeated, regarding his companion with the
marked interest and attention her simplest expressions or
observation seemed to inspire; a peculiarity which, as it had in
earlier years excited her wonder, now made as strong though
somewhat more undefined impression on her feelings.
The effect it produced was, however, far from being one to
embarrass or constrain—on the contrary, there almost might have
seemed to be some soothing power—some magnetic influence in
this "serious inclination" on the part of Eugene Trevor; for never,
with a less unreserved and uncommunicative companion, had she
felt more at ease; had her own thoughts and feelings been drawn
forth with such freedom and unconstraint. And a calm and pleasant
conversation had been carried on between them for nearly three-
quarters of an hour before Mrs. de Burgh reappeared, complaining
of the length of time her visitors had remained.
Mary did not say anything, though it seemed to her that the
complaint was somewhat unreasonable; but Eugene Trevor scrupled
not to declare, that he never knew these people pay so short a visit
before.
"Ah, it is very well for you to say so, and Mary to think the same,"
Mrs. de Burgh said, looking rather curiously from one to the other.
"You two sitting here so comfortably; but it was very cruel of you
both to let me have the whole burden, you Eugene should really
have come and taken the Ladies Marchmont off my hands. I had a
good mind to bring them out here, just to spite you."
"I am glad you did not," said Eugene Trevor, "or I should have been
obliged to run away, as it is necessary that I should do now, my dog-
cart having been waiting for me, I believe, more than an hour in the
yard."
"What! are you really going?" exclaimed Mrs. de Burgh.
"Yes, my father will fidget himself to death if I do not arrive," was
the reply.
"Well, come again as soon as you can."
"Oh yes, you may rely upon that. Good bye," and shaking hands
with Mary and his cousin, he left them, and was soon driving rapidly
through the park.
"You will find it very dull I am afraid, Mary," Mrs. de Burgh said, as,
having watched this departure, she turned slowly to re-enter the
house; "but I hope we shall have some people to-morrow."
Mary earnestly deprecated such an idea, and with the utmost
sincerity. She felt perfectly contented and happy all that evening,
particularly as there was very tolerable harmony kept up between
her cousins.
Mr. de Burgh inquired at dinner, though with no great interest "what
had become of Trevor?" Mrs. de Burgh answered that he had been
obliged to go home to his father who seemed to be in one of those
fidgetty moods, when he could not bear to be left alone; and Mary
asked very simply if he had no other child?
"Yes—no—that is to say," hesitated Mrs. de Burgh, looking at her
husband, "one son died a few years ago."
"And the other—" proceeded Mr. de Burgh, as his wife did not carry
on the reply—but some authoritative look or sign from Mrs. de Burgh
which he seemed to have received, interrupted his intended
information, and only murmuring "Nonsense!" he was silent on the
subject.
"I must drive you over to Montrevor, some day," said Mrs. de Burgh,
addressing Mary; "the place is well worth seeing."
"I don't agree in that at all," Mr. de Burgh remarked testily—"at
least, not worth knocking up the ponies by so long a drive. What
should you take Mary there for? The old man will not greatly
appreciate the visit, and I do not think there is any other
consideration to make it a desirable excursion."
Mrs. de Burgh shrugged her shoulders; but as if it was not a subject
she wished brought under discussion, she allowed it to drop for the
present.
 CHAPTER IX.
You first called my woman's feelings
forth,
And taught me love, ere I had dreamed
love's name—
I loved unconsciously....
At last I learned my heart's deep secret.

L. E. L.

Mrs. de Burgh's expedition the preceding day did not prove without
its fruits. For the next few days, several idle young men of the
neighbourhood, who had nothing better to do, came dropping in to
dine or stay a night or so at Silverton.
Mr. de Burgh received these guests with much courtesy and
kindness; though apparently regarding them as the visitors of his
wife, he left them almost entirely to her entertainment, and went
about his private occupation as usual with a scientific friend of his
own, who arrived at this time.
As for Mary, although obliged, considering that this gathering had
been formed chiefly on her account, to show her sense of the
attention by making herself as agreeable as possible, yet before long
she began to feel her exertions in that respect a weariness, rather
than a pleasurable excitement; and that her powers were not equal
when placed in competition with the light and careless spirits around
her. Indeed, so gladly would she hail the intervals which set her at
liberty, to read, or think, or dream, free from such demands, that
she began to suspect very soon that her thirstings after society
would easily be satisfied, and that Mr. Temple need not have been
alarmed lest she should be too much ensnared by its fascinations; in
short, that she was not so sociably inclined in a general way to the
degree for which she had given herself credit.
One morning, Mary made her escape about an hour before luncheon
from the gay party by whom, since breakfast, she had been
surrounded; and seated herself, with a new book of poetry, at the
open window of a room leading into a little garden, the luscious
perfume of whose flowers were wafted sweetly upon her senses;
shaded by the light drapery of the muslin curtains, the sound of
laughing, talking, billiard-balls falling at an undisturbing distance
from her ear—

"Oh, close your eyes and strive to see

The studious maid with book on knee!"

Mary had not long luxuriated in this enjoyment, when a footstep

sounded on the grass without, and a dark shadow obscured the
bright light upon her page. Lifting up her eyes, she saw Eugene
Trevor standing before her.
He smiled at her start of surprise, and apologised for the abrupt
intrusion. He had expected, he stated, to have found her and his
cousin Olivia in this, Mrs. de Burgh's usual morning-room; and then
Mary—the bright glow with which, although not naturally nervous,
this sudden apparition had coloured her cheek, fading gradually
away—told him how Mrs. de Burgh was engaged in the adjoining
room.
"And you have deserted her?" he said, taking up the book she had
laid down and examining its contents with the greatest apparent
interest, though he only smiled when she asked him if he were fond
of poetry, smiled—and answered, looking into her face, "Some kind,"
and replaced the volume; then resting against the window-sill, they
conversed on other subjects, and were still thus engaged when
luncheon was announced.
Eugene Trevor stayed at Silverton that day and part of the next:
when all the rest of the party took their departure, with the
exception of Mr. de Burgh's own particular friend.
But, somehow or other, Mary had by this time begun to change her
mind, and to think—that after all she might be rather fond of society.
One circumstance a little surprised and puzzled her, before she had
been very long at Silverton.
One day, when speaking of Wales, she carelessly mentioned Mr.
Temple's name, and alluded to the college acquaintance that
gentleman had professed to have once subsisted between himself
and Mr. de Burgh. But Mr. de Burgh remembered no person of that
name, answering to the slight description she attempted to give—
could not the least recall him to his recollection, and as Mrs. de
Burgh and Eugene Trevor, who happened to be present, did not
seem able to assist his memory in that respect—though Mary also
remembered Mr. Temple to have claimed acquaintance with Mrs. de
Burgh's family, she did not press the point; a certain conscious
embarrassment associated with the object of discussion preventing
her from entering into further particulars, though she thought the
circumstance rather strange and unaccountable.
Her aunt and uncle mentioned in their first letter that Mr. Temple
had called to see them, and had seemed much interested to hear of
her safe arrival at Silverton; but those relatives did not remain in
Wales more than a week or two after her own departure, therefore
with them, intelligence regarding that most remarkable—and to her,
now peculiarly interesting—person must cease, at least for the time
being, she having no other correspondents at present in the
neighbourhood.

Beyond such occasional gatherings as the one just described, there

was very little of what could be strictly called company, during the
ensuing month—July—at Silverton; and Mary sometimes smiled to
think of the exaggerated idea Mr. Temple seemed to have formed,
concerning the dangers to which she might be exposed in the evil
world she was about to encounter. Yet how did Mary know whether
the weapon of danger he most deprecated on her account, might
not even then be hanging singly over her head, rendered only still
more perilous by the absence of other exciting and diverting
circumstances.
We said there was not much actual company at Silverton; but
besides an intimate friend or two of Mr. de Burgh's, Eugene Trevor
often made his appearance to luncheon, or to dine and spend a
night, so that it became at last quite a habit of Mrs. de Burgh's to
say in the morning, if they had lost sight of him for many days
together:
"I wonder if Eugene Trevor will turn up to-day!"
And often did Mary find herself seated near her chamber window,
her eye directed with feelings very far removed from those uneasy
thoughts, which had arisen in her mind the first evening she had
there taken up her position—her eyes directed across the park,
along which perchance the sound of carriage wheels, having
previously reached her ears, she might soon behold Eugene Trevor's
well-appointed turn-out, with the fine blood horse, urged by its
impatient master, advancing at a flying pace towards the house; and
then with what ingenuous pleasure would Mary hasten to make her
prettiest toilette, now that there was one who, she could not but
flatter herself, would be far from indifferent to its effect. Mr. de
Burgh, though there might have appeared to be no particular
cordiality existing between him and his wife's cousin, never by word
or manner testified any distaste to the frequency of these visits,
indeed seemed to concern himself very little on the subject.
At length, however, he did say one day, on Mrs. de Burgh remarking
Eugene's absence to have been a somewhat longer one than usual:
"Well! what of that? It would really seem as if it was impossible to
exist a day without Eugene Trevor. Are you so very fond of this
wonderful Eugene, Mary?"
Poor Mary! this direct question took her quite by surprise, and she
was unable immediately to reply.
Mrs. de Burgh came to her rescue. "Oh, never mind him, Mary," she
said; "he only abuses Eugene Trevor because he is my relation, and
objects to his coming here because he knows he is the only person I
care for at all, excepting you Mary, who has entered the house this
summer, whilst these tiresome scientific friends of his infest the
place continually."
"Well, at any rate I am very glad," Mary was able now to say with a
quiet smile, mingled perhaps with a little inward pique towards her
cousin, "that you do not turn the tables upon Louis by objecting to
his relations."
"Ah, Mary!" said Mr. de Burgh with his most amiable smile, "are you
too taking up the cudgels against me? but I was not aware that I did
abuse or object to any one."
"Poor Eugene! no wonder he is glad to come over here as often as
he can; it must be terribly dull for him at Montrevor with that old
man," rejoined Mrs. de Burgh.
"Then why does he stay?" inquired her husband.
"Why—why—you know Mr. Trevor is ill and cannot bear him to be
away. Eugene's kindness and dutiful behaviour in that respect is an
excellent trait in his character, you must confess."
"Dutiful behaviour!" murmured Mr. de Burgh rather scornfully, as he
walked away. "Pooh, nonsense! Epsom was a failure, and Goodwood
remains to be proved."
One of the reasons which had furnished Mr. de Burgh with an excuse
for remaining quietly at Silverton all that season, and perhaps had
much to do in reconciling his wife to the arrangement, was the fact
of Mrs. de Burgh's situation, promising an addition to their family in
the early part of the winter; and as the heir was far from being a
strong child, the chance of other healthy sons was most acceptable.
Therefore, more care than the gay young wife had ever taken of
herself, on previous occasions, was rendered desirable.

"Yes!" Mrs. de Burgh said one day, when she was driving with Mary,
in allusion to these above-mentioned expectations, "I have been
patient all through this season in consequence, although it is
provoking that Louis should so selfishly spend his time, interest, and
fortune, in the improvement, as he calls it, of this property; of one
thing, however, I am quite certain, that he will soon tire of the
pursuit, leave everything half done, and take some other quirk into
his head, which, no doubt, will be equally tiresome—build a yacht
perhaps, and station me and the children at Cowes; whilst he
amuses himself with this new toy, and then is astonished at my
being discontented, and amusing myself as I best may. Oh, Mary!"
she added, "when you marry, never give way to your husband's
selfishness in the first instance, or you will find it annihilating at the
last."
"Did you give way?" inquired Mary, with some archness.
Mrs. de Burgh laughed.
"No, I cannot exactly say I did," she replied. "I had not the slightest
idea that Louis would ever have any will but mine; of course, he
gave me reason to suppose so before we married; but ere the
honeymoon was over, I found out my mistake. Anything that did not
interfere with his own pleasure, or inconvenience, I was at liberty to
do; but that was not what I wanted. I expected him to be the slave
of my slightest wish."
"But was not that somewhat unreasonable?" suggested Mary.
"It certainly proved a mistake; and so we soon began to pull
different ways, and I suppose will do so to the end of the chapter."
"Oh, my dear Olivia, how can you talk thus, when you and Louis
ought—and do really, I am sure—so to love one another?" Mary
exclaimed, feeling shocked and sorry.
"Humph it does not signify much what we ought to do, or what lies
perdue, when daily and hourly experience makes us most feelingly
act and speak to the contrary. As for Louis, the quiet, unresisting
manner in which he has allowed me to do things other husbands
would have soon prevented, contenting himself with a few cutting
words and sneering inuendoes, does not speak much for the depth
of his affection. But the fact is, there is not much depth of any kind
in Louis's nature—no strength—no firmness of feeling or purpose—
nothing to lay hold of except the whim of the moment, and that
melts away before you can get a very sure grasp.

"'One foot on land and one on sea,

To one thing constant never.'"

Although it was somewhat repulsive to Mary's ideas and principles to

hear a wife thus critically expose the weak side of a husband's
character, her naturally quick perception of human nature—

"The harvest of a quiet eye,"

as well as the intimate insight now afforded her, by constant

intercourse, into Mr. de Burgh's disposition, made her own this
portraiture to be not incorrectly drawn, and to fancy that much of his
wife's decline of feeling towards her handsome, captivating husband
might have been thus unfavourably influenced by the discovery of
these points of character in her cousin Louis.
She could imagine in her own case, that however faithfully, if once
beloved, she might have preserved her affection towards such a
truly amiable man, that he was not exactly the being who would
ever have very strongly impressed or awakened any deep and
lasting feeling in her heart—

"That love for which a woman's heart

Will beat until it breaks."

Woman, feelingly conscious of her own comparative infirmity of mind

and disposition, vague, imperfect in idea and purpose, either for
good or evil, naturally inclines towards those of the opposite sex,
who carry out to their fullest extent the distinguishing attributes of
their nature—masculine stability, and strength of purpose and of
action; nay, even to the abuse of this same principle—she is
sometimes led more easily to yield her heart to the influence of the
firm and well-defined character, under whose most common aspect
may be detected a current of fixed purpose, strong, earnest, and
undeviating in its course—even though that course may tend to evil
—that character be strong in all, that unblinded reason must
condemn—than to men of Mr. de Burgh's calibre, whose very
weaknesses may "lean to virtue's side." Thus many a Medora
becomes linked to a Conrad—many a Minna to a Cleveland.
With all this, and in spite of that intuitive sympathy which inclines
one woman to side with another, in similar cases of right and wrong,
Mary was far from suffering any such consideration to tend to the
deterioration of her cousin Louis in her eyes. Nay, as far as
concerned the state of feeling to which Mr. de Burgh might have
arrived regarding his wife, the more she saw of him, the more was
she led to image to herself the bitter disappointment—the great
provocation which must have gradually converted into the
apparently indifferent and inconsiderate husband, that naturally
most affectionate and amiable of beings.

"Till fast declining one by one,

The sweetnesses of love were gone,
And eyes forgot the gentle ray
They wore in courtship's sunny day,
And voices lost the tones that shed
A tenderness round all they said,
And hearts so lately mingled seemed
Like broken clouds, or like the stream
That smiling left the mountain's brow
As though the waters ne'er could sever,
Yet ere it reach the plain below
Breaks into floods that part for ever."
Nor could Mary, though Mrs. de Burgh's extreme kindness to herself
made her easily incline to indulgence and partiality, at all times bring
herself to approve or enter into her feelings or course of conduct, or
be led quite to do, and think as it pleased her beautiful cousin.
One instance of the kind it may be necessary that we should record,
both as in it our heroine was more personally concerned, and as
forming a more regular link in the chain of our story.
 CHAPTER X.
Lo! where the paling cheek, the
unconscious sigh,
The slower footstep, and the heavier eye,
Betray the burthen of sweet thoughts and
mute,
The slight tree bows beneath the golden
fruit.

THE NEW TIMON.

It was a beautiful afternoon, in the first week of August, and the two
ladies set off as usual for their afternoon's drive, the little Louisa
seated between them. Mr. de Burgh had been on the steps to see
the party start, himself lifting the child with his usual tenderness into
the carriage—and wishing them a pleasant drive, he casually
inquired in what direction they meant to go.
"To Morland, I think," answered Mrs. de Burgh carelessly, as she
gathered up the reins, and arranged herself upon her seat.
"To Morland," he repeated.
"Yes! have you any objection?"
"Oh, none whatever!"
"Well, good bye!" and with a light touch of the whip, the pretty
ponies were put in motion.
Ere they had proceeded far through the park Mrs. de Burgh said,
laughing:
"I told him we were going to Morland, but that is not at all my
intention. You need not say anything about it, but I have made up
my mind to drive you to Montrevor. Really I ought to go and see old
Uncle Trevor after his illness; at any rate, I must speak to Eugene,
and make personal inquiries."
"But why tell Louis that you were going to Morland? Oh, Olivia! do
not drive there to-day," Mary exclaimed in some consternation.
"Why not," inquired Mrs. de Burgh, looking at her companion in
surprise: "you really do not mean to say that I ought to submit to
the absurd objection Louis expressed the other night upon the
subject?"
Mary could not say with sincerity, that this—or even the unnecessary
deceit which her companion intended to put upon her husband—
however this might have offended her conscience, was the chief
cause which now rendered the proposed excursion so repugnant to
her feelings; there was another, of a nature she could not exactly
explain; but which nevertheless influenced them greatly on this
occasion.
The fact was, upon poor Mary's heart by this time had been worked
an impression far from being of a light or imaginative nature.
The constant visits of the dark-eyed cousin of Mrs. de Burgh, had
conjured up feelings as far removed from the dream-like fancy of
other days, as is the shadow from the substance, and the very fact
of the existence of such feelings made her painfully susceptible to
any proceeding which might, in the slightest degree, even on the
part of others, make her appear desirous of courting the society of
the object who had awakened them—and of whose corresponding
sentiments towards herself, she had as yet no certain guarantee.
Mary could not but suspect that this excursion to Montrevor would
be only made by Mrs. de Burgh on her account, and that this might
be made to appear to Eugene Trevor by his cousin; therefore, when
Mrs. de Burgh only laughed at her evident disinclination, she, on the
impulse of the feelings with which the idea inspired her, begged that
at any rate, if her cousin were really bent upon the plan, that she
would suffer her to remain behind. Whereupon Mrs. de Burgh,
somewhat coldly drawing in the reins, begged Mary would do as she
pleased; if she really had so great an objection to going to
Montrevor—perhaps she would not mind returning, as she had a
particular wish to go and inquire after her uncle.
Mrs. de Burgh indeed offered to drive her back, but Mary said, she
would really like the walk, and accordingly was suffered silently to
alight, feeling perhaps a little inclined to doubt, whether she had not
gone rather too far in thus decidedly carrying out her own way, yet
not liking to give in after she had so strongly expressed her
disinclination.
Mrs. de Burgh wished her a pleasant walk, and little Louisa knelt
upon the seat and kissed her hand regretfully to her retreating
cousin as they went their several ways.

Mary walked slowly, and rather dejectedly back towards the house,
knowing that her cousin Louis, with whom she would fain have
avoided the necessity of giving the reason of her return, had been
on the point of setting off towards a distant part of the grounds
when they had left him.
Just as she arrived in sight of the mansion, the sound of a horse's
feet met her ear, the next moment a horseman riding up a different
approach to that by which she came, appeared in sight. It was
Eugene Trevor. He immediately perceived her, and dismounting
threw his bridle to a servant standing on the step, and hurried
forward to meet her.
Mary was so totally unprepared for a rencontre, which circumstances
rendered at that moment peculiarly embarrassing to her feelings,
that she received Trevor with a coldness and constraint unusual to
her manner; and when he mentioned the fear he had entertained of
finding them out, she merely answered, that Olivia had gone for a
drive, but that Louis was in the grounds, and proposed walking on to
find him. Eugene did not object, so they proceeded in the requisite
direction.
Then he told her that he had come to say good-bye. A friend of his
had engaged a moor in Scotland in partnership with himself, and
that he was therefore obliged to set off in a day or two, not much to
his gratification—for there were many things which made him regret
to leave the neighbourhood just then, and he should be away, he
supposed, about a month.
Mary was dismayed to feel how her heart sank low at this
communication; she, however, made an effort to rally her spirits;
and the subject thus started, she discussed the delights and merits
of the grouse-shooting and moorland country, with a careless
interest which made her inwardly wonder over her new-found
powers of duplicity.
But they fell in with Mr. de Burgh sooner than she had expected, or
Eugene, perhaps, had hoped; for in spite of any change which he
might have discerned in his companion's manner, his lingering step
and earnest attention plainly demonstrated, that the charm he ever
seemed to find in her society was not decreased.
Mr. de Burgh was evidently surprised at Mary's re-appearance, but
supposing it was a whim of his wife's to put an end to the intended
drive, on account of Eugene Trevor's visit, and that she too had
returned to the house, he made no further remark upon the subject
than his first exclamation, "What come back already?"
On hearing of Eugene Trevor's intended excursion, he entered into
conversation with him on the subject. Then he called Eugene's
attention to those alterations he was superintending, into which the
former entered with all due interest and understanding; and his
attention thus engaged, it was not for some time that he was at
liberty to turn to Mary, who stood by in the meantime silent and
abstracted.
He did not remain much longer; he was obliged to return home to
meet a friend, and therefore took leave of Mr. de Burgh and finally of
Mary, lingering a little as if he half hoped to have had a companion
in his walk back towards the house; but finding this was not to be
the case, he went off regretfully alone.
Mr. de Burgh asked Mary if she felt inclined to extend her walk to a
further part of the estate. She acceded cheerfully to the proposal,
for she fancied her cousin's eye had glanced somewhat anxiously
upon her countenance as they stood silently together after Eugene's
departure. And so they proceeded, making a lengthened circuit
which did not bring them back to the house till a later hour than
they had supposed, and Mrs. de Burgh had by that, time returned.

Mary went immediately to her cousin's dressing-room, anxious to do

away with any offended feeling her conduct might have excited. She
found Mrs. de Burgh quite amicably disposed. She began
immediately to rally Mary on the very clever manner in which she
had managed her morning's amusement; she had seen Eugene
Trevor, who had told her of the delightful walk they had taken
together.
"The fact is," Mrs. de Burgh continued, "I did not go to Montrevor
after all. It was too far to go all alone—and returning I met Eugene,
and we had a long chat."
"He told you, I suppose," said Mary, "that he was going away."
"Yes, for a month—what shall we do without him in the meantime?
By the bye, I told him, Mary, of your conduct this afternoon."
"My conduct?" asked Mary in alarm.
"Yes, your insurmountable objection to a drive to Montrevor."
"Oh, Olivia!" in a tone of reproach.
"Yes, I did, indeed; and do you know what he said to this?"
"No, indeed," Mary anxiously replied.
"He laughed quite scornfully and said: 'She shall go there some day,'
then spurred his horse and rode off at full speed. Ha! ha!
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