Corax taught that a basic speech has three

PURPOSIVE COMMUNICATION parts:

1. Introduction
2. Evidence
 The introduction of public speaking is 3. Conclusion
undeniable—great speeches have moved This speech organization is still used today
nations, sparked revolutions, and inspired (Morreale, 2010).
people to act. Protagoras, called the father of debate, made
 What a person says and how they say it students argue for and against issues to
can lead to election into public office or improve reasoning skills.
start social movements. Aristotle, the father of modern communication,
 For the Greeks, public speaking was wrote the treatise "Rhetoric".
political and considered an essential skill— Aristotle introduced three modes of persuasive
citizens were taught rhetoric. speaking:
 Public speaking is a valuable life skill, but Logos – logical argument
few people master it—many experience Pathos – emotional argument
fear of speaking publicly. Ethos – speaker’s character and credibility
 In contemporary times, the importance of (Morreale, 2010).
public speaking has increased.
 Platforms like TED Talks and YouTube have SEVEN MAIN ELEMENTS TO CONSIDER FOR
made speeches more accessible and long- PUBLIC SPEAKING.
lasting—spur-of-the-moment words can 1. Getting Familiar With the Main Elements of
live forever online. Public Speaking
 Great speeches can bring hope, change 2. The speaker
perspectives, and shift worldviews. 3. The message
 According to Dale Carnegie and Joseph 4. The audience or receiver
Berg Esenwein (2007): 5. Feedback
“Public speaking is public utterance, public 6. Noise
issuance, of the man himself: therefore, the first 7. The venue or situation
thing both in time and importance is that the
man should be and think and feel things that HOW TO IMPROVE PUBLIC SPEAKING
are worthy of being given forth.” Public Speaking Tips:
1. Know your audience.
OBJECTIVES 2. Write an outline.
There are four primary goals of public speaking: 3. Practice makes perfect.
1. Inform the audience. 4. Determine what resources you need, if
2. Persuade the audience. any.
3. Entertain the audience. 5. Be yourself.
4. Commemorate a person, occasion, or event. 6. Practice in front of a mirror.
7. Give a test run to a friend or family
OUTLINE member.
Speeches are organized into three main parts: 8. Ask for feedback.
introduction, body, and conclusion.
 Introduction. The introduction of the WHAT IS THE MAIN PURPOSE OF PUBLIC
speech establishes the first, crucial contact SPEAKING
between the speaker and the audience.... There are three general purposes that all
 Body. In the body, the fewer the main speeches fall into: to inform, to persuade, and
points, the better.... to entertain. Depending on what your ultimate
 Conclusion. goal is, you will start by picking one of these
general purposes and then selecting an
Greco-Roman tradition is the most well-known appropriate speech pattern that aligns with that
source of public speaking practices. general purpose.
Rhetoric began on the island of Sicily in Greece,
driven by a practical need—to resolve property WHAT ARE SOME EXAMPLES OF INFORMATIVE
claims in a newly formed democracy. SPEECHES
Corax (teacher) and Tisias (student) helped
citizens speak persuasively in courts of law.
Reports, lectures, training seminars, and 4. Be conscious of your posture. Do not
demonstrations are all examples of informative slouch or look at the floor.
speaking. 5. Be conscious of your hand gestures. Strive
for a happy balance of meaningful hand
THE TOOLS NEEDED IN CRITICAL/CREATIVE gestures and poise.
REPORT 6. Be conscious of your body language. Avoid
In today's world, everyone—from lawyers, crossing your arms, try to be more open
engineers, to government employees—is with your gestures.
expected to give critical and creative reports, 7. Be conscious of your eye contact. Try to
not just those in multimedia and the arts. make eye contact with at least three
Modern technology supports reports with people you feel comfortable with in
visual aids, videos, and enables faster different parts of the room.
information spread.
Mastering the report is key to academic and 6 DONT’S AND DO’S
professional success. 6 DONT’S
Reports use: Tables, graphics, pictures, voice, 1. RAMBLING
and specialized vocabulary 2. BAD EYE CONTACT
These features help persuade or inform a 3. CLUTTERED NOTES
specific audience 4. COMPLEX SLIDES
Common elements in written reports: 5. FIDGETING
1. Headings – to organize and guide the reader 6. TOO SOFT & FILLERS
2. Charts, tables, figures – to simplify complex 6 DO’S
information 1. ORGANIZED & CONCISE
3. Table of contents, appendices, footnotes, 2. DIRECT EYE CONTACT
references – especially in lengthy reports 3. SIMPLIFIED NOTES
Bibliography/list of references appears at the 4. CLEAR SIMPLE SLIDES
end; citations are included within the text 5. CONFIDENT POSTURE & GESTURES
Complex terms are either explained in the body 6. CONFIDENT, LOUD VOICE WITH PAUSES
or listed as footnotes
An abstract (summary of content) may be
placed at the beginning
Online reports may include hyperlinks to
internal or external sources.
Verbal reports differ in format, but still aim to
educate or advocate:
1. Must be well researched, and
2. The speaker should mention or list
sources when possible.
BEST PRACTICES OF PUBLIC SPEAKING:
1. PERFORMANCE
2. HAND GESTURE
3. PLAN THE SPEECH
4. EYE CONTACT
5. SPEAKING STYLE
6. RECORDING THE SPEECH FOR FEEDBACK
7. APPEARANCE

Some Pointers in the Delivery of an

Informative Report:
1. When read, aloud, the report should last
from 5 to 10 minutes.
2. For each paragraph, place the key words or
phrases in one index card that should help
you member what you wrote.
3. Be conscious of voice. Ensure that it is loud
enough to reach the whole room.
5 TIPS TO MAKE YOUR PUBLIC SPEAKING
MESSAGE MORE MEMORABLE:
1. GET THE AUDIENCE TO DO SOMETHING
• They will remember your message if they are
actively involved.
• Tie the action directly to your message.
DON'T
• Don't ask them to do anything that will make
them feel uncomfortable.
• They will focus on how awkward they feel and
not focus on your message.
2. WORD YOUR MAIN IDEA IN AN INTERESTING
WAY:
• Use creative language
• Alliteration
• Clever turn of phrase, double meaning, etc.
DON'T
• Don't overdo it and use creative language in
every part of the presentation.
3. TELL STORIES
• Put yourself into the action
• Speak in the voices of the people in the story.
DON'T
• Don't tell long, dragged-out stories.
• Aim for 1-minute stories.
4. LET YOUR PERSONALITY SHINE THROUGH
• Give yourself permission to be yourself.
• Prepare with basic speaking notes, just talking
points.
• Express your emotions.
DON'T
• Don't let your emotions become the main
point.
• Don't fake your emotions.
• Remember, content is king. Emotions enhance
your message.
5. ADD A CALL TO ACTION
• Ask your listeners to take a simple next step.
DON'T
• Don't ask listeners for too many action steps.
• Ask them to do just one thing.