Angular Interview Questions and Answers

Q: What is Angular?

A: Angular is a TypeScript-based open-source front-end web application framework developed by

Google for building single-page applications (SPAs).

Q: Difference between AngularJS and Angular (2+)?

A: AngularJS is the original version using JavaScript and MVC pattern, while Angular (2+) is a

complete rewrite using TypeScript, component-based architecture, and improved performance.

Q: What are components in Angular?

A: Components are the building blocks of an Angular application. Each component consists of an

HTML template, CSS styles, and a TypeScript class.

Q: What is a module in Angular?

A: A module is a container for a group of related components, directives, services, etc. The root

module is AppModule.

Q: What is a directive? Name its types.

A: Directives are classes that modify the DOM. Types: Structural directives (e.g., *ngIf, *ngFor) and

Attribute directives (e.g., ngClass, ngStyle).

Q: What is data binding in Angular?

A: Data binding is a mechanism to synchronize data between the model and the view. Types include

interpolation, property binding, event binding, and two-way binding.

Q: What is the difference between interpolation and property binding?

A: Interpolation binds data from TypeScript to HTML using `{{ }}`. Property binding binds data using

`[property]='value'` syntax.

Q: What is dependency injection in Angular?

A: Dependency Injection (DI) is a design pattern where components get their dependencies from an
external source rather than creating them.

Q: What is a service?

A: A service is a reusable class used to share data and logic across components. It is typically

injected using DI.

Q: What is the use of ngOnInit()?

A: ngOnInit() is a lifecycle hook that is called after Angular initializes the component. It's used for

initialization logic.

Q: Explain the lifecycle hooks in Angular.

A: Lifecycle hooks allow developers to tap into key events in a component's lifecycle, such as

ngOnInit, ngOnChanges, ngAfterViewInit, etc.

Q: What is the difference between @Input() and @Output()?

A: @Input() passes data from parent to child component. @Output() sends data from child to parent

using EventEmitter.

Q: What are pipes in Angular?

A: Pipes transform data in templates, e.g., date, currency. Custom pipes can also be created.

Q: How does routing work in Angular?

A: Angular uses the RouterModule to navigate between views or components via URLs.

Q: What is lazy loading?

A: Lazy loading loads feature modules only when needed, reducing the initial load time of the

application.

Q: How do you share data between components?

A: Via @Input/@Output, shared services, or using state management tools like NgRx.

Q: What is a reactive form vs a template-driven form?

A: Reactive forms use FormBuilder and code-based form control; template-driven forms are more

declarative and defined in HTML.

A: Observables can emit multiple values over time; Promises emit only one value. Angular uses

RxJS for observables.

Q: What is HttpClient in Angular?

A: HttpClient is an Angular service used to make HTTP requests to communicate with backend

APIs.

Q: What is the async pipe?

A: Async pipe subscribes to an observable or promise and returns the latest value automatically.

Q: What is change detection in Angular?

A: Change detection checks for changes in the model and updates the view. Angular uses Zone.js

to know when to run it.

Q: How does Angular handle DOM rendering and performance?

A: Angular uses a virtual DOM and change detection strategy (default or OnPush) for efficient

updates.

Q: What is Ahead-of-Time (AOT) compilation?

A: AOT compiles Angular HTML and TypeScript code into JavaScript during the build process,

improving load time and security.

Q: What are guards in Angular (e.g., CanActivate, CanDeactivate)?

A: Guards are interfaces that control route access. CanActivate restricts navigation, CanDeactivate

prevents exiting a route.

Q: What is the difference between BehaviorSubject and Subject?

A: BehaviorSubject holds the last emitted value and emits it immediately to new subscribers. Subject

does not.

Q: How does Angular handle error handling in HTTP calls?

A: Use `catchError` operator from RxJS in HttpClient observable streams to handle errors.
Q: What is the ngZone service used for?

A: ngZone helps Angular detect and respond to asynchronous operations to trigger change

detection.

Q: What are standalone components in Angular 14+?

A: Standalone components can be used without being declared in a module, simplifying

development and code reuse.

Q: How do you handle state management in Angular (NgRx, services, etc.)?

A: Use services for simple state, or use libraries like NgRx for complex global state management.

Q: What is SSR (Server Side Rendering) in Angular (Angular Universal)?

A: SSR renders Angular apps on the server, improving performance and SEO for web crawlers.

Q: How do you improve the performance of an Angular app?

A: Use lazy loading, OnPush change detection, AOT, trackBy in ngFor, efficient DOM manipulation,

and avoid memory leaks.

Q: What are some security practices in Angular (XSS, CSRF)?

A: Use Angular's sanitization, HttpClient with CSRF tokens, avoid `innerHTML`, and always validate

user input.

Q: How do you debug Angular applications?

A: Use browser DevTools, Angular Augury extension, logging, breakpoints, and console statements.

Q: How would you build a dynamic form with validations?

A: Use Reactive Forms with FormBuilder, FormGroup, FormControl, and Validators to build dynamic

forms programmatically.