Define Microprocessor(S-24)

Microprocessor
 A microprocessor is a small chip that acts as the brain of a
computer.
 It includes the ALU, control unit, and registers in a single IC.
 It works like the CPU, handling all processing tasks.
 Examples: Intel 8085, 8086, Core i7

Explain the Difference Between Microprocessor and

Microcomputer (W-23)

Difference Between Microprocessor and Microcomputer

Feature Microprocessor Microcomputer
Definition A chip that processes and A small computer with a
controls data. microprocessor.
HuCompone Only the CPU. CPU, memory,
nts input/output devices.
Size Very small (one chip). Small, but has more parts.
Function Does data processing. Works like a full computer.
Use Used in phones, Used for everyday
machines, devices. computer tasks.
Cost Cheaper (only the chip). Costly (more components).
Performanc Depends on chip speed. Depends on CPU, memory,
e storage.
Complexity Simple (just the processor) Complex (many parts).
Examples Intel i7, ARM Cortex PCs, smartphones

Differentiate between Microcontroller and Microprocessor.

(S-23)
Difference Between Microcontroller and Microprocessor

Feature Microcontroller Microprocessor

Definition Small computer with CPU, Only CPU, needs extra
memory, I/O on one chip parts to work
Compone Has CPU, memory, I/O ports Only CPU (processing unit)
nts on the same chip
Applicati Used in toys, microwaves, Used in computers,
ons cars (embedded systems) laptops, smartphones
Cost Cheaper More expensive
Power Low power use High power usage
Speed Slower, good for small tasks Faster, good for heavy
tasks
Complexi Less complex, for specific jobs More complex, for general
ty use
Size Smaller (all-in-one chip) Bigger (needs extra
components)
Memory Has built-in memory (RAM, Needs external memory
ROM)
Examples Arduino, PIC, AVR Intel Core i7, ARM
Cortex

List the key parts of a microprocessor and give a short

explanation of their function.(W-24)

List Key Parts of a Microprocessor (W-24)

1. ALU (Arithmetic Logic Unit)
o Does math (like add, subtract) and logic (like compare).

2. Control Unit (CU)

o Controls how and when things happen inside the processor.

3. Registers
o Small storage areas for quick data or instructions.

4. Cache Memory
o Fast memory that stores data used again and again.

5. Clock
 o Sends a timing signal to keep everything in sync.

6. Bus Interface Unit (BIU)

o Transfers data between CPU and memory/devices.

7. Instruction Decoder
o Reads and decodes what the CPU should do next.

What is the role of the ALU and control unit in the 8085
Microprocessor?(W-24)

ALU (Arithmetic Logic Unit) – Role

1. Calculates – Does addition, subtraction, etc.
2. Logic work – Handles AND, OR, NOT, XOR.
3. Uses registers – Takes data from registers and gives result back.
4. Updates flags – Changes flags like Zero, Carry after work.

Control Unit – Role

1. Controls operations – Manages all tasks.
2. Reads instructions – Understands what to do.
3. Sends signals – Guides other parts.
4. Manages timing – Keeps everything in order.

Explain 8085 Programming Model with diagram(S-24,W-

23,W-22,W-21)

8085 Programming Model

The 8085 programming model includes Accumulator, registers (B, C, D, E, H, L), Program
Counter, Stack Pointer, and Flag register used to execute instructions and handle data.
Accumulator (A) (S-24)
 An 8-bit register.
 Main register for performing arithmetic and logic operations.
 Stores results of these operations.
 Interacts directly with the ALU (Arithmetic Logic Unit).

General Purpose Registers in 8085 (W-23,S-23)

 Registers: Small storage units inside the 8085 used for temporary
data.
 Number: There are 6 general purpose registers – B, C, D, E, H, L.
 Size: Each register is 8-bit (can hold 8-bit data).
 Usage: Used during arithmetic, logic, and data transfer
operations.
  Register Pairs: Can work in pairs like BC, DE, HL for 16-bit
operations.
 Controlled by Program: The programmer can use or change their
values as needed.
 Faster Access: Using registers is faster than memory access.
 Example: Store number in B, another in C, add them, and store result
in A (Accumulator).

2. Program Counter (PC) (S-24)

 A 16-bit register.
 Holds the address of the next instruction.
 Increases automatically after each instruction.
 Helps in running instructions in order.

3. Stack Pointer (SP) (S-24)

 A 16-bit register.
 Points to the top of the stack (temporary memory).
 Used in function calls and interrupts.
 Stores data using PUSH and POP.

4. Flag Register (S-23, W-22)

 An 8-bit register.
 Shows result status using flags.
 Includes:
o Sign (S): Negative result.
o Zero (Z): Result is zero.
o Auxiliary Carry (AC): For BCD operations.
o Parity (P): Even number of 1s.
o Carry (CY): Carry in arithmetic.

5. Instruction Register (IR)

 Holds the current instruction.
  Sends it to the decoder.
 Helps in reading and understanding instructions.

Higher Order & Lower Order Address (8085)

 8085 has a 16-bit address bus to access memory.
 It is divided into two parts:

Higher Order Address (A8–A15)

 Upper 8 bits of the address.

 Used only for address.
 Sent on separate lines (always available).

Lower Order Address (A0–A7)

 Lower 8 bits of the address.

 Shared with data lines (D0–D7) – called multiplexed.
 First sends address, then sends data.
 Needs a latch to separate address from data.

Explain various flags use in 8085.(W-23,S-23,S-22,W-21)

OR
What is a flag Register? Enlist and explain various types of
flags.(W-22)

Flag Register
 A small storage in the CPU.
 Shows results like zero, negative, or carry after operations.
1. Sign Flag (S)
 Shows if the result is negative.
 Checks the MSB (Most Significant Bit) of the result.
 If MSB = 1, flag is set (means negative number).

2. Zero Flag (Z)

 Set when the result is zero.
 If answer = 0, then Z flag = 1.

3. Auxiliary Carry Flag (AC)

 Set if there is a carry from bit 3 to bit 4 in addition.
 Mostly used in BCD (Binary Coded Decimal) operations.

4. Parity Flag (P)

 Set when the result has even number of 1s.
 If 1s are odd, the flag is cleared.

5. Carry Flag (CY)

 Set when there is a carry in addition or a borrow in subtraction.
  If no carry or borrow, the flag is cleared.

📌 Summary of Flags
Flag Description
Sign (S) Set if result is negative.
Zero (Z) Set if result is zero.
Auxiliary Set if there is a carry between bit 3 and 4
Carry (AC) (used in BCD).
Parity (P) Set if result has even number of 1s (even
parity).
Carry (CY) Set if there is a carry in arithmetic
operations.

Explain the function of the program counter and stack pointer in the 8085
microprocessor.(W-24)

Program Counter (PC) in 8085 Microprocessor

 Definition:
The program counter is a 16-bit register that holds the address of the next instruction to
be executed.
 Functions:
o It keeps track of the execution of instructions.
o After fetching an instruction, it automatically increases by 1
(or more based on instruction size).
o It changes its value during jump, call, or return instructions.

 Example:
If PC = 2050H, the microprocessor will fetch the instruction from memory location
2050H and then update the PC to the next address.

Stack Pointer (SP) in 8085 Microprocessor

 Definition:
The stack pointer is also a 16-bit register used to point to the top of the stack in
memory.
 Functions:
 o Used to store temporary data, return addresses, etc.
o Works with PUSH and POP instructions.
o Stack grows from higher address to lower address, so the SP
is decremented when data is pushed and incremented when
data is popped.

 Example:
If SP = 3000H and we push a value, the new SP becomes 2FFFH.

Explain system bus of 8085 microprocessor.(W-21)

System Bus(S-24)
 System Bus: A group of wires that helps in communication between
the microprocessor, memory, and I/O devices.
 Transfers data, addresses, and control signals.
 Essential for executing instructions in a computer system.

Types of Buses in 8085

. Address Bus
 It is 16-bit wide.
 Used to carry the address of memory or I/O devices.
 It is unidirectional (data flows in one direction — from 8085 to
memory/I/O).
 Can address 2^16 = 65536 locations (from 0000H to FFFFH).
2. Data Bus
 It is 8-bit wide.
 Used to transfer data between the microprocessor and memory/I/O.
 It is bidirectional (data can flow both ways).
 Carries actual data like instructions, results, etc.

3. Control Bus
 Carries control signals.
 Controls the use of address and data buses.
 Important signals:
o RD’ (Read) – to read data.
o WR’ (Write) – to write data.
o IO/M’ – to select between I/O or memory operation.
o ALE (Address Latch Enable) – to separate address from data.

Summary
 Address Bus = 16-bit, unidirectional, for addresses.
 Data Bus = 8-bit, bidirectional, for data transfer.
 Control Bus = control signals to manage operations.

Explain 8085 bus organization.(S-22)

8085 Bus Organization
The 8085 microprocessor uses three main buses to communicate with memory and I/O
devices:

1. Address Bus
 It is 16-bit wide.
 Used to carry the address of memory or I/O devices.
 It is unidirectional (data flows in one direction — from 8085 to
memory/I/O).
 Can address 2^16 = 65536 locations (from 0000H to FFFFH).

2. Data Bus
 It is 8-bit wide.
 Used to transfer data between the microprocessor and memory/I/O.
 It is bidirectional (data can flow both ways).
 Carries actual data like instructions, results, etc.

3. Control Bus
 Carries control signals.
 Controls the use of address and data buses.
 Important signals:
o RD’ (Read) – to read data.
o WR’ (Write) – to write data.
o IO/M’ – to select between I/O or memory operation.
o ALE (Address Latch Enable) – to separate address from data.

Summary
 Address Bus = 16-bit, unidirectional, for addresses.
 Data Bus = 8-bit, bidirectional, for data transfer.
 Control Bus = control signals to manage operations.