SQL

Structured Query Language.

FIRST LINE OF CODE:

Database:
Create database <name>;

Use <name>;

To show database---------- show databases;

To drop database:

Drop database <name>;

Tables:
Create table table_name

(column_name datatype,

Column_name datatype);

To insert data in the table ------------------

Insert into <name>

Values(data,data,…,.,.,.,,.,.);

PRIMARY KEY:

A column that is common in two or more tables is an primary key. Like

S.no is common in both the employee name data and the salary the achieved table.

Create table employees

(id int primary_key, name varchar(50));

(id int primary_key auto_increment, name varchar(50));

CRUD:
Create:

Creating tables and inserting data.

READ:

SELECT COMMANDS WITH CONDITIONS AND WHERE CLAUSE.

SELECT ID, NAME FROM <TABLE NAME>;

SELECT NAME , STATUS FROM EMPLOYEES WHERE STATUS = ‘EMPLOYED’

A LIAS:(as)

It used to temporary rename the column names.

Select id as ‘emp_id’, name as ‘employee name’ in employees;

UPDATE:

Syntax:

update <table name> set <column name> = <to be update> where condition.

Here, update, set, and where are used to change the data permanently.

DELETE:

Delete from <name>

Where <condition>;

STRING OPERATIONS:
1. CONCATE:

It is used to join two rows or variables.

It uses with select clause, makes temporary changes.

Select concate (column_name ‘ ‘ column_name) as <name>\

From <table name>;

No need to give spaces in between strings.

SELECT CONCAT_WS (' ', first_name, last_name) AS full_name

FROM employees;

3. SUBSTRING:

It is helpful deriving substrings from original string.

“substr” is the keyword.

Select substr(‘Hello world’, 1,4);

Concat with substring:

Select concat_ws(substr(title, 1, 4), ‘ ‘, ‘is published by’, published_by) as datas from books;

4. REPLACE:

case sensitive

select replace(‘Hello world’ ‘Hell’ ‘*766’) as new name; opt *766o world.

Replace function with concat and substring.

select concat(substr(replace(title,'e','3'), 1, 10), ' ', 'was written by',' ', author_fname,' ',
author_1name)as datas from books;

5.REVERSE:

Select reverse(author_fname) as result from books;

PALINDROME:

select concat(author_fname,reverse(author_fname)) as result from books;

6. CHARACTER LENGTH:

SELECT CHAR_LENGTH('Hello, World!') AS string_length;

7.UPPER/ LOWER:
select upper(name) from books;

SELECTION REFINING:
DISTINCT KEYWORD:

It is used to filter out duplicate rows in a column or data.

Select distinct author_1name from books;

DISTINCT using concate:

Syntax:

Select distinct(concate(author_fname , ‘ ‘, author_1name)) as full_name from books;

Select distinct author_fname, author_1name from books;

ORDER BY:

It makes data in columns in aesc or desc order.

Default aesc for desc tou have to declare it.

Syntax:

Select <column names> from <table name> order by <column name to be orderd>; you can
also declare by indexes like in th space of <> you can give indexes like1,2.

LIMIT:

It is used with mostly order by to give limit in output.

Syntax:

Select title from books limit 5;

Select title, author_fname, released_year from books order by released_year desc limit 5;

It gives 5 most recent books.

LIKE:

It is helpful in searching in data with only a thing that is in the sentence, meaning if you
remember only part of sentence then also you can search the element.
 It uses % and _ to search in the string.

Syntax:

Select title, author_fname from books where author_name like %da%;

AGREEGATE FUNCTIONS:
COUNT:

It helps in counting no of values are present.

Syntax:

Select count(*) title from books;

Select count(title) from books;

MIN/MAX:

Gives min and max of integer values using min and max

Select min(released_year) from books;

SELECT department,

MIN(salary) AS min_salary,

MAX(salary) AS max_salary

FROM employees

GROUP BY department;

TIME STAMP FUNCTIONS:`

select current_time();

select current_timestamp(), current_date(),current_time();

select date(current_timestamp());
select time(current_timestamp());

select time();

select year(current_timestamp());

select month(current_timestamp());

select day(current_timestamp());

select hour(current_timestamp());

SELECT MINUTE(CURRENT_TIMESTAMP());

SELECT SECOND(CURRENT_TIMESTAMP());

EXTRACT KEY WORD:

SYNTAX:

SELECT EXTRACT(COMPONENT FROM DATETIME_EXPRESSION);

DATEDIFF:

SYNTAX:

SELECT DATEDIFF(DATE1, DATE2); DATE1> DATE2.

TIMEDIFF:

SYNTAX:

SELECT TIMEDIFF(TIME1, TIME2);

DATE_ADD:

SYNTAX:

SELECT DATE_ADD(DATE, INTERVAL VALUE INTERVAL_UNIT);

LOGICAL OPERATORS:
NOT EQUAL:

select title, released_year from books where released_year != '2012' ;

select title, released_year from books where title NOT like 'W%';

GREATER THAN:

select title, released_year from books where released_year < '1980';

LESS THAN:

select title, released_year from books where released_year > '1980';

AND:

select title, released_year, author_1name from books where author_1name = 'lahiri' and
released_year < '2017';

OR:
select title, author_1name from books where author_1name = 'eggers' or 'chabon';

IN/NOT IN:

SELECT column_name(s) FROM table_name WHERE column_name IN (value1, value2, ...);

BETWEEN:
select title, pages from books where pages between 100 and 200;

CASE ELSE:

select title, author_1name,

case

when title like '%stories%' then 'Short Stories'

when title = 'just kids' or title = ' A Heartbreaking Work of Staggering Genius' then 'Memories'

else 'Novel'

end as type

from books;
 RELATIONSHIP:
 ONE TO ONE
 ONE TO MANY
 MANY TO MANY

FOREIGN KEY:

A column that is common between two tables is a foreign key.

FOR EXAMPLE:

Create table customers (

Id int not null auto increment primary key,

First_name varchar (100),

Last_name varchar(100),

E-mail varchar (100)

);

Create table orders (

Id int not null auto increment primary key,

Order varchar (100),

Price decimal (8, 2),

Customer_id int,

Foreign key (customer_id) references customers(id);

);

INNER JOIN:

Joins to tables based on common column name.

Select * from customers

Join orders

On coutomers.id = orders.customer_id;
LEFT JOIN:

select * from customers

left join orders

on customers.id = orders.customer_id;

RIGHT JOIN:

select * from customers

right join orders

on customers.id = orders.customer_id;