BASIC THERMODYNAMICS

Course no. ME21202

Section 2
Dr. Dhananjay Kumar Srivastava
IC Engine lab
Department of Mechanical Engineering

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 First Law of
Thermodynamics

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First Law of Thermodynamics:
Closed System

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First Law of Thermodynamics: Statement
• The first formal statement of the first law of thermodynamics, by
Rudolf Clausius in 1850 was given for a thermodynamic system
undergoing a “cyclic” process:
• In all cases in which work is produced by the agency of heat,
a quantity of heat is consumed which is proportional to the
work done; and conversely, by the expenditure of an equal
quantity of work an equal quantity of heat is produced
p
  Q   W 4 3

Conversion of one form of energy transfer

(heat) to another form (work)
1 2
v
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First Law of Thermodynamics: Corollary
  Q   W p

2 1 2 1 2 A

  Q    Q   W   W
1
A
2
B
1
A
2
B
1
B
2 1

  QA   WA      QB   WB 
1 2
v

2 2

  Q
1
A   WA     QB   WB 
1

𝑨 𝑨 must represent some “state function” (path

invariant)
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First Law of Thermodynamics: Corollary
𝜹𝐐 𝜹W must represent some “state p
function” (path invariant). Hence, it is A
2
property of the system.
1
This property is the total energy (E) B
possessed by the system
v
dE   Q   W
2 2 2

 dE    Q    W
1 1 1

 E2  E1   Q12, A  W12, A    Q12, B  W12, B 

Total energy change = heat transfer ‐ work transfer

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First Law for control mass (closed system)
dE   Q   W
 Q   W  dEsystem  dU  d ( KE )  d ( PE )
If we neglect change in KE and PE:  Q   W  dU
Work transfer can be any of the modes discussed earlier: Boundary,
shaft/paddle, electrical, spring etc.

First law for transient processes will be given by: Q  W  E

 Q  W  dE
Q W E
dt dt dt

If we neglect change in KE and PE: Q  W  U 7

 Obtaining Internal Energy
• For real fluids use the tables to obtain the specific internal energy at
any given state similar to obtaining specific volume.

• For saturated mixture use the following formula (similar to vmix):

umix  1  x  u f  xu g  u f  xu fg

• The internal energy of the system U will depend on the specific internal
energy and the mass: U  Mu

In case of ideal gas: du  cv dT  dU  mgas cv dT

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 Example 1: Control mass (transient)
Water is in a piston/cylinder assembly with initial pressure P =
700 kPa, quality 50% with a volume of 0.5 m3. A heater is turned
on, heating the water in an isobaric process with 2.5 kW. How
long does it take to vaporize all the liquid? Ans: 1508 s

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 Example 2: Control mass (transient)
Air enclosed inside a rigid insulated vessel of 1 m3 is initially at
30°C and 100 kPa. A fan is placed inside this vessel and it churns
the air inside consuming 30 W of electrical energy. Determine the
air temperature inside the vessel after the fan has operated for
30 mins. (Cv = 718 J/kg.K)
Ans: 95.4°C

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 Example 3: Cycle
2 kg of an unknown ideal gas (with Cv =1 kJ/kg.K) is enclosed in a
piston cylinder assembly. It undergoes two processes A and B as
shown on the P‐V chart. The work transfer for each process is
marked on the chart. P1 = 300 kPa, T1 = 100°C, P2 = 100 kPa.
Determine the heat transfer for process A and B?

Ans: For process A: +26 kJ

A
For process B: ‐44 kJ
B

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 Example 4: Control mass
Consider a system as shown in Fig.; the 400 L tank A contains Argon
(assume ideal gas with molar mass 40 g/mol) at 250 kPa and 30°C.
The cylinder B is initially empty and has a frictionless piston having
mass such that a gas pressure of 150 kPa floats it. As the valve is
opened, Argon flows into cylinder B and finally reaches a uniform
state of 150 kPa at 30°C in both tank A and cylinder B. What is the
heat transferred to Argon in the process? Ans: 40.05 kJ

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 Example 5: Control mass
Consider a cylinder piston assembly as shown in Fig. The fluid is
saturated mixture of water. The initial pressure is 200 kPa, and
initial volume of the cylinder is 0.04 m3. Initially liquid phase
occupies 1/100th of the gas volume. The cylinder is heated in an
isothermal manner till it reaches a volume of 0.1 m3. Calculate the
heat transfer.
Ans: 158.64 kJ

Water
(saturated
mixture)

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 Example 6: Control mass
Consider the process of free expansion of air (ideal gas with molar
mass 29 g). The cylinder volume is initially divided into two equal
halves by the piston (see Fig.) One side of the cylinder is
completely evacuated whereas the other side contains air at 100°C
and 100 kPa. As the pin is removed, piston moves rapidly towards
the top expanding air. Find the final pressure of air if the entire
cylinder is insulated. Ans: 50 kPa

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 Example 7: Control mass
A piston held by a pin in an insulated cylinder, shown in Fig.
contains 2 kg of water at 100°C, with a quality of 98%. The piston
has a mass of 102 kg, with cross‐sectional area of 100 cm2, and the
ambient pressure is 100 kPa. The pin is released, which allows the
piston to move. Determine the final temperature of water,
assuming the process to be adiabatic. (Will require iteration)
Ans: ~160°C, superheated

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 Example 8: Control mass
A piston–cylinder device initially contains steam at 200 kPa,
200°C, and 0.5 m3. At this state, a linear spring is touching the
piston but exerts “no force” on it. Area of the piston is 0.1
m2. Heat is now slowly transferred to the steam, causing the
pressure and the volume to rise to 500 kPa and 0.6 m3,
respectively. Assuming gas as the system, what is the heat
transfer in this process?

Ans: 806.9 kJ

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