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    Chapter 4 Transmission Media: Design Factors

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    saumya04
    This document summarizes different transmission media including guided media like twisted pair, coaxial cable, and optical fiber as well as unguided wireless transmission. It discusses key factors that determine the characteristics and quality of data transmission such as bandwidth, transmission impairments like attenuation, interference, and the number of receivers on shared media. Guided media can support higher bandwidth and longer transmission distances compared to wireless. Optical fiber has the greatest capacity and lowest attenuation.

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    Chapter 4 Transmission Media: Design Factors

    Uploaded by

    saumya04
    48 views5 pages
    This document summarizes different transmission media including guided media like twisted pair, coaxial cable, and optical fiber as well as unguided wireless transmission. It discusses key factors that determine the characteristics and quality of data transmission such as bandwidth, transmission impairments like attenuation, interference, and the number of receivers on shared media. Guided media can support higher bandwidth and longer transmission distances compared to wireless. Optical fiber has the greatest capacity and lowest attenuation.

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    Lecture 4

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    This document summarizes different transmission media including guided media like twisted pair, coaxial cable, and optical fiber as well as unguided wireless transmission. It discusses key factors that determine the characteristics and quality of data transmission such as bandwidth, transmission impairments like attenuation, interference, and the number of receivers on shared media. Guided media can support higher bandwidth and longer transmission distances compared to wireless. Optical fiber has the greatest capacity and lowest attenuation.

    Copyright:

    Attribution Non-Commercial (BY-NC)
    Download as PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as pdf or txt
    48 views5 pages

    Chapter 4 Transmission Media: Design Factors

    Uploaded by

    saumya04
    This document summarizes different transmission media including guided media like twisted pair, coaxial cable, and optical fiber as well as unguided wireless transmission. It discusses key factors that determine the characteristics and quality of data transmission such as bandwidth, transmission impairments like attenuation, interference, and the number of receivers on shared media. Guided media can support higher bandwidth and longer transmission distances compared to wireless. Optical fiber has the greatest capacity and lowest attenuation.

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    Chapter 4 Transmission Media

    Overview
    Guided wire (twisted pair, coaxial cable, optical fiber) Unguided wireless (broadcast radio, terrestrial microwave, satellite) Characteristics & quality of data transmission is determined by
    medium & signal

    Design Factors
    Bandwidth:
    Higher bandwidth (HZ) gives higher data rate (bps)

    Transmission impairments: e.g. Attenuation


    Limits the transmission distance Twisted pair -> coaxial cable -> optical fiber

    For guided medium, the medium itself is more important in determining


    the transmission limitations

    Interference: from competing signals in overlapping


    frequency bands can distort or wipe out a signal.

    For unguided medium, the bandwidth produced by the antenna is more


    important

    Number of receivers: In guided media


    Point-to-point link or share link with multiple attachment: each attachment introduce some attenuation & distortion on the line, limiting distance and/or data rate
    Spring, 2003 EE 4272

    Key concerns are data rate and distance in the design of trans. sys.
    Spring, 2003 EE 4272

    Electromagnetic Spectrum for Telecom

    Guided Transmission Media


    Twisted Pair Coaxial cable Optical fiber

    Spring, 2003

    EE 4272

    Spring, 2003

    EE 4272

    Twisted Pair & Applications

    Twisted Pair - Transmission Characteristics


    Pros and Cons
    Cheap; Easy to work with Low data rate; Short distance <- bigger attenuation

    Most common medium: least expensive Telephone network


    Between house and local exchange (subscriber loop)

    Within buildings
    To private branch exchange (PBX)

    For local area networks (LAN)


    Spring, 2003

    Analog Signal: Amplifiers every 5km to 6km Digital Transmission: repeater every 2km or 3km Limited distance Limited bandwidth (1MHz) Limited data rate (100Mbp) Susceptible to interference and noise
    Spring, 2003 EE 4272

    10Mbps or 100Mbps

    EE 4272

    Unshielded and Shielded TP


    Unshielded Twisted Pair (UTP)
    Ordinary telephone wire Cheapest Easiest to install Suffers from external EM interference

    UTP Categories
    Cat 3
    up to 16MHz Voice-grade cable found in most offices Twist length of 7.5 cm to 10 cm

    Cat 4
    up to 20 MHz

    Shielded Twisted Pair (STP)


    Metal braid or sheathing that reduces interference More expensive Harder to handle (thick, heavy)

    Cat 5
    up to 100MHz Commonly pre-installed in new office buildings Twist length 0.6 cm to 0.85 cm
    Spring, 2003 EE 4272

    Spring, 2003

    EE 4272

    Coaxial Cable

    Applications & Transmission Characteristics


    Applications: Television distribution : Cable TV Long distance telephone transmission
    Can carry 10,000 voice calls simultaneously (via FDM) Being replaced by fiber optic

    Short distance links between computer devices Transmission Characteristics: Analog


    Amplifiers every few km; Closer if higher frequency Up to 500MHz Digital: Repeater every 1km; Closer for higher data rates
    Spring, 2003 EE 4272 Spring, 2003 EE 4272

    Optical Fiber - Transmission Characteristics


    Optical Fiber: transmit a signal-encoded beam of light by means
    of total internal reflection

    Optical Fiber Transmission Modes

    Act as waveguide for freq. of 1014 to 1015 Hz


    Portions of infrared and visible spectrum

    Three Transmission Modes:


    Step-index multimode; Graded-index multimode; Single-mode

    Two Type of Light Sources:


    Light Emitting Diode (LED)
    Cheaper; Wider operating temp range; Last longer

    Injection Laser Diode (ILD): More efficient; Greater data rate

    WDM: multiple beams of light at different freq. are transmitted


    on the same fiber. This is a form of FDM.
    Spring, 2003 EE 4272 Spring, 2003 EE 4272

    Optical Fiber - Properties & Applications


    Properties: Greater capacity: in the unit of Gbps, Tbps Smaller size & lighter weight Lower Attenuation EM Isolation: not affected by external EM interference Greater Repeater Spacing: every hundreds of km Applications: Long-haul trunks ; Metropolitan trunks; LANs Rural exchange trunks Subscriber loops
    Spring, 2003 EE 4272

    Wireless Transmission
    Unguided media Transmission & reception via antenna Directional
    Focused beam Careful alignment required

    Omnidirectional
    Signal spreads in all directions Can be received by many antennae

    Spring, 2003

    EE 4272

    3 Frequency Ranges
    30MHz to 1GHz:
    Suitable to Omnidirectional app. Refer to as broadcast radio range

    Terrestrial Microwave
    Physical Description: the most common type of antenna is the
    parabolic dish

    Focuses a narrow beam: to achieve line-of-sight trans. to the


    receiving antenna

    2GHz to 40GHz: Microwave frequency


    Highly directional beams are possible Suitable to point- to-point transmission Can also be used for satellite comm.

    Apps.: Long haul telecommunications Higher frequencies give higher data rates
    common freq : 2 40 GHZ

    3 x 1011 to 2 x 1014
    Infrared portion of the spectrum Local apps. Within confined areas, e.g. a single room
    Spring, 2003 EE 4272 Spring, 2003 EE 4272

    Satellite Microwave
    Satellite is a microwave relay station Satellite receives on one frequency, amplifies or repeats signal and transmits on another frequency Requires geo-stationary orbit
    Height of 35,784km

    Broadcast Radio
    Omnidirectional Freq: 30 MHZ to 1GHZ
    FM radio UHF and VHF television

    Applications:
    Television Long distance telephone Private business networks

    Trans. is limited to the line of sight Suffers from multipath interference

    Spring, 2003

    EE 4272

    Spring, 2003

    EE 4272

    Infrared
    Transceivers modulate noncoherent infrared light Two parties must be within line of sight (or reflection) Blocked by walls e.g. TV remote control

    Spring, 2003

    EE 4272

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