Unit 1 :

Introduction to Machine Learning

1
Outline
• Overview of Human Learning and Machine Learning,
• Types of Machine Learning,
• Applications of Machine Learning ,
• Tools andTechnology for Machine Learning
What is H u m a n Learning ?
What is Machine Learning ?
 What Is Machine Learning?

• Machine learning is an application of

artificial intelligence (AI) that
provides systems the ability to
automatically learn and improve from
experience without being explicitly
programmed.
• Machine learning focuses on
development of computer programs
that can access data and use it learn for
themselves.
• The primary aim is to allow
computers learn automatically
without human intervention or
assistance and adjust actions
accordingly.
 What Is Machine Learning?

Definition:
• Machine learning is an application of
artificial intelligence (AI) that
provides systems the ability to
automatically learn and improve from
experience without being explicitly
programmed.
Introduction To Analytics,
Machine Learning and deep learning

🞂ArtificialIntelligence: Algorithms and systems that exhibit human-

like intelligence.
Machine Learning: Subset of AI that can learn to perform a task with
extracted data and/or models.
Deep Learning: Subset of machine learning that imitates the
functioning of human brain to solve problems.
Types of Machine learning algorithms
1. Supervised Learning Algorithms: Require the knowledge of both the
outcome variable (dependent variable) and the features (independent
variable or input variables). E.G., Linear regression, logistic regression,
discriminant analysis.
In the case of multiple linear regression, the regression parameters
are estimated by
2. Unsupervised Learnin g Algorithms: Set of algorithms which do not have
the knowledge of the outcome variable in the dataset. E.g., clustering,
principal component analysis.
3. Reinforcement Learning Algorithms: Algorithms that have to take
sequential actions (decisions) to maximize a cumulative reward. E.g.,
techniques such as Markov chain and Markov decision process.
4. Evolutionary Learning Algorithms: Algorithms that imitate natural
evolution to solve a problem. E.g., techniques such as genetic algorithm and
ant colony optimization.
Types of Machine learning algorithms

Machine learning algorithms are often categorized as

supervised or unsupervised.

Learning System

Unsupervised Semi supervised

Supervised Learning Reinforcement
Learning Learning
Supervised machine learning algorithms
• Supervised machine learning algorithms can apply what has been
learned in the past to new data using labeled examples to predict future
events.
• Starting from the analysis of a known training dataset, the learning
algorithm produces an inferred function to make predictions about the
output values.
• The system is able to provide targets for any new input after sufficient
training.
• The learning algorithm can also compare its output with the correct,
intended output and find errors in order to modify the model accordingly.
Supervised machine learning algorithms
Supervised machine learning algorithms
Types of supervised Machine learning

Regression: Regression algorithms are used if

there is a relationship between the input
variable and the output variable. It is used Supervised
for the prediction of continuous variables, Learning
such as Weather forecasting, Market Trends,
etc. Below are some popular Regression
algorithms which come under supervised
learning:
Regression Classification
• Linear Regression
• Regression Trees
• Non-Linear Regression
• Bayesian Linear Regression
• Polynomial Regression
 Types of supervised Machine learning

Classification : Classification algorithms are

used when the output variable is two Supervised
categorical, which means there are classes such Learning
that Yes-No, Male-Female, True-False, etc.

• Spam Filtering,
• Random Forest Regression Classification
• Decision Trees
• Logistic Regression
• Support Vector Machines
 Advantages and Disadvantages
Advantages:
• With the help of supervised learning, the model can predict the output on
the basis of prior experiences.
• In supervised learning, we can have an exact idea about the classes of
objects.
• Supervised learning model helps us to solve various real-world problems
such as fraud detection, spam filtering, etc.

Disadvantages :
• Supervised learning models are not suitable for handling the complex tasks.
• Supervised learning cannot predict the correct output if the test data is
different from the training dataset.
• Training required lots of computation times
• In supervised learning, we need enough knowledge about the classes of
object.
 Unsupervised machine learning
Algorithms
• In contrast, unsupervised machine learning algorithms are used when the
information used to train is neither classified nor labeled.
• Unsupervised learning studies how systems can infer a function to describe a
hidden structure from unlabeled data.
• The system doesn’t figure out the right output, but it explores the data and can
draw iinferences from datasets to describe hidden structures from unlabeled
data.
• “Unsupervised learning is a type of machine learning in which models are
trained using unlabeled dataset and are allowed to act on that data without any
supervision.”
Unsupervised Learning
Unsupervised Learning
Types of Unsupervised Learning
• Clustering:
Clustering is a method of grouping the
objects into clusters such that object
with most similarities remains into
group and has less or no similarity
with the objects of another group.

Cluster analysis finds the commonalities

between the data objects and categorizes
them as per the presence and absence of
those commonalities.
Types of Unsupervised Learning
• Association :
An association rule is an unsupervised
learning method which is used for
finding the relationships between
variables in the large database.
It determines the set of items that occur
together in the data Association rule
making marketing strategy more
effective.

Such as people who buy X item

(suppose a bread) are also tend to
purchase Y (Butter/Jam) item.
A typical example of Association rule is
Market Basket Analysis.
Unsupervised Learning Algorithm
Below is the list of some popular unsupervised learning algorithms:
• K-means clustering
• KNN (k-nearest neighbors)
• Hierarchal clustering
• Anomaly detection
• Neural Networks
• Principle Component Analysis
• Independent Component Analysis
 Advantages & Disadvantages
Advantages :

• Unsupervised learning is used for more complex tasks as

compared to supervised learning because, in unsupervised
learning, we don't have labeled input data.
• Unsupervised learning is preferable as it is easy to get
unlabeled data in comparison to labeled data.

Disadvantages :

• Unsupervised learning is intrinsically more difficult than

supervised learning as it does not have corresponding output.
• The result of the unsupervised learning algorithm might be less
accurate as input data is not labeled, and algorithms do not
know the exact output in advance.
Difference between S L and U S L
Difference between S L and U S L
 Semi-supervised machine learning
algorithms
• Semi-supervised machine learning algorithms fall somewhere in between
supervised and unsupervised learning, since they use both labeled and
unlabeled data for training – typically a small amount of labeled data and a
large amount of unlabeled data.

• The systems that use this method are able to considerably improve learning
accuracy.

• Usually, semi-supervised learning is chosen when the acquired labeled data

requires skilled and relevant resources in order to train it / learn from it.

• Otherwise, acquiring unlabeled data generally doesn’t require additional

resources.
Semi-supervised machine learning
algorithms
Reinforcement machine learning
algorithms
• Reinforcement machine learning algorithms is a learning method that interacts
with its environment by producing actions and discovers errors or rewards.

• Trial and error search and delayed reward are the most relevant characteristics
of reinforcement learning.

• This method allows machines and software agents to automatically determine

the ideal behavior within a specific context in order to maximize its
performance.

• Simple reward feedback is required for the agent to learn which action is best;
this is known as the reinforcement signal.
Reinforcement machine learning
algorithms
• Though both supervised and reinforcement learning use mapping between
input and output, unlike supervised learning where the feedback provided to
the agent is correct set of actions for performing a task, reinforcement learning
uses rewards and punishments as signals for positive and negative behavior.

• Application:
• RL is quite widely used in building AI for playing computer games.
• ​In robotics and industrial automation, RL is used to enable the robot to
create an efficient adaptive control system for itself which learns from its
own experience and behavior.
Reinforcement machine learning
Reinforcement machine learning
 Methods of ML

Learning System

Semi supervised Unsupervised

Supervised Learning Reinforcement
Learning Learning

Regression Classification Clustering Dimension reduction

Applications of ML
Applications of ML
1. Image Recognition:
• Image recognition is one of the most common applications of machine
learning. It is used to identify objects, persons, places, digital images,
etc. The popular use case of image recognition and face detection is,
Automatic friend tagging suggestion:

• Facebook provides us a feature of auto friend tagging suggestion.

Whenever we upload a photo with our Facebook friends, then we
automatically get a tagging suggestion with name, and the technology
behind this is machine learning's face detection and recognition
algorithm.

• It is based on the Facebook project named "Deep Face," which is

responsible for face recognition and person identification in the picture.
Applications of ML
2.Speech Recognition
• While using Google, we get an option of "Search by
voice," it comes under speech recognition, and it's a
popular application of machine learning.

• Speech recognition is a process of converting voice

instructions into text, and it is also known as "Speech to
text", or "Computer speech recognition." At present,
machine learning algorithms are widely used by various
applications of speech recognition. Google Assistant, Siri,
Cortana and Alexa are using speech recognition technology
to follow the voice instructions.
Applications of ML
3. Traffic prediction:
• If we want to visit a new place, we take help of Google Maps, which
shows us the correct path with the shortest route and predicts the
traffic conditions.

• It predicts the traffic conditions such as whether traffic is cleared, slow-

moving, or heavily congested with the help of two ways:

• Real Time location of the vehicle form Google Map app and sensors
• Average time has taken on past days at the same time.

• Everyone who is using Google Map is helping this app to make it better. It
takes information from the user and sends back to its database to improve
the performance.
Applications of ML
4. Product recommendations:
• Machine learning is widely used by various e-commerce and
entertainment companies such as Amazon, Netflix, etc., for product
recommendation to the user. Whenever we search for some product on
Amazon, then we started getting an advertisement for the same product
while internet surfing on the same browser and this is because of
machine learning.

• Google understands the user interest using various machine learning

algorithms and suggests the product as per customer interest.

• As similar, when we use Netflix, we find some recommendations for

entertainment series, movies, etc., and this is also done with the help of
machine learning.
Applications of ML
5. Email Spam and Malware Filtering:
• Whenever we receive a new email, it is filtered automatically as
important, normal, and spam. We always receive an important mail in
our inbox with the important symbol and spam emails in our spam box,
and the technology behind this is Machine learning. Below are some
spam filters used by Gmail:Content Filter
Header filter
General blacklists filter
Rules-based filters
Permission filters
• Some machine learning algorithms such as Multi-
Layer Perceptron, Decision tree, and Naïve Bayes classifier are used
for email spam filtering and malware detection.
Applications of ML
6. Self-driving cars:
7.Virtual Personal Assistant:
Google assistant, Alexa, Cortana, Siri.
8. Online Fraud Detection:
9. Stock Market trading:
10. Medical Diagnosis:
11. Automatic Language Translation:
Google's GNMT (Google Neural Machine Translation)
Tools for Machine Learning
• Scikit-learn:
• Scikit-learn is for machine learning development in python. It provides a
• library for the Python programming language.
• PyTorch:
• PyTorch is a Torch based, Python machine learning library. The torch is a
Lua based computing framework, scripting language, and machine
learning library.
• TensorFlow:
• TensorFlow provides a JavaScript library which helps in machine
learning. APIs will help you to build and train the models.
• Weka
• Jupyter Notebook
• Python
• R programming
Core Python Libraries for Machine Learning
Getting Started With Anaconda Platform
🞂 Step 1: Go to Anaconda Site
🞂 Go to https://www.Anaconda.Com/distribution/
using your browser
window.
🞂 Step 2: Download Anaconda Installer for your Environment
🞂Select your OS environment and choose Python 3.7 version to download
the installation files as shown in figure.
Getting Started With Anaconda Platform
🞂 Step 3: Install Anaconda
🞂 Double click on the downloaded file and follow the on-screen installation instructions,
leaving options as set by default. This will take a while and complete the installation process.

🞂 Step 4: Start Jupyter Notebook

🞂 Open the command terminal window as per your OS environment and type the
followingcommand:
jupyter notebook -- ip=*
This should start the Jupyter notebook. Open a browser window in your default browser
software.
🞂 Step 5: Create a New Python Program
🞂 On the browser window, select “New” for a menu. Clicking on the “Folder” will
create a directory in the current directory. To create a Python program, click on “Python 3”. It
will open a new window, which will be the program editor for the new Python program as
shown in the figure.
Getting Started With Anaconda Platform
🞂 Step 6: Rename the Program
🞂 By default, the program name will
b
e “Untitled”. Click on it to rename
the program and name as per
your requirement. For example, we
have renamed it to “My First
Program”.
🞂 Step 7: Write and Execute Code
🞂 Write Python code in the cell and
then press SHIFT+ENTER to execute
the cell.
🞂 Step 8: Basic Commands for
Working with Jupyter Notebook
🞂 Clicktour
quick on of
“UserJupyter
Interface Tour”
notebook
for features.
a Or click on “Keyboard
Shortcuts” for basic editor commands
as shown in the figure.
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