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chapter-3 Python fundamentals

Chapter 3 covers the fundamentals of Python, including the character set, tokens, keywords, identifiers, literals, operators, expressions, statements, comments, functions, and variables. It explains the rules for naming identifiers, the types of literals, and the various operators available in Python. Additionally, it discusses dynamic typing and provides examples of simple input and output operations.

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3 views

chapter-3 Python fundamentals

Chapter 3 covers the fundamentals of Python, including the character set, tokens, keywords, identifiers, literals, operators, expressions, statements, comments, functions, and variables. It explains the rules for naming identifiers, the types of literals, and the various operators available in Python. Additionally, it discusses dynamic typing and provides examples of simple input and output operations.

Uploaded by

kalpana.m
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as DOCX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Chpater3 --Python Fundamentals

 Python Character Set :- Character set is a set of valid characters that a


language can recognize.
A character represents any letter, digit or any other symbol. Python
supports Unicode encoding standard.
Eg-
Letters A-Z, a-z
Digits 0-9
Special symbols Space + -* / ** \()[ ] { }//=! = == <, > . ‘ “” ,
; :% ! $ #
<= >= @ _ (underscore)
Whitespaces Blank space, tabs , new line
Other Python can process all ASCII and
characters Unicode
Character as part of data or literals.

 Token – The smallest individual unit in a program is known as a Token.

 Keywords – Are the words that convey a special meaning to the language compiler
o These are reserved for special purpose and must not be used as
normal identifier.
o Eg- False, del, in, or, while , for, print etc

 Identifiers- Are fundamental building blocks of a program and are used as


the general terminology for the names given to different parts of the
program eg variables, objects , classes, functions, arrays etc.
 Identifiers can have alphabets, digits and underscore and
Doller sign characters.
 They must not be a keyword or Boolean literal or null literal
 They must not begin with digit.
 They can be of any length.
 Java is case sensitive i.e upper-case letters and lower-case
letters are treated differently.

Conventions

 The names of public methods and instance variables should


begin with a lower case letter.
Eg maximum sum
 For names having multiple words, second and subsequent words
beginning character is made capital so as to enhance readability eg
avgSalaryOfEmployees
 Private and local variables should use lower case letters eg width,
results, final_score
 Class names and interface names begin with an upper case letter
eg Employee
 The constants should be named using all capital letters and
underscores eg MAX_VALUE, MAX_MARKS, SPECIAL_SALARY,
TOTAL

 Literals(CONSTANT)

 Literals (often referred to as constants) are data items that are


fixed data values.
 Python allow several kinds of literals (i) String literals (ii)Numeric literals (iii)
Boolean literals
(iv)Special Literal None (v)Literal Collections

 Punctuators are symbols that are used in programming languages to


organize programming –sentence, structures and indicate the rhythm and
emphasis of expressions, statements and program structure. eg ( ) {} [ ]
.,

 OPERATORS The operations (specific tasks)are represented by operators


and the objects
of the operations(s) are referred to as operands eg arithmetic Operators,
Relational Operators, Logical Operators, Assignment Operators, Conditional
Operator ?
o “Operators are token that trigger some computation / action when
applied to variables and other objects in an expression.

Unary Operators
+ Unary plus
- Unary minus
~ Bitwise complement
not Logical negation
Binary Operators
+,-,*,/,%,**,// Addition,Subtraction,Multiplication,Division,Remainder/
Modulus,**
exponent, floor division

Bitwise Operators
& , ^, | Bitwise AND, Bitwise exclusive OR(XOR) Bitwise OR
Shift operators
<< Shift left
>> Shift right
Identity operators
Is , is not Is the identity same ? , is the identity not same?
Relational operators
<, >, Less than, greater than, less than or equal to, Greater
<=,>=,==,!= than or
equal to, equal to, not equal to
Logical operator
AND, OR Logical AND , Logical OR
Assignment operators
=,/=,+=,*=, Assignment , Assign quotient , Assign sum, Assign
%=,- product, Assign remainder, Assign difference, Assign
=,**=,//= Exponent , Assign
Floor division
Membership operators

In , not in Whether variable in sequence , whether variable not in


sequence

(i) Expressions---An expression is any legal combination of symbols


that represents a value.
Eg 15 ,2.9 } expressions that are values only
A+5 complex expressions that produce a value when
evaluated
(3+5)/4

(ii) Statement – A statement is a programming instruction that does something


i.e some action takes place. Eg print(“Hello”)

(iii) Comments- Comments are the additional readable information to


clarify the source code. Comments in Python begin with symbol #
and generally end with end of the physical line.

(iv) Functions – A function is a code that has a name and it can be


reused(executed again) by specifying its name in the program,
where needed.

(v) Blocks and Indentation- “A group of statements which are part of


another statement or a function are called block or code –block or
suite in Python.”

 Variables - Named labels , whose values can be used and processed


during program run, are called variables.
 Variable creation :- Python variables are created by assigning value of
desired type to them, eg to create a numeric variable, assign a numeric
value to variable_name ; to create a string variable, assign a string value
to variable_name and so on.
Eg Student
=’Jacob’ Age
=16
Lvalues and Rvalues---Lvalues are the objects to which we can assign a value
or expression. Lvalues can come on LHS of an assignments statement.
Rvalues are the literals and expressions that are assigned to Lvalues. Rvalues
can come on RHS of an assignment statement.
 Multiple Assignments – a=b=c=10 , x,y,z=10,20,30
 Variable definition---a variable is defined only when we assign some
value to it. Using an underdefined variable in an expression /statement
causes an error called NameError.

 Dynamic Typing –“A variable pointing to a value of a certain type , can be


made to point to a value/object of different type. This is called Dynamic Typing.
Eg
X=10 Here variable X is fist pointing to /referring to an integer value 10 and then
to a string value “Sainik” . Here variable X does not have a type but the
Print(x)
value it points to does have a type. So we can make a variable point to a
X=” Sainik” value of different type by reassigning a value of that type ; Python will not

 Simple Input and output—To get input from user interactively, we can use built
–in function input().

>>> name=input(“Enter your Name” >>> marks=input(“Enter marks:”)

Enter your name= John Enter marks :89

Program to obtain three numbers and print their sum

# to input 3 numbers and print their sum Output

Num1=int(input(“Enter number 1:”)) Enter number1: 7

Num2=int(input(“Enter number2:”)) Enter number2:3

Num3=int(input(“Enter number3:”)) Enter number3:13

Program to obtain length and breadth of a rectangle and calculate its area

# to input length and breadth of a rectangle and calculate its area Output

Length=float(input(“Enter length of the rectangle:”))

Breadth=Float(input(“Enter breadth of the rectangle:”))

Area=length * breadth
Program to obtain Swap two numbers

# to input two numbers Output

a=int(input(“Enter value of a”)) Enter value of a 10

b=int(input(“Enter value of b”)) Enter value of b 20

a,b=b,a
a=20 b=10
print(“a=”, a,” b=”,b)

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