Chapter 5 “Conditional and Iterative Statements”

Introduction:-
 Generally a program executes its statements from beginning to end . But
not many programs execute all their statements in strict order from
beginning to end.

 Programs depending upon the need can choose to execute one of the
available alternatives or even repeat a set of statements .

 To perform manipulative miracles programs need tools for performing

repetitive actions and for making decisions.

 In python tools are available called program control statements.

 Selection statement if and iteration statements for and while.

Statement

 Statements are the instructions given to the computer to perform any kind of
action( include data movements , making decisions or repeating actions)
 Type of Statement
 Empty Statement
 Simple Statement
 Compound Statement

Empty Statement

Empty statement of python is a do nothing statement i.e

empty statement or null operation statement.

Pass statement useful in those instances where the syntax

of program requires the presence of a statement but

where the logic of the program does not.

 current letter P
for letter in 'Python' :
current letter y

if letter=='h': current letter t

pass this is pass block

current letter h
print'use of pass'
current letter o
print'current letter',
current letter n


letter
Simple Statement

 Any single executable statement is a simple statement in Python.

Eg simple Statement in Python
>>> name=input(“Your name”)
>>> print(name)
 Simple statement are single line statements.
 Compound Statement
 A compound statement represents a group of statements executed as a unit.
 A compound statement in Python has a header ending with a colon(:) and a
body con-taining a sequence of statements at the same level of indentation.
 Eg

<compound statement header >:

<indented body containing multiple simple and /or compound

statements>

Compound statement has

 A header line which begins with a keyword and ends with a colon.
 A body consisting of one or more Python statements, each indented inside
the header line.
All statements in the body are at the same level of indentation.
PROGRAMMING CONSTRUCTS

 In a program, statements may be executed sequentially, selectively or iteratively.

 Every programming language provides constructs to support sequence, selection or
iteration.

Sequence- The sequence construct means the statements are being executed sequentially.

 This represents the default flow of statement.

Selection-

 The selection construct means the execution of statements depending upon a

condition-test.
 If a condition evaluates to true, a course-of-action( a set of statements) is followed
otherwise another course-of-action(a different set of statement) is followed.
 It is also called a decision construct.
 Java provides two types of selection statements : if and switch.
 if statement tests a particular condition ; if the condition evaluates to true, a course-
of-action is followed i.e , a statement or set-of-statements is executed. Otherwise (if
the condition evaluates to false), the course-of-action is ignored.
 Syntax if (expression)
Statement;
 If ...else Statement –In an if-else statement, only the code associated with if(i.e,
statement-1) or the code associated with else (i.e, statement-2) executes, never
both.
 Switch Statement –It is a multiple – branch selection statement .
 This selection statement .successively tests the value of an expression against a list
of integer or character constants.. When a match is found, the statements associated
with that constant are executed.
 The data type of expression in a switch must be byte, char, short or int

Iteration Statements

 The iteration statements allow a set of instructions to be performed repeatedly until a

certain condition is fulfilled.
 The iteration statements are also called loops or looping statements.
 Java provides three kinds of loops: for loop, while loop, and do-while loop.
 For all three loop statements, a true condition is the one that returns Boolean true
value and the false condition is the one that returns Boolean false value.
 Element of control loop are Initialization Expression(s), Test Expression, Update
Expression(s), the body –of-the loop.

Logic development tools:--

  Before developing the solution of a problem in terms of a program, we should
read and analyze the given problem and decide about basic sub-tasks needed
to solve a problem and the order of these subtasks.

 Algorithm:- “An algorithm is a step –by-step procedure (well-defined

instructions) to solve a given problem.

Eg The algorithm to find the remainder of given two numbers is :

 Input first number

 Input second number
 Divide first number with second number and store the remainder as third
number.
 Display
 An algorithm is a set of ordered and finite steps (the subtasks) to solve a given
problem.
 Eg 2 (using the same logic determine if the first number is divided by
second number or not)
 Input first number
 Input second number
 Divide first number with second number and store the remainder in third
number.

 Check if the third number is 0.

(a) If Yes , Display ‘the first number IS divisible by second number’.

(b) If No, Display’ the first number IS NOT divisible by second
number’.

 Algorithms Tools are :---(i) pseudocode , flow charts , or decision trees and
tables.

Note:-----In syllabus only flowcharts we have to know

Flowcharts

 A flowchart is a graphical representation of steps an algorithm to solve a given

problem.
 Flowchart symbol

Process Decision Subprocess

 Start/End Data Document

 Use Data symbol for Input/Output (I/O) operation(taking input and showing output).
 Use Process symbol for any type of computation and internal operations like
initialization, calculation etc.
 Use Subprocess symbol to invoke a procedure written already.

The if STATEMENTS OF PYTHON

Simple IF
 The if statements are the conditional statements in Python and these implement
selection constructs (decision constructs).
 Eg
ch=input(‘Enter a single character:’)
if ch==’’ :
print(“You entered a space”)
if ch>=’0’ and ch<=’9’:
print(“you entered a digit.”)
The if –else statement
 In this the block below if gets executed if the condition evaluates to true and the
block below else gets executed if the condition evaluates to false.
 Eg
num=int (input(“Enter an integer:”))
if num%2==0:
print(num,”is EVEN number.”)

else:

print(num,”is ODD number.”)

sum1= sum=2=0

num1=int(input(“Enter number 1:”))

num2=int(input(“Enter number 2:”))

num3=int(input(“Enter number 3:”))

sum1=num1+num2+num3

if num1!=num2 and num1!=num3:

sum2+=num1

if num1!=num1 and num2!=num3:

sum2+=num2

if num3!=num1 and num3!=num2:

sum2+=num3

print(“Numbers are”,num1,num2,num3)

print(“Sum of three given number is “,sum1)

print(“Sum of non-duplicate number is “,sum2)

The if –elif STATEMENTS OF PYTHON

The if –elif statement
 if , elif and else all are block or compound statements.
 Sometimes, we need to check another condition in case the test –condition of
if evaluates to false i.e we want to check a condition when control reaches
else part , i.e condition test in the form of else if .
 Eg
If runs are more than 100

then it is a century

else if runs are more than 50

then it is a fifty

else
num1= float(input(“Enter first number :”))
num2=float(input(“Enter second
batsman hasnumber:”)) Enter
neither scored century nor first number:5
fifty.
op=input(“Enter operator[+-*/%]:”)
result=0 Enter second number:2
if op==’+’
result=num1+num2 Enter operator[+ - * / %]:*
elif op==’_’:
5.0 * 2.0=10.0
result=num1-num2
elif op==’*’: ===========RESTART===============
result=num1* num2
elif op==’/’: Enter first number : 5
result=num1/num2
Enter second number : 2
elif op==’%’:
Enter operator [+ - * / %] : /
result=num1% num2
5.0/2.0 = 2.5
else:

print(“Invalid operator!!”)

print(num1, op, num2,’=’,result)

x=int(input(“Enter first number:”)) Enter first number :5
y=int(input(“Enter second number:”))
z=int( input(“Enter third number:”)) Enter second number :9
min=mid=max=None
if x<y and x< z: Enter third number :2
if y<z:
Numbers in ascending order:2 5 9
min, mid, max=x,y,z
else: ===========RESTART===============
min, mid, max=x, z, y
Enter first number :9
elif y<x and y<z:
Enter second number :90
if x<z:
Enter third number :19
min, mid, max=y,x,z
Numbers in ascending order: 1 1 9 90
else:

min ,mid, max=y,z,x

else:

if x< y:

min, mid, max=z,x, y

else:

min, mid, max=z,y,x

print(“Numbers in ascending order:”, min, mid, max)

Statement Values generated

range(10) 0,1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8,9
range(5,10) 5,6,7,8,9
range(3,7) 3,4,5,6
range(5,15,3) 5,8,11,14
range(9,3,-1) 9,8,7,6,5,4
range(10,1,-2) 10,8,6,4,2
Operators in and not in

 The in operator tests if a given value is contained in a sequence or not and returns
True or False accordingly.
 In operator used with range( ) in for loops.
Eg

3 in[1,2,3,4] ---this expression will test if value 3 is contained in the given

sequence
5 in [1,2,3,4] will return False as value 5 is not contained in sequence[1,2,3,4]
5 not in [1,2,3,4] will return True as value 5 is not contained in
sequence[1,2,3,4]
 Operator in and not in are also called membership operators.
 Iteration /Looping Statements(for loop)
 The iteration statement or repetition statements allow a set of instructions to
be performed repeatedly until a certain condition is fulfilled. The iteration
statements are also called loops or looping statements.
 Python provides two kinds of loops: for loop and while loop to represent two
categories of loops
 Counting loops: The loops that repeat a certain number of items;
Python’s for loop is a counting loop.
 Conditional loops:-The loops that repeat until a certain thing
happens i.e they keep repeating as long as some condition is true ;
Python’s while loop is conditional loop.

The For Loop

 The for loop of Python is designed to process the items of any sequence , such
as a list or a string one by one.
 The general form of for loop
This is the body of the for loop. All
statements in the body of the loop
will be executed for each value of
Eg for a in [1,4,7]: loop variable a , i.e firstly for a=1;
then for a =4 and then for a=7
print(a)
The loop variable a
. Variable a will be print(a*a)
assigned each
value of list one by
one, i.e for the
first time a will be
1, then 4 and then
7
Iteration :--- Each time , when the loop –body is executed is called an iteration.

A for loop in Python is processed as :

 The loop-variable is assigned the first value in the sequence .

 All the statements in the body of for loop are executed with assigned value
of loop variable(step 2)
 Once step 2 is over , the loop –variable is assigned the next value in the
sequence and the loop-body is executed (i.e step 2 repeated) with the new
value of loop –variable.
 This continues until all values in the sequences are processed.

Out put

16

7
5 x1=5
49
Program to print table of a number (5)
5x2=10
Num=5
5 x3=5
for a in range(1,11):

print(num,’x’,a,’=’,num*a) 5x4=10

The above code will print the output as shown here: 5 x5=5

5x6=10

5 x7=5

sum=0 Output 5x8=10

for n in range(1,8): Sum of natural

5 x9=5numbers<=1 is 1

sum+=n Sum of natural numbers<=2 is 3

5x10=10
print(“Sum of natural numbers <=”,n,”is’,sum) Sum of natural numbers<=3 is 6

Sum of natural numbers<=4 is 10

Sum of natural numbers<=5 is 15

Sum of natural numbers<=6 is 21

Sum of natural numbers<=7 is 28

The while Loop

 A while loop is a conditional loop that will repeat the instructions within itself
as long as a conditional remains true(Boolean True or truth value true)
 While<logical expression>:
loop-body
 where the loop –body may contain a single statement or multiple
statement or an empty statement (i.e pass statement).
 The loop iterates while the logical expression evaluates to true. When
the expression becomes false, the program control to the line after the
loop –body.

a=5 Output:

while a>0: Hello 5

print(“hello”,a) Hello 2

a=a-3 Loop over!!

print(“loop Over !!”)

Jump Statements( break and continue statement)” Jump Statements( break
and continue statement)”
 Python offers two jump statements to be used within loops to jump out
of loop –iterations .
 These are break and continue statements.

Break statement

 The break statement enables a program to skip over a part of the code .
 A break statement terminates the very loop it lies within . Execution resumes at
the statement immediately following the body of the terminated statement.

Continue Statement

 The continue statement is another jump statement like the break statement as
both the statements skip over a part of the code. But the continue statement is
somewhat different from break .
 Instead of forcing termination , the continue statement forces the next iteration
of the loop to take place, skipping any code in between.