Data analysis encompasses a variety of methods tailored to
different types of data and analytical goals. Descriptive analysis
involves summarizing data features through statistics like mean
and standard deviation, while inferential analysis extrapolates
conclusions about populations from sampled data, employing
techniques such as hypothesis testing and regression. Exploratory
data analysis delves into data patterns using visualizations and
statistical methods like scatter plots and correlation analysis.
Predictive modeling constructs models to forecast outcomes,
utilizing techniques ranging from traditional statistical methods like
linear regression to machine learning algorithms such as decision
trees and neural networks. Time series analysis examines data
trends over time, employing methods like autocorrelation and
ARIMA models, while text analysis extracts insights from
unstructured text data through sentiment analysis and natural
language processing. Spatial analysis investigates geographic data
patterns using techniques like spatial autocorrelation and
clustering. The choice of method depends on factors like data type,
research questions, and available resources, often requiring a
combination of methods for comprehensive analysis.