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Practical No. 5

The document outlines a practical exercise aimed at comparing three edge detection algorithms for image segmentation. It explains the theory behind image segmentation and edge detection, detailing various techniques such as the Sobel, Canny, and Laplacian operators. The conclusion emphasizes the successful comparison and analysis of the results from the edge detection algorithms applied to the same image dataset.

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TUSHAR RAJAWAT
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9 views4 pages

Practical No. 5

The document outlines a practical exercise aimed at comparing three edge detection algorithms for image segmentation. It explains the theory behind image segmentation and edge detection, detailing various techniques such as the Sobel, Canny, and Laplacian operators. The conclusion emphasizes the successful comparison and analysis of the results from the edge detection algorithms applied to the same image dataset.

Uploaded by

TUSHAR RAJAWAT
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Practical No.

Aim :

Compare the results of any three edge detection algorithms on the same image dataset anddo the
analysis of the result.

Objective : To Learn Classification Techniques for Image Segmentation.

Theory:

Image Segmentation

The first step in image analysis is to segment the image. Segmentation is the process to
subdivide the image into its constituent parts or objects. The level to which subdivision is carried
depends on the problem being solved.

In computer vision, image segmentation is the process of partitioning a digital image into
multiple segments (sets of pixels, also known as super-pixels). The goal of segmentation is to
simplify and/or change the representation of an image into something that is more meaningful
and easier to analyze. Image segmentation is typically used to locate objects and boundaries
(lines,curves, etc.) in images. More precisely, image segmentation is the process of assigning a
label to every pixel in an image such that pixels with the same label share certain characteristics.

The result of image segmentation is a set of segments that collectively cover the entire
image, or a set of contours extracted from the image (see edge detection). Each of the pixels in a
region are similar with respect to some characteristic or computed property, such as colour,
intensity, or texture. Adjacent regions are significantly different with respect to the same
characteristic(s). When
applied to a stack of images, typical in medical imaging, the resulting contours after image
segmentation can be used to create 3D reconstructions with the help of interpolation algorithms
like marching cubes.

Segmentation algorithms for monochrome images are generally based on one of the two
basic properties of grey level values:

1. Discontinuity: In this category, the approach is to partition the image based on abrupt changes
in grey level.

2. Similarity: In this category, the approaches are based in thresholding, region growing, and
region splitting and merging.
Edge Detection :

Edge detection is by far the most common approach for detecting meaningful discontinuities in
gray level. The reason is that isolated points and the thin lines are not frequent occurrences in
most practical applications. An edge is the boundary between two regions with relative distinct
gray level properties.Note from the profile that an edge (transition from dark to light) is modeled
as a smooth, rather than as anabrupt, change of gray level. This model reflects the fact that edges
in digital images are generally slightly blurred as a result of sampling.

1.Gradient Operator :

The gradient of an image f (x,y) at the location (x,y) is defined as

Gradient vector always points in the direction of maximum rate of change off at co-ordinates
(x,y). Magnitude of the vector is the main quantity in edge detection and given by,

Different Gradient Operators:

Use of different gradient operators for the following 3x3 grey level image is discussed below.

2.Roberts Operator:

One of the simplest way to implement first order partial derivative is to use Roberts cross-
gradient operator. The mask for Roberts operator are given by,
The two cross differences for x and y gradient components are given by equation,

Gx= Z9 - Z5 and Gy = Z6 - Z8.

at point Z5.

have clear center. So generally,


3x3masks are used.

Sobel operator edge detection algorithm

1. Read and load the input RGB image.

2. Convert the image to grayscale using the cv2.cvtColor () function.

3. Apply the Sobel operator to find the x and y gradients of the image using the
cv2.Sobel()function.

4. Calculate the magnitude and angle of the gradients using the following formulae:

np.sqrt(sobel_x**2 + sobel_y**2)

np.arctan2(sobel_y, sobel_x)

1. Normalize the magnitude to the range [0, 255].

2. Create a binary image based on the gradient magnitudes.

3. Display the binary image with the detected edges using the cv2 library.

Canny edge detection algorithm

1. Read and load the input RGB image.

2. Convert the image to grayscale using the cv2.cvtColor () function.

3. Apply Gaussian blur to reduce noise.

4. Use the Canny edge detector to find the edges by setting the upper and lower thresholds
andusing the cv2.Canny () function.

5. Create a binary image using the obtained edges.

6. Display the binary image with the detected edges using the cv2 library.
Laplacian operator edge detection algorithm

1. Read and load the input RGB image.

2. Convert the image to grayscale using the cv2.cvtColor () function.

3. Apply Gaussian blur to reduce noise.

4. Use the Laplacian operator edge detector to find the edges using the cv2.Laplacian () function.

5. Normalize the magnitude to the range [0, 255].

6. Create a binary image using the obtained edges.

7. Display the binary image with the detected edges using the cv2 library.

Conclusion:

We have successfully compare the results of edge detection algorithms on the image data set and
analysis of the result.

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