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Full Image Processing Notes

The document covers various aspects of image processing, including segmentation techniques such as threshold-based, edge-based, and clustering methods, as well as image compression and object recognition. It also discusses image restoration techniques and applications in medical and satellite image processing. Key concepts include the use of algorithms for edge detection, compression standards like JPEG, and the importance of remote sensing in collecting Earth data.

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TUSHAR RAJAWAT
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7 views

Full Image Processing Notes

The document covers various aspects of image processing, including segmentation techniques such as threshold-based, edge-based, and clustering methods, as well as image compression and object recognition. It also discusses image restoration techniques and applications in medical and satellite image processing. Key concepts include the use of algorithms for edge detection, compression standards like JPEG, and the importance of remote sensing in collecting Earth data.

Uploaded by

TUSHAR RAJAWAT
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Image Processing Notes

Image Segmentation and Analysis

1. Introduction: Image segmentation is the process of partitioning a digital image into multiple segments to

simplify image analysis. It helps isolate regions of interest (ROI), such as objects or boundaries.

2. Threshold-Based Segmentation: Divides image pixels based on intensity threshold values. Simple and

fast. Used in separating foreground and background.

3. Edge-Based Segmentation: Detects object boundaries using edge detection techniques like Sobel, Prewitt,

or Canny. Emphasizes high-intensity changes.

4. Edge Detection: Identifies points in an image where brightness changes sharply. Common algorithms:

Canny, Laplacian, Sobel.

5. Edge Linking: Joins detected edges to form complete object boundaries using techniques like Hough

Transform or graph-based methods.

6. Hough Transform: Detects geometric shapes (lines, circles) by mapping edge points into a parameter

space.

7. Watershed Transform: Treats grayscale images as topographic surfaces and finds object boundaries

where water would naturally divide regions.

8. Clustering Techniques: Groups pixels into clusters based on color or texture. Common methods: K-means,

Fuzzy C-means.

9. Region Approach: Grows regions by merging neighboring pixels that have similar properties. Includes

region growing and region splitting-merging.

Image Compression and Object Recognition

1. Image Compression:

- Introduction: Reduces file size for storage and transmission.


Image Processing Notes

- Need: Saves bandwidth and memory; speeds up processing.

- Run-Length Coding: Encodes repeated pixel values efficiently.

- Shannon-Fano Coding: Uses symbol probabilities to generate binary codes.

- Huffman Coding: Builds optimal binary tree; widely used in JPEG.

- Scalar & Vector Quantization: Maps input values to fixed values to reduce redundancy.

- JPEG/MPEG Standards: JPEG for still images; MPEG for video with motion compensation.

- Video Compression: Reduces temporal and spatial redundancies in video sequences.

2. Object Recognition:

- Introduction: Identifies and classifies objects within an image.

- Computer Vision: Field that includes image recognition, analysis, and interpretation.

- Tensor Methods: Used in deep learning to represent images and perform matrix operations.

- Classification Algorithms: SVM, KNN, CNNs classify detected objects.

- Object Detection: Locates and identifies objects (e.g., YOLO, SSD).

- Object Tracking: Continuously tracks moving objects across frames.

Image Restoration

1. Introduction: Recovers original image from a degraded one using mathematical models to remove blur or

noise.

2. Degradation Model: g(x, y) = h(x, y) * f(x, y) + n(x, y) where h = blur function, n = noise.

3. Noise Models:

- Gaussian: Random intensity variation.

- Salt-Pepper: Sharp black and white disturbances.

- Speckle: Multiplicative noise in ultrasound/radar.

- Poisson: Quantum noise in photon-limited imaging.

4. Restoration Techniques:

- Spatial Domain: Works on pixels (mean/median filters).

- Frequency Domain: Modifies image in Fourier space (Wiener filter).


Image Processing Notes

- Model-Based: Uses known or estimated degradation models.

5. Blind Deconvolution: Estimates both the image and the blur kernel when the degradation is unknown.

6. Lucy-Richardson Filter: Iterative method assuming Poisson noise for motion blur restoration.

7. Wiener Filter: Frequency domain filter minimizing mean square error. Optimal for Gaussian noise.

Medical Image Processing

1. Introduction: Uses imaging (MRI, CT, PET) for diagnosis and treatment planning.

2. Image Enhancement: Improves visibility using filters and contrast techniques.

3. Segmentation: Separates organs/tissues using thresholding, watershed, deep learning.

4. Analysis:

- Brain MRI: Detect tumors or strokes.

- Cardiac MRI: Assess heart structure and function.

- Breast MRI: Detect and classify tumors.

Satellite Image Processing

1. Remote Sensing: Collects Earth's data using satellite sensors.

2. GPS: Satellite-based navigation for location data.

3. GIS: Manages, analyzes spatial data; overlays maps/images.

4. Photographic Systems: Cameras, sensors, lenses on satellites.

5. Photogrammetry: 3D measurements from 2D images for maps.


Image Processing Notes

6. Spectral Sensing:

- Multispectral: 3-10 bands; land use, vegetation.

- Thermal: Detects heat; used in fire, temperature mapping.

- Hyperspectral: Hundreds of narrow bands; used in pollution, mineral analysis.

7. Earth Resource Satellites: Landsat, Sentinel, SPOT, Resourcesat for agriculture, environment monitoring.

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