EE 451: Power System Analysis and Design

Week 2

Noor Ul Ain

Department of Electrical Engineering

University of Engineering and Technology, Lahore

January 24, 2025

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 Today’s Contents

Topics to be Covered

• Impedance and Reactance Diagrams

• Examples
• Bus Admittance Matrix

Reference:
• Per unit analysis: Chapter 3, Article (3.13, 3.14), Hadi Saadat
• Impedance and Reactance Diagram: Chapter 1, Article (1.13, 1.14),
Stevenson
• Bus Admittance Matrix: Chapter 6, Article (6.1, 6.2), Hadi Saadat

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 Impedance and Reactance Diagram

Impedance and Reactance Diagrams

• The figure below shows a single line diagram or oneline diagram

of a power system. It indicates, by the use of a single line and
standard symbols, how the transmission lines and associated
apparatus of an electric system are connected

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 Impedance and Reactance Diagram

Impedance and Reactance Diagrams

• To evaluate the performance of the power system under loaded
condition or upon occurence of fault, one-line diagram is used to
draw the single-phase or per-phase equivalent circuit of the system
• The per phase impedance diagram of the system of SLD on previous
slide is shown below
• The current-limiting impedances of generators are not shown as no
current flows in the ground under balanced conditions

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 Impedance and Reactance Diagram

Impedance and Reactance Diagrams

• Resistance is often omitted as inductive reactance of system is much
larger than the resistance
• The shunt current of a transformer is usually insignificant compared
to full load current and is usually omitted
• Loads not involving rotating machinery have little effect on total line
current during fault so these are also omitted
• Correspondingly, the impedance diagram can be reduced to
per-phase reactance diagram

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 Impedance and Reactance Diagram

Example - 1

Draw the impedance diagram of the following network with all reactances
marked in per-unit.
• A-B: 10000 kVA, 13.8/138kV, leakage reactance = 10%
• B-C: 10000 kVA, 138/69kV, leakage reactance = 8%
Select parameters of circuit B (10000 kVA, 138 kV) as base parameters
of system, find the per-unit impedance of 300 Ω resistive load in circuit
C referred to circuits C, B and A.

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 Impedance and Reactance Diagram

Solution

• Rule - 1: SB should remain same

• Rule - 2: VB changes according to the turns ratio of the transformer

• SB = 10000
• VB for circuit B is 138 kV
• VB for circuit A is 138 kV × 1
10 = 13.8 kV
• VB for circuit C is 138 kV × 1
2 = 69 kV

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 Impedance and Reactance Diagram

ZL = 300Ω
(kVB )2 × 1000 (69)2 × 1000
ZB = = = 476 Ω
kV AB 10, 000
ZL 300
Zpu = = = 0.63pu
ZB 476
Load impedance referred to circuit B
 2
2
ZL ( referred to circuit B ) = × 300 = 1200 Ω
1
(138)2 × 1000
ZB ( referred to circuit B ) = = 1900 Ω
10, 000
ZL 1200
Zpu ( referred to circuit B ) = = = 0.63 pu
ZB 1900

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 Impedance and Reactance Diagram

Load impedance referred to circuit A

 2  2
2 1
ZL ( referred to circuit A ) = × 300 = 12 Ω
1 10
(13.8)2 × 1000
ZB ( referred to circuit A ) = = 19 Ω
10, 000
ZL 12
Zpu ( referred to circuit B ) = = = 0.63 pu
ZB 19

0.1j pu 0.08j pu

0.63 pu

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 Impedance and Reactance Diagram

Example - 2
Draw the reactance diagram of the following network with all reactances
marked in per unit.
• Generator: 300 MVA, 20 kV, X = 0.2 pu
• Transformer T1 : 350 MVA, 20/230 kV, X = 0.1 pu
• Transmission Line: 64 km, X = 0.5 Ω/km
• Transformer T2 : 3, 1-phase transformers each
100 MVA, 127/13.2 kV, X = 0.1pu
• Motor M1 : 200 MVA, 13.2 kV, X = 0.2 pu
• Motor M2 : 100 MVA, 13.2 kV, X = 0.2 pu

Select parameters of generator circuit (300 MVA, 20 kV) as base

parameters of system.
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 Impedance and Reactance Diagram

Solution
SB = 300 MVA
VB of circuit 1: VB1 = 20 kV
VB of circuit 2: VB2 = 230 kV
VB of circuit 3: VB2 = 13.8 kV

300 20 2
   
Xg1 = j0.2 × × = j0.2 pu
300 20
  2
300 20

XT1 = j0.1 × × = j0.0857 pu
350 20
300 230 2
   
XT1 = j0.1 × × = j0.0857 pu
350 230
MV AB
XT L = Xa ×
(RVB )2
300
= 0.5 × 64 × = j0.18 pu
(230)2
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 Impedance and Reactance Diagram

300 13.2 2
   
XT2 = j0.1 × × = j0.09 pu
300 13.8
√ !2
300 127 3
 
XT2 = j0.1 × × = j0.09 pu
300 230
300 13.2 2
   
Xm1 = j0.2 × × = j0.27 pu
200 13.8
300 13.2 2
   
Xm2 = j0.2 × × = j0.54 pu
100 13.8

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 Impedance and Reactance Diagram

Reactance Diagram

0.0857j 0.18j 0.09j

0.2j
0.27j 0.54j

Eg Em1 Em2

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 Impedance and Reactance Diagram

Example - 3

Assume a three-phase, unity power factor load of 100 MVA with VLL of
69 kV is connected to a source through the below network. Convert the
two impedances to per unit,and then determine the per unit generator
voltage (magnitude and angle). Use a per unit three-phase 100 MVA
base, a line-to-line 138 kV voltage base on the left side of the
transformer and a line-to-line 69 kV voltage base on the right side

5.06 + j23.7 4j Ω
138:69

• VG pu =1.047 ∠11.45◦ pu
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 Nodal Analysis

Bus Admittance Matrix

In order to obtain the node-voltage equations, consider the simple power
system shown in Figure where impedances are expressed in per unit on a
common MVA base and for simplicity resistances are neglected.

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 Nodal Analysis

Consider the voltage source VS with a source (series) impedance of ZS

as shown in figure (a). Using Norton’s theorem this circuit can be
replaced by a current source Is with a parallel admittance of YS as shown
in figure (b). The relations between the original system and the Norton
equivalent are

VS 1
IS = and YS =
ZS ZS

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 Nodal Analysis

Since the nodal solution is based upon Kirchhoff’s current law,

impedances are converted to admittance, i.e.,
1 1
yij = =
zij rij + jxij

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 Nodal Analysis

Applying KCL to the independent nodes 1 through 4 results in

I1 = y10 V1 + y12 (V1 − V2 ) + y13 (V1 − V3 )

I2 = y20 V2 + y12 (V2 − V1 ) + y23 (V2 − V3 )
0 = y23 (V3 − V2 ) + y13 (V3 − V1 ) + y34 (V3 − V4 )
0 = y34 (V4 − V3 )
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 Nodal Analysis

Rearranging these equations yields

I1 = (y10 + y12 + y13 ) V1 − y12 V2 − y13 V3
I2 = −y12 V1 + (y20 + y12 + y23 ) V2 − y23 V3
0 = −y13 V1 − y23 V2 + (y13 + y23 + y34 ) V3 − y34 V4
0 = −y34 V3 + y34 V4
We introduce the following admittances
Y11 = y10 + y12 + y13 Y22 = y20 + y12 + y23
Y33 = y13 + y23 + y34 Y44 = y34
Y12 = Y21 = −y12 Y13 = Y31 = −y13
Y23 = Y32 = −y23 Y34 = Y43 = −y34

• Y11 , Y22 , Y33 , Y44 are the self admittance of node or bus and are sum
of all admittance connected to that bus
• Y12 , Y13 , Y23 and Y34 are mutual admittances and are negative of
admittance connected between selected buses i and j.
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 Nodal Analysis

Using the definitions the following equations

I1 = (y10 + y12 + y13 ) V1 − y12 V2 − y13 V3

I2 = −y12 V1 + (y20 + y12 + y23 ) V2 − y23 V3
0 = −y13 V1 − y23 V2 + (y13 + y23 + y34 ) V3 − y34 V4
0 = −y34 V3 + y34 V4

are modified to
I1 = Y11 V1 + Y12 V2 + Y13 V3 + Y14 V4
I2 = Y21 V1 + Y22 V2 + Y23 V3 + Y24 V4
I3 = Y31 V1 + Y32 V2 + Y33 V3 + Y34 V4
I4 = Y41 V1 + Y42 V2 + Y43 V3 + Y44 V4

In the above network, since there is no connection between bus 1 and

4, Y14 = Y41 = 0; similarly Y24 = Y42 = 0.

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 Nodal Analysis

I1 = Y11 V1 + Y12 V2 + Y13 V3 + Y14 V4

I2 = Y21 V1 + Y22 V2 + Y23 V3 + Y24 V4
I3 = Y31 V1 + Y32 V2 + Y33 V3 + Y34 V4
I4 = Y41 V1 + Y42 V2 + Y43 V3 + Y44 V4

In matrices form
    
I1 Y11 Y12 Y13 Y14 V1
 I2   Y21 Y22 Y23 Y24  V2 
=
    
I3 Y31 Y32 Y33 Y34 V3
  
    
I4 Y41 Y42 Y43 Y44 V4

This matrix of admittances is called Ybus

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 Nodal Analysis

 
−j8.50 j2.50 j5.00 0
 j2.50 −j8.75 j5.00 0 
Ybus = 
 
j5.00 j5.00 −j22.50 j12.50

 
0 0 j12.50 −j12.50

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 Ybus

Admittance Matrix - Ybus

Extending the above relation to an n bus system, the node-voltage

equation in matrix form is
    
I1 Y11 Y12 · · · Y1i · · · Y1n V1

 I2  
  Y21 Y22 · · · Y2i · · · Y2n 
 V2 

 ..   .. .. .. ..  .. 
 .   . . . .  . 
=
    
Ii Yi1 Yi2 · · · Yii ··· Yin  Vi
  
    
.. .. .. .. ..   ..
    
   
 .   . . . .  . 
In Yn1 Yn2 · · · Yni · · · Ynn Vn
or

Ibus = Ybus Vbus

When the bus currents are known, it can be solved for the n bus voltages.

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 Ybus

Admittance Matrix - Ybus

−1
Vbus = Ybus Ibus

• Ibus is the vector of the injected bus currents (i.e., external current
sources).
• The current is positive when flowing towards the bus, and it is
negative if flowing away from the bus.
• Vbus is the vector of bus voltages measured from the reference node
(i.e., node voltages).
• Ybus is known as the bus admittance matrix.
• The inverse of the bus admittance matrix is known as the bus
impedance matrix Zbus .

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 Ybus

Admittance Matrix - Ybus

• The diagonal element of each node is the sum of admittances

connected to it. It is known as the self-admittance or driving
point admittance, i.e.,
n
X
Yii = yij j ̸= i
j=0

• The off-diagonal element is equal to the negative of the admittance

between the nodes. It is known as the mutual admittance or
transfer admittance, i.e.,

Yij = Yji = −yij

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 Ybus

Admittance Matrix - Ybus

• Inspection of the bus admittance matrix reveals that the matrix is

symmetric along the leading diagonal, and we need to store the
upper triangular nodal admittance matrix only.
• In a typical power system network, each bus is connected to only a
few nearby buses. Consequently, many off-diagonal elements are
zero. Such a matrix is called sparse, and efficient numerical
techniques can be applied to compute its inverse.
• However, Zbus , which is required for short-circuit analysis, can be
obtained directly by the method of building algorithm without the
need for matrix inversion (will be discussed in coming lectures)

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 Ybus

Example - 3
Find Ybus

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 Ybus

Solution

Conversion from reactance to admittance diagram

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 Ybus

    
−j14.5 j8.0 j4.0 j2.5 V1 0
 j8.0 −j17.0 j4.0 j5.0  V2   0 
=
    
j4.0 j4.0 −j8.8 0.0 V3 1.00∠ − 90◦
  
    
j2.5 j5.0 0.0 −j8.3 V4 0.68∠ − 135◦
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 Ybus

Example - 4
Find Ybus

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 Ybus

Example - 5
Find Ybus

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 Ybus

Matlab Function for Ybus

Suppose the network data is given in the following form, develop a

Matlab function to determine the Ybus .

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 Ybus

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 Ybus

Thank You

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