Chapter 10

SQL: Data Manipulation

SELECT Statement

SELECT [DISTINCT | ALL]

{* | [columnExpression [AS newName]] [,...] }
FROM TableName [alias] [, ...]
[WHERE condition]
[GROUP BY columnList] [HAVING condition]
[ORDER BY columnList]

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SELECT Statement

SELECT Specifies which columns are to

appear in output.
FROM Specifies table(s) to be used.
WHERE Filters rows.
GROUP BY Forms groups of rows with same
column value.
HAVING Filters groups subject to some
condition.
ORDER BY Specifies the order of the output.
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Example 10.1 All Columns, All Rows
List full details of all staff.

SELECT staffNo, fName, lName, address,

position, sex, DOB, salary, branchNo
FROM Staff;
Can use * as an abbreviation for ‘all columns’:
SELECT *
FROM Staff;

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Example 10.1 All Columns, All Rows

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Example 10.2 Specific Columns, All Rows
Produce a list of salaries for all staff, showing only
staff number, first and last names, and salary.

SELECT staffNo, fName, lName, salary

FROM Staff;

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Example 10.2 Specific Columns, All Rows

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Example 10.3 Use of DISTINCT
List the property numbers of all properties that
have been viewed.

SELECT propertyNo
FROM Viewing;

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Example 10.3 Use of DISTINCT
Use DISTINCT to eliminate duplicates:
SELECT DISTINCT propertyNo
FROM Viewing;

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Example 10.4 Calculated Fields
Produce list of monthly salaries for all staff,
showing staff number, first/last name, and salary.
SELECT staffNo, fName, lName, salary/12
FROM Staff;

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Example 10.4 Calculated Fields
To name column, use AS clause:
SELECT staffNo, fName, lName, salary/12
AS monthlySalary
FROM Staff;

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Example 10.5 Comparison Search Condition
List all staff with a salary greater than 10,000.
SELECT staffNo, fName, lName, position, salary
FROM Staff
WHERE salary > 10000;

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Example 10.6 Compound Comparison Search
Condition
List addresses of all branch offices in London or
Glasgow.
SELECT *
FROM Branch
WHERE city = ‘London’ OR city = ‘Glasgow’;

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Example 10.7 Range Search Condition
List all staff with a salary between 20,000 and
30,000.

SELECT staffNo, fName, lName, position, salary

FROM Staff
WHERE salary BETWEEN 20000 AND 30000;

BETWEEN test includes the endpoints of range.

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Example 10.7 Range Search Condition

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Example 10.7 Range Search Condition

SELECT staffNo, fName, lName, position, salary

FROM Staff
WHERE salary>=20000 AND salary <= 30000;

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Example 10.8 Set Membership
List all managers and supervisors.
SELECT staffNo, fName, lName, position
FROM Staff
WHERE position IN (‘Manager’, ‘Supervisor’);

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Example 10.8 Set Membership

There is a negated version (NOT IN).

IN does not add much to SQL’s expressive power.

Could have expressed this as:

SELECT staffNo, fName, lName, position

FROM Staff
WHERE position=‘Manager’ OR
position=‘Supervisor’;

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Example 10.9 Pattern Matching
Find all owners with the string ‘Glasgow’ in their
address.
SELECT ownerNo, fName, lName, address, telNo
FROM PrivateOwner
WHERE address LIKE ‘%Glasgow%’;

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Example 10.10 NULL Search Condition
List details of all viewings on property PG4
where a comment has not been supplied.
There are 2 viewings for property PG4, one with
and one without a comment.
Have to test for null explicitly using special
keyword IS NULL:
SELECT clientNo, viewDate
FROM Viewing
WHERE propertyNo = ‘PG4’ AND
comment IS NULL;
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Example 10.10 NULL Search Condition

Negated version (IS NOT NULL) can test for

non-null values.

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Example 10.11 Single Column Ordering
List salaries for all staff, arranged in descending
order of salary.

SELECT staffNo, fName, lName, salary

FROM Staff
ORDER BY salary DESC;

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Example 10.11 Single Column Ordering

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Example 10.12 Multiple Column Ordering
Produce abbreviated list of properties in order of
property type.

SELECT propertyNo, type, rooms, rent

FROM PropertyForRent
ORDER BY type;

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Example 10.12 Multiple Column Ordering

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Example 10.12 Multiple Column Ordering
Four flats in this list - as no minor sort key
specified, system arranges these rows in any order
it chooses.
To arrange in order of rent, specify minor order:

SELECT propertyNo, type, rooms, rent

FROM PropertyForRent
ORDER BY type, rent DESC;

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Example 10.12 Multiple Column Ordering

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SELECT Statement - Aggregates
ISO standard defines five aggregate functions:

COUNT returns number of values in specified

column.
SUM returns sum of values in specified column.
AVG returns average of values in specified column.
MIN returns smallest value in specified column.
MAX returns largest value in specified column.

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SELECT Statement - Aggregates
Each operates on a single column of a table and
returns a single value.
COUNT, MIN, and MAX apply to numeric and
non-numeric fields, but SUM and AVG are used
on numeric fields only.
Apart from COUNT(*), each function eliminates
nulls first and operates only on remaining non-
null values.

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SELECT Statement - Aggregates
COUNT(*) counts all rows of a table, regardless
of whether nulls or duplicate values occur.
Can use DISTINCT before column name to
eliminate duplicates.
DISTINCT has no effect with MIN/MAX, but
may have with SUM/AVG.

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SELECT Statement - Aggregates
Aggregate functions can be used only in
SELECT list and in HAVING clause.

If SELECT list includes an aggregate function

and there is no GROUP BY clause, SELECT list
cannot reference a column out with an aggregate
function. For example, the following is illegal:
SELECT staffNo, COUNT(salary)
FROM Staff;

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Example 10.13 Use of COUNT(*)
How many properties cost more than 350 per
month to rent?
SELECT COUNT(*) AS myCount
FROM PropertyForRent
WHERE rent > 350;

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Example 10.14 Use of COUNT(DISTINCT)
How many different properties viewed in May ‘04?
SELECT COUNT(DISTINCT propertyNo) AS myCount
FROM Viewing
WHERE viewDate BETWEEN ‘1-May-04’
AND ‘31-May-04’;

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Example 10.15 Use of COUNT and SUM
Find number of Managers and sum of their
salaries.
SELECT COUNT(staffNo) AS myCount,
SUM(salary) AS mySum
FROM Staff
WHERE position = ‘Manager’;

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Example 10.16 Use of MIN, MAX, AVG
Find minimum, maximum, and average staff
salary.
SELECT MIN(salary) AS myMin,
MAX(salary) AS myMax,
AVG(salary) AS myAvg
FROM Staff;

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SELECT Statement - Grouping

Use GROUP BY clause to get sub-totals.

SELECT and GROUP BY closely integrated:

each item in SELECT list must be single-valued
per group, and SELECT clause may only contain:
– column names
– aggregate functions
– constants
– expression involving combinations of the above.

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SELECT Statement - Grouping
All column names in SELECT list must appear in
GROUP BY clause unless name is used only in an
aggregate function.
If WHERE is used with GROUP BY, WHERE is
applied first, then groups are formed from
remaining rows satisfying predicate.
ISO considers two nulls to be equal for purposes
of GROUP BY.

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Example 10.17 Use of GROUP BY
Find number of staff in each branch and their
total salaries.

SELECT branchNo,
COUNT(staffNo) AS myCount,
SUM(salary) AS mySum
FROM Staff
GROUP BY branchNo
ORDER BY branchNo;

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Example 10.17 Use of GROUP BY

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Restricted Groupings – HAVING clause
HAVING clause is designed for use with GROUP
BY to restrict groups that appear in final result
table.
Similar to WHERE, but WHERE filters
individual rows whereas HAVING filters groups.
Column names in HAVING clause must also
appear in the GROUP BY list or be contained
within an aggregate function.

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Example 10.18 Use of HAVING
For each branch with more than 1 member of
staff, find number of staff in each branch and
sum of their salaries.
SELECT branchNo,
COUNT(staffNo) AS myCount,
SUM(salary) AS mySum
FROM Staff
GROUP BY branchNo
HAVING COUNT(staffNo) > 1
ORDER BY branchNo;

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Example 10.18 Use of HAVING

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Subqueries
Some SQL statements can have a SELECT
embedded within them.
A subselect can be used in WHERE and
HAVING clauses of an outer SELECT, where it
is called a subquery or nested query.
Subselects may also appear in INSERT,
UPDATE and DELETE statements.

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Example 10.19 Subquery with Equality
List staff who work in branch at ‘1103 Main St’.

SELECT staffNo, fName, lName, position

FROM Staff
WHERE branchNo =
(SELECT branchNo
FROM Branch
WHERE street = ‘1103 Main St’);

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Example 10.19 Subquery with Equality
Inner SELECT finds branch number for branch
at ‘1103 Main St’ (‘B003’).
Outer SELECT then retrieves details of all staff
who work at this branch.
Outer SELECT then becomes:

SELECT staffNo, fName, lName, position

FROM Staff
WHERE branchNo = ‘B003’;

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Example 10.19 Subquery with Equality

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Example 10.20 Subquery with Aggregate
List all staff whose salary is greater than the average
salary.

SELECT staffNo, fName, lName, position

FROM Staff
WHERE salary >
(SELECT AVG(salary)
FROM Staff);

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Example 10.20 Subquery with Aggregate
Cannot write ‘WHERE salary > AVG(salary)’
Instead, use subquery to find average salary
(17000), and then use outer SELECT to find those
staff with salary greater than this:

SELECT staffNo, fName, lName, position,

FROM Staff
WHERE salary > 17000;

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Subquery Rules
ORDER BY clause may not be used in a
subquery (although it may be used in outermost
SELECT).
Subquery SELECT list must consist of a single
column name or expression, except for
subqueries that use EXISTS.
By default, column names refer to table name in
FROM clause of subquery.

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Example 10.21 Nested subquery: use of IN
List properties handled by staff at ‘1103 Main St’.
SELECT propertyNo, street, city, postcode, type, rooms, rent
FROM PropertyForRent
WHERE staffNo IN
(SELECT staffNo
FROM Staff
WHERE branchNo =
(SELECT branchNo
FROM Branch
WHERE street = ‘1103 Main St’));

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Example 10.21 Nested subquery: use of IN

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ANY and ALL
ANY and ALL may be used with subqueries that
produce a single column of numbers.
With ALL, condition will only be true if it is
satisfied by all values produced by subquery.
With ANY, condition will be true if it is satisfied
by any values produced by subquery.
If subquery is empty, ALL returns true, ANY
returns false.
SOME may be used in place of ANY.

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Example 10.22 Use of ANY/SOME
Find staff whose salary is larger than salary of at
least one member of staff at branch B003.
SELECT staffNo, fName, lName, position, salary
FROM Staff
WHERE salary > SOME
(SELECT salary
FROM Staff
WHERE branchNo = ‘B003’);

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Example 10.22 Use of ANY/SOME
Inner query produces set {12000, 18000, 24000}
and outer query selects those staff whose salaries
are greater than any of the values in this set.

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Example 10.23 Use of ALL
Find staff whose salary is larger than salary of
every member of staff at branch B003.

SELECT staffNo, fName, lName, position, salary

FROM Staff
WHERE salary > ALL
(SELECT salary
FROM Staff
WHERE branchNo = ‘B003’);

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Example 10.23 Use of ALL

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Multi-Table Queries
Can use subqueries provided result columns come
from same table.
If result columns come from more than one table
must use a join.
To perform join, include more than one table in
FROM clause.
Use comma as separator and typically include
WHERE clause to specify join column(s).

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Multi-Table Queries
Also possible to use an alias for a table named in
FROM clause.

Alias is separated from table name with a space.

Alias can be used to qualify column names when

there is ambiguity.

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Example 10.24 Simple Join
List names of all clients who have viewed a
property along with any comment supplied.

SELECT c.clientNo, fName, lName,

v.propertyNo, comment
FROM Client c, Viewing v
WHERE c.clientNo = v.clientNo;

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Example 10.24 Simple Join
Only those rows from both tables that have
identical values in the clientNo columns
(c.clientNo = v.clientNo) are included in result.
Equivalent to equi-join in relational algebra.

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Example 10.25 Sorting a join
For each branch, list numbers and names of
staff who manage properties, and properties
they manage.

SELECT s.branchNo, s.staffNo, fName, lName,

p.propertyNo
FROM Staff s, PropertyForRent p
WHERE s.staffNo = p.staffNo
ORDER BY s.branchNo, s.staffNo, propertyNo;

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Example 10.25 Sorting a join

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Example 10.26 Three Table Join
For each branch, list staff who manages
properties, including city in which branch is
located and properties they manage.

SELECT b.branchNo, b.city, s.staffNo, fName, lName,

p.propertyNo
FROM Branch b, Staff s, PropertyForRent p
WHERE b.branchNo = s.branchNo AND
s.staffNo = p.staffNo
ORDER BY b.branchNo, s.staffNo, p.propertyNo;

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Example 10.26 Three Table Join

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Example 10.27 Multiple Grouping Columns
Find number of properties handled by each staff
member.

SELECT s.branchNo, s.staffNo, COUNT(*) AS myCount

FROM Staff s, PropertyForRent p
WHERE s.staffNo = p.staffNo
GROUP BY s.branchNo, s.staffNo
ORDER BY s.branchNo, s.staffNo;

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Example 10.27 Multiple Grouping Columns

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EXISTS and NOT EXISTS
EXISTS and NOT EXISTS are for use only with
subqueries.
Produce a simple true/false result.
True if and only if there exists at least one row in
result table returned by subquery.
False if subquery returns an empty result table.

NOT EXISTS is the opposite of EXISTS.

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EXISTS and NOT EXISTS
As (NOT) EXISTS check only for existence or non-
existence of rows in subquery result table,
subquery can contain any number of columns.

Common for subqueries following (NOT) EXISTS

to be of form:
(SELECT * ...)

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Example 10.28 Query using EXISTS
Find all staff who work in a London branch.

SELECT staffNo, fName, lName, position

FROM Staff s
WHERE EXISTS
(SELECT *
FROM Branch b
WHERE s.branchNo = b.branchNo AND
city = ‘London’);

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Example 10.28 Query using EXISTS

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Example 10.28 Query using EXISTS

Could also write this query using join construct:

SELECT staffNo, fName, lName, position
FROM Staff s, Branch b
WHERE s.branchNo = b.branchNo AND
city = ‘London’;

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Union, Intersect, and Difference (Except)
Can use normal set operations of Union,
Intersection, and Difference to combine results of
two or more queries into a single result table.
Union of two tables, A and B, is table containing
all rows in either A or B or both.
Intersection is table containing all rows common
to both A and B.
Difference is table containing all rows in A but
not in B.
Two tables must be union compatible.

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Union, Intersect, and Difference (Except)

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Example 10.29 Use of UNION
List all cities where there is either a branch office
or a property.

(SELECT city
FROM Branch
WHERE city IS NOT NULL) UNION
(SELECT city
FROM PropertyForRent
WHERE city IS NOT NULL);

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Example 10.29 Use of UNION
Produces result tables from both queries and
merges both tables together.

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Example 10.30 Use of INTERSECT
List all cities where there is both a branch office
and a property.

(SELECT city FROM Branch)

INTERSECT
(SELECT city FROM PropertyForRent);

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Example 10.30 Use of INTERSECT

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Example 10.31 Use of EXCEPT
List of all cities where there is a branch office but
no properties.
(SELECT city FROM Branch)
EXCEPT
(SELECT city FROM PropertyForRent);

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INSERT
INSERT INTO TableName [ (columnList) ]
VALUES (dataValueList)

columnList is optional; if omitted, SQL assumes a

list of all columns in their original CREATE
TABLE order.
Any columns omitted must have been declared as
NULL when table was created, unless DEFAULT
was specified when creating column.

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INSERT
dataValueList must match columnList as follows:
– number of items in each list must be same;
– must be direct correspondence in position of
items in two lists;
– data type of each item in dataValueList must
be compatible with data type of
corresponding column.

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Example 10.32 INSERT … VALUES
Insert a new row into Staff table supplying data
for all columns.

INSERT INTO Staff

VALUES (‘SG110’, ‘Alan’, ‘Brown’, ‘Assistant’,
‘M’, Date‘1957-05-25’, 8300, ‘B003’);

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Example 10.33 INSERT using Defaults
Insert a new row into Staff table supplying data
for all mandatory columns.
INSERT INTO Staff (staffNo, fName, lName,
position, salary, branchNo)
VALUES (‘SG44’, ‘Anne’, ‘Jones’,
‘Assistant’, 8100, ‘B003’);
Or
INSERT INTO Staff
VALUES (‘SG44’, ‘Anne’, ‘Jones’, ‘Assistant’, NULL,
NULL, 8100, ‘B003’);

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INSERT … SELECT
Second form of INSERT allows multiple rows to
be copied from one or more tables to another:

INSERT INTO TableName [ (columnList) ]

SELECT ...

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Example 10.34 INSERT … SELECT
Assume there is a table StaffPropCount that
contains names of staff and number of properties
they manage:

StaffPropCount(staffNo, fName, lName, propCnt)

Populate StaffPropCount using Staff and

PropertyForRent tables.

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Example 10.35 INSERT … SELECT
INSERT INTO StaffPropCount
(SELECT s.staffNo, fName, lName, COUNT(*)
FROM Staff s, PropertyForRent p
WHERE s.staffNo = p.staffNo
GROUP BY s.staffNo, fName, lName)
UNION
(SELECT staffNo, fName, lName, 0
FROM Staff
WHERE staffNo NOT IN
(SELECT DISTINCT staffNo
FROM PropertyForRent));

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Example 10.35 INSERT … SELECT

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UPDATE
UPDATE TableName
SET columnName1 = dataValue1
[, columnName2 = dataValue2...]
[WHERE searchCondition]
TableName can be name of a base table or an
updatable view.
SET clause specifies names of one or more
columns that are to be updated.

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Example 10.36 and 10.37 UPDATE All Rows
Give all staff a 3% pay increase.
UPDATE Staff
SET salary = salary*1.03;

Give all Managers a 5% pay increase.

UPDATE Staff
SET salary = salary*1.05
WHERE position = ‘Manager’;

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Example 10.38 UPDATE Multiple Columns
Promote David Ford (staffNo=‘SG14’) to
Manager and change his salary to 18,000.

UPDATE Staff
SET position = ‘Manager’, salary = 18000
WHERE staffNo = ‘SG14’;

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DELETE
DELETE FROM TableName
[WHERE searchCondition]

TableName can be name of a base table or an

updatable view.
searchCondition is optional; if omitted, all rows
are deleted from table. This does not delete table.
If search_condition is specified, only those rows
that satisfy condition are deleted.

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Example 10.39 and 10.40 DELETE Specific
Rows
Delete all viewings that relate to property PG4.

DELETE FROM Viewing

WHERE propertyNo = ‘PG4’;

Delete all records from the Viewing table.

DELETE FROM Viewing;

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