1. Sum of Series (S = 1 - 1/2^2 + 1/3^3 - ...

+ 1/n^n)

#include <iostream>
#include <cmath>
using namespace std;

int main(int argc, char *argv[]) {

int n;
if (argc == 2) {
n = atoi(argv[1]);
} else {
cout << "Enter number of terms (n): ";
cin >> n;
}
double sum = 1.0;
for (int i = 2; i <= n; i++) {
if (i % 2 == 0)
sum -= 1.0 / pow(i, i);
else
sum += 1.0 / pow(i, i);
}
cout << "Sum = " << sum << endl;
return 0;
}

2. Remove duplicates from array

#include <iostream>
using namespace std;

int main() {
int n;
cout << "Enter size of array: ";
cin >> n;
int arr[n], temp[n], k = 0;
cout << "Enter elements: ";
for (int i = 0; i < n; i++) cin >> arr[i];

for (int i = 0; i < n; i++) {

bool found = false;
for (int j = 0; j < k; j++) {
if (arr[i] == temp[j]) {
found = true;
break;
}
}
if (!found) temp[k++] = arr[i];
}

cout << "Array without duplicates: ";

for (int i = 0; i < k; i++) cout << temp[i] << " ";
return 0;
}

3. Frequency of characters from command line

#include <iostream>
#include <cstring>
using namespace std;

int main(int argc, char *argv[]) {

int freq[26] = {0};
for (int i = 1; i < argc; i++) {
for (int j = 0; argv[i][j]; j++) {
char ch = tolower(argv[i][j]);
if (ch >= 'a' && ch <= 'z')
freq[ch - 'a']++;
}
}

cout << "Character Frequencies:\n";

for (int i = 0; i < 26; i++) {
if (freq[i])
cout << char('a' + i) << ": " << freq[i] << endl;
}
return 0;
}

4. Menu-driven string manipulation (no inbuilt functions)

#include <iostream>
using namespace std;

void showAddress(char *str) {

for (int i = 0; str[i]; i++)
cout << "Address of " << str[i] << ": " << (void*)&str[i] << endl;
}

void concat(char *a, char *b, char *res) {

int i = 0;
while (a[i]) {
res[i] = a[i];
i++;
}
int j = 0;
while (b[j]) {
res[i++] = b[j++];
}
res[i] = '\0';
}

bool compare(char *a, char *b) {

int i = 0;
while (a[i] && b[i]) {
if (a[i] != b[i]) return false;
i++;
}
return a[i] == b[i];
}

int length(char *str) {

int len = 0;
while (*str++) len++;
 return len;
}

void toUppercase(char *str) {

for (int i = 0; str[i]; i++) {
if (str[i] >= 'a' && str[i] <= 'z')
str[i] -= 32;
}
}

void reverse(char *str) {

int len = length(str);
for (int i = 0; i < len / 2; i++) {
char temp = str[i];
str[i] = str[len - i - 1];
str[len - i - 1] = temp;
}
}

void insertString(char *a, char *b, int pos, char *res) {

int i = 0;
for (i = 0; i < pos; i++) res[i] = a[i];
int j = 0;
while (b[j]) res[i++] = b[j++];
j = pos;
while (a[j]) res[i++] = a[j++];
res[i] = '\0';
}

int main() {
char str1[100], str2[100], result[200];
cout << "Enter string 1: ";
cin >> str1;
cout << "Enter string 2: ";
cin >> str2;
int choice, pos;
do {
cout << "\n1.Show
Address\n2.Concat\n3.Compare\n4.Length\n5.Uppercase\n6.Reverse\n7.Insert\n8.Exit\nChoice
: ";
cin >> choice;
switch (choice) {
case 1: showAddress(str1); break;
case 2: concat(str1, str2, result); cout << "Concat: " << result << endl;
break;
case 3: cout << (compare(str1, str2) ? "Equal" : "Not Equal") << endl;
break;
case 4: cout << "Length: " << length(str1) << endl; break;
case 5: toUppercase(str1); cout << "Upper: " << str1 << endl; break;
case 6: reverse(str1); cout << "Reversed: " << str1 << endl; break;
case 7: cout << "Position: "; cin >> pos; insertString(str1, str2, pos,
result); cout << "Inserted: " << result << endl; break;
}
} while (choice != 8);
return 0;
}

7a. GCD with Recursion (User Input)

#include <iostream>
using namespace std;

int gcdRecursive(int a, int b) {

if (b == 0)
return a;
return gcdRecursive(b, a % b);
}

int main() {
int a, b;
cout << "Enter two numbers: ";
cin >> a >> b;
cout << "GCD (recursive) of " << a << " and " << b << " is: " << gcdRecursive(a, b)
<< endl;
return 0;
}

7b. GCD without Recursion (User Input)

#include <iostream>
using namespace std;

int gcdIterative(int a, int b) {

while (b != 0) {
int temp = b;
b = a % b;
a = temp;
}
return a;
}

int main() {
int a, b;
cout << "Enter two numbers: ";
cin >> a >> b;
cout << "GCD (iterative) of " << a << " and " << b << " is: " << gcdIterative(a, b)
<< endl;
return 0;
}

8. Matrix Class Menu Program

#include <iostream>
using namespace std;

class Matrix {
int a[10][10], r, c;
public:
void read() {
cout << "Enter rows and columns: ";
cin >> r >> c;
cout << "Enter elements:
";
 for (int i = 0; i < r; i++)
for (int j = 0; j < c; j++)
cin >> a[i][j];
}
void display() {
for (int i = 0; i < r; i++) {
for (int j = 0; j < c; j++)
cout << a[i][j] << " ";
cout << endl;
}
}
Matrix add(Matrix m) {
Matrix temp;
if (r != m.r || c != m.c) {
cout << "Matrix dimensions do not match for addition.
";
temp.r = temp.c = 0;
} else {
temp.r = r;
temp.c = c;
for (int i = 0; i < r; i++)
for (int j = 0; j < c; j++)
temp.a[i][j] = a[i][j] + m.a[i][j];
}
return temp;
}
Matrix multiply(Matrix m) {
Matrix temp;
if (c != m.r) {
cout << "Matrix dimensions incompatible for multiplication.
";
temp.r = temp.c = 0;
} else {
temp.r = r;
temp.c = m.c;
for (int i = 0; i < r; i++)
for (int j = 0; j < m.c; j++) {
temp.a[i][j] = 0;
for (int k = 0; k < c; k++)
temp.a[i][j] += a[i][k] * m.a[k][j];
}
}
return temp;
}
Matrix transpose() {
Matrix temp;
temp.r = c;
temp.c = r;
for (int i = 0; i < r; i++)
for (int j = 0; j < c; j++)
temp.a[j][i] = a[i][j];
return temp;
}
};
int main() {
Matrix m1, m2, result;
int choice;
cout << "Enter first matrix:
";
m1.read();
cout << "Enter second matrix:
";
m2.read();

do {
cout << "\nMenu:\n1. Add\n2. Multiply\n3. Transpose First Matrix\n4. Exit\nEnter
choice: ";
cin >> choice;
switch (choice) {
case 1:
result = m1.add(m2);
cout << "Resultant Matrix:\n";
result.display();
break;
case 2:
result = m1.multiply(m2);
cout << "Resultant Matrix:\n";
result.display();
break;
case 3:
result = m1.transpose();
cout << "Transpose Matrix:\n";
result.display();
break;
}
} while (choice != 4);

return 0;
}