Electric Charges and Fields TOPIC 1 Coulomb's Law, Electrostatic Force and Electric Dipole 1.1 Electric Charge Charge is an intrinsic property of matter associated with its elementary particles due to which it produces and experiences electric and magnetic effect. Benjamin Franklin introduced two types ‘of charges namely positive charge and negative charge based on frictional (statical) electricity produced by rubbing two unlike objects such as amber and wood. ‘Transference of electrons is the cause of frictional electricity. Its ST unit: is coulomb (C) and In CGS system its units are + electrostatic unit (esu) or stat-coulomb, (stat-C) + electromagnetic unit (emu) orab-C (ab-coulomb) Lab-C=10 C, 1 C =3 x10" stat-C Conductors and Insulators ‘Those substances which readily allow the passage of electricity through them are called conductors, eg ‘metals, whereas those substances which offer high resistance to the passage of electricity through them are called insulators, eg. plastic rod and nylon. Basic Properties of Electric Charges ‘There are sorne basic properties of electric charges (i) Additivity of Electric Charges Charges are scalars and they add up like real numbers. It means if a system consists of charges gy. dy. 95, gq, then total charge of the system will be g, +4) +—+4y (ii) Conservation of Electric Charges The total charge of an isolated system always remains conserved ie. initial and final charge of the system will be same. (ii) Quantisation of Electric Charges The charge on a body exists in discrete amount rather than continuous value and hence, it is said to be charge is quantised. Mathematically, charge on an object, where, mis an integer and e= electronic charge = 16 x107C.1.2 Coulomb's Law: Force between Two Point Charges It states that the electrostatic force of attraction or repulsion acting between two stationary point charges in vacuum is directly proportional to the product of the charges and inversely proportional to the square of distance between them. It is given by where, 4, and q, are the stationary point charges and ris the separation between them in air or Also, 1/4 ey = 9x 10° Nem? C® where, €q = permittivity of free space 85419 x10? C2/Nem? Absolute Permittivity of a Medium (Dielectric Constant) The force between two point charges q and 3 located at a distance r in a medium other than free space can be expressed as F. fame-q.9,/? ‘where, eis absolute permittivity of the medium, The ratio of force between two charges in vacuum to the force acting between them when they are shifted in a medium is called relative permittivity (¢,)of the medium and is also called dielectric constant of the medium. 1.3 Electrostatic Forces ‘These forces (Coulombian forces) are conservative forces. ie. the work done by these forces do not depend upon the path followed. @ Chopterwise CBSE Solved Papers : PHYSICS Principle of Superpasition of Electrostatic Forces : Forces between Multiple Charges This principle states that the net electric force experienced by a given charge particleqg due to a system of charged particles is equal to the vector sum ofall the forces exerted on it individually due to all the other charged particles of the system. The force between two charges is not affected by the presence of other charges. ‘Superposition of electrostatic forces fe. Fy =Fot Fort Fort. +For 1 | ade 4240 Gas Forte ptt tet + tae ae Pen Leal Vaal? Where, Fo) =p ~¥,, Fe, = force on gy due tog, Similarly, fp, =%~ i Fo, = force on qy due tog, Electrostatic Force due to Continuous Charge Distribution ‘The region in which charges are closely spaced in a continuous manner is said to have continuous distribution of charges.CHAPTER 1: Electric Charges and Fields Itisof three types (i) Linear Charge Distribution Force on a charge due to linear charge distribution (charge distributed along a line) is given by a 4 a where 2 is called linear charge density (charge per unit length) and di is a short length element of linear charge distribution. ‘lage on fon bt 3] 7 +] %F (ii) Surface Charge Distribution Force due to surface charge distribution (charge distribution over a plane surface) is given by where is called surface charge density (charge per unit area) and dS is a small surface element. agedos(—]_* se Po & (iii) Volume Charge Distribution Force due to volume charge distribution (charge distributed over a volume) is given by Go _¢ pav . =padV3F ae are) [ee wherep is called volume charge density and dV isa small volume element. 1.4 Electric Field The space arround a charge in which its effect can. be felt significantly, ie. the area which produces attractive or repulsive force on another charge placed in that area is called electric field. Electric Field Intensity The electric field intensity at a point in electric field due to source charge is defined as the force ‘experienced per unit positive test charge placed at that point without disturbing the source charge. It is expressed as Here, gy 0, i.e. the test charge qy must be small so that it does not produce its own electric field. SI unit of electric field intensity () is NC and itis, a vector quantity. Electric Field due to a Point Charge Electric field intensity at point P due to a point charge gis, ‘The magnitude of the electric field at a point P is given by4 Electric Field due to a System of Charges Electric field due to a system of charges at a point i equal to the vector sum of all electric fields produced by individual charges. ‘A system of charges E-E+E E+ Electric Field Lines Electric field lines are a way of pictorially mapping the electric field intensity around a configuration of charge(s). These lines start from positive charge and end on negative charge. The tangent on these lines at any point gives the direction of electric field at that point. Electric field lines due to positive and negative point charges and their combinations are shown below: Whe Me AS AS ae WK Fiald ines duato two Fiald lines due to an ‘equal postive charges ‘slecte dipole Different electric fed tines @ Chopterwise CBSE Solved Papers : PHYSICS 1.5 Electric Dipole ‘Two point charges of equal magnitude and opposite in sign separated by a small distance form an electric dipole. e.g. HCI, H,0,N,O, etc. molecules. Electric Dipole Moment The strength of an electric dipole is measured by a vector quantity known as electricdipole moment (p) which is the product of the magnitude of either charge (q) and separation between the charges 2) p= 2 Its SE unit is C-m, it is a vector quantity and its direction is from negative charge (~9) to positive charge (+9). Electric Field due to Electric Dipole (i) Electric Field at a Point on the Axial Line due to Electric Dipole (End-on position) The electric field intensity at a point on axial line of the dipole at a distance r from the centre of the dipole is given by the formula. Llp 4ney (P= PP /—_—— r ——4 ay 0 el t—a—4 When I << r, Exist = 1 2p amy r Esl = :CHAPTER 1: Electric Charges and Fields (i Electric Field at a Point on the Equatorial Line due to Electric Dipole (Broadside-on position) The electric field at a point on equatorial line of the dipole at a distance r from the centre of the dipole is given by the formula. 1 =p Enea a5, GaP I leer, Torque on an Electric Dipole placed ina Uniform Electric Field Consider an electric dipole consisting of two charges +q and —g placed in a uniform external electric field intensity £, The dipole makes an angle 6 with the direction of electric field, then the ‘magnitude of torque acting on the dipole is given. by the formula. "Esin® In vector form, [F=PxE] + Minimum torque is experienced by electric dipole in electric field, when@ =0° orn + Maximum torque whensin@=1 + Dipole isin stable equilibrium in uniform electric field when the angle between pand E is0® and in unstable equilibrium when the angle is 180° Work Done and Potential Energy of Electric Dipole ‘When an electric dipole is placed in an electric field, then work is done in rotating it. Work done for rotating the electric dipole from 6, 108, is W =pE (cos 6, ~c0s 6,) Potential energy of electric dipole when it rotates from 8, =90° 108, = 6 W= pE (c0s90* ~ cos6) =-pE cos @ PE Conditions (i) Work done in rotating the electric dipole from the position of stable equilibrium to unstable equilibrium, ie when 6, =0° and@, = x. W=2pE (ii) Work done in rotating the elecric dipole from the position of stable equilibrium to the position in which dipole experiences ‘maximum torque, ie when 6, =0* and@, =90°. W=pEPrevious Years Examination Questions (@1Mark Questions 1. A point charge is placed at the centre of a hollow conducting sphere of inner radius rand outer radius 2r. The ratio of the surface charge density of the inner surface to that of the outer surface will be Delhi 2020 2, Torque acting on an electric dipole placed. in an uniform electric field is maximum. when the angle between the electric field and the dipole moment is ........- ‘Ail indio 2020 3. Draw the pattern of electric field lines, when a point charge - Q is kept near an ‘uncharged conducting plate. dei 2018 4, Draw a pattern of electric field lines due to two positive charges placed a distance d apart. all indio 2019 5. Draw the pattern of electric field lines due to an electric dipole. linia 208 6. Why do the electrostatic field lines not form closed loop? All india 2014, delhi 2012 7, Two identical balls having same positive charge q coulomb: are suspended by two insulating strings of equal length. What would be the effect on the force when a plastic sheet is inserted between the two? lingo 2018 8. Why do the electric field lines never cross each other? all indio 201 9. Why must electrostatic field at the surface of a charged conductor be perpendicular to every point on it? Foreign 2004 Delhi 2012 10. Two point charges g, and g, are placed at a distance d apart as shown in the figure. The electric field intensity is zero at the point Pon the line joining them as shown. Write two conclusions that you can. draw from this. pethizowe i are . <— 11. Define dipole moment of an electric dipole. Isit a scalar quantity or a vector quantity? Foreign 201; Allindia2001 12. Draw a plot showing the variation of electric field E with distance r due to a point charge q. ethi 2012 13, A proton is placed in @ uniform electric field directed along the positive X-axis. In which direction, will it tend to move? delhi 20ti¢ 414, In which orientation, a dipole placed in a uniform electric field is in (i) stable equilibrium (ii) unstable equilibrium? eth zon 15. Two point charges having equal charges separated by Im distance experience a force of 8 N. What will be the force em, if they are held in same distance? (Given, ater = 80) lingia 20100 16. A metallic sphere is placed ina uniform electric field as shown in the figure. Which path is followed by electric field lines and why? Foreign 2010 oT 17. Point out whether the following statement is right or wrong. ‘The mutual forces between two charges do not get affected by the presence of other charges. allindia2010 (@ 2 Marks Questions 18. Derive the expression for the torque acting on an electric dipole when it is held in a uniform electric field. Identify the orientation of the dipole in the electric field in which it attains a stable equilibrium. Belhi 2020CHAPTER 1: Electric Charges and Fields 19. Derive an expression for the electric field due to a dipole of dipole moment p at a point on its perpendicular bisector. Delhi 2019 20. An electric dipole of length 4.cm when placed with its axis making an angle of 60° with a uniform electric field, experiences a torque of 4/3 N.m. Calculate the potential energy of the dipole, if it has charge + 8nC. deli 2014 21. An electric dipole of length 2.cm when placed with its axis making an angle of 60° with a uniform electric field, experiences a torque of 8/3 N-m. Calculate the potential energy of the dipole if it has charge of + 4 nC. pethi 20 22. An clectrie dipole of length 1em when placed with its axis making an angle of 60* with a uniform electric field, experiences a torque of 6/3 N-m. Calculate the potential energy of the dipole, if it has charge + 2nC. peti 2014 23. An electric dipole is placed in a uniform electric field E with its dipole moment p parallel to the field. Find (® the work done in turning the dipole till its dipole moment points in the direction opposite to E. Gi) the orientation of the dipole for which the torque acting on it becomes maximum. Ail neia 20140 24. A small metal sphere carrying a charge +Q is located at the centre of a spherical cavity in a large uncharged metallie spherical shell. Write the charges on the inner and outer surfaces of the shell. Write the expression for the electric field at the point F.. vethizowc 25. Point charge(+Q) is kept in the vicinity of an uncharged conducting plate. Sketch electric field lines between the charge and the plate. Foreiga 201 26. Two concentric metallic spherical shells of radii Rand 2R are given charge Q, and @, respectively. The surface charge densities on the outer surfaces of the shells are equal. Determine the ratio Q:Q.. Foreign 2013 27. Calculate the amount of work done in turning an electric dipole of dipole moment 3x 10"* C - m from its position of unstable equilibrium to the position of stable equilibrium in a uniform electric field of intensity 10° NC~! Sareign 2011 28. Plot a graph showing the variation of Coulomb fore F versus Ur®, where r is the distance between the two charges of each pair of charges (1uC, 2 uO)and (@uC,— 3 uC). Interpret the graphs ‘obtained. all india zie 29. Two identical metallic spherical shells ‘Aand B having charges + 4Q and -10@ are kept a certain distance apart. A third identical uncharged sphere C is first placed in contact with sphere A and then with sphere B, then spheres A and B are brought in contact and then separated. Find the charge on the spheres A and B. allindiezane 30. A dipole with a dipole moment of magnitude pis in stable equilibrium in an electrostatic field of magnitude E. Find the work done in rotating this dipole to its position of unstable equilibrium. at indie 2n10¢ 31. A dipole is present in an electrostatic field of magnitude 10°NC™. If the ‘work done in rotating it from its position of stable equilibrium to its position of unstable equilibrium is, 2x 10°54, then find the magnitude of the dipole moment of this dipole. Mina 20106 32. Deduce the expression for the electric field Eat a pointr due toa system of ‘two charges g, and g, with position vectors ry and r, with respect to ‘common origin. oethi201e(@ 3 Marks Questions ‘33. An clectron falls through a distance of 1.5 cm ina A uniform electric field of ] magnitude 20x 10! NIC (Fig. a) G) Calculate the timeit * * “° * * takes to fall through this distance starting from rest. ‘| oy (ii) If the direction of the field is reversed (Fig. b) keeping its magnitude unchanged, calculate the time taken by ‘a proton to fall through this distance starting from rest. 20180 @) Derive the expression for electric field ata point on the equatorial line of an electric dipole, (ii) Depict the orientation of the dipole in (@) stable, (b) unstable equilibrium in a uniform electric field. nelhi2ot” () Obtain the expression for the torque t experienced by an electric dipole of dipole moment p in a uniform electric field E. (ii) What will happen, if the field were non-uniform? dethi 2017 ‘36. A thin circular ring of radius r is charged. uniformly so that its linear charge density ‘becomes A. Derive an expression for the electric field at a point Pat a distance x from its centre along the axis of the ring. Hence, prove that at large distances (x>> r), the ring behaves as a point charge. Delhi 2016 37. An electric dipole of dipole moment p is placed in a uniform electric field E. Obtain the expression for the torque t experienced by the dipole. Identify two pairs of perpendicular vectors in the expression. Delhi 2018¢ 34, 35. @ Chopterwise CBSE Solved Papers : PHYSICS ‘3B. Two point charges +g and 2g are placed at the vertices Band C of an ‘equilateral AABC of side a as given in the figure. Obtain the expression for 4 y Jem s—a—e (® the magnitude and (i) the direction of the resultant electric field at the vertex A due to these two charges, allingia 2014c 39. Define the term electric dipole moment. Is it a scalar or vector? Deduce an expression for the electric field at a point on the equatorial plane of an electric dipole of length 2a. all ndia 2013 40. An electric dipole is kept in a uniform electric field. Derive an expression for the net torque acting on it and write its direction. State the conditions under which the dipole is in @) stable equilibrium Gi) unstable equilibrium. oeini 20ve 41. Sketch the pattern of electric field lines due to (@ a conducting sphere having negative charge on it. (i) an electric dipole. autindia20nc (45 Marks Questions 42. (i) Derive an expression for the electric field at any point on the equatorial line of an electric dipole. i) Two identical point charges q each. are kept 2 m apart in air. A third point charge @ of unknown magnitude and sign is placed on the line joining the charges such that the system remains in equilibrium. Find the position and nature of Q. eli 2018CHAPTER 1: Electric Charges and Fields 43. (i) Derive an expression for the electric field E due to a dipole of length 2/ at ‘a point distant r from the centre of the dipole om the axial line. Gi) Draw a graph of E versus r forr >> 1 (ii) If this dipole is kept in a uniform extemal electric field Ey, diagrammatically represent the position of the dipole in stable and unstable equilibrium and write the expressions for the torque acting on the dipole in both the cases. Al india 2007 4A. (3) Define torque acting on a dipole of dipole moment p placed in a uniform electric field E. Express it in the vector form and point out the direction along which it acts. (i) What happens if the field is non-uniform? (ii) What would happen if the external field E is increasing (a) parallel to p ‘and (b) anti-parallel to 5? Foreign 2016 @ Explanations 1 451 a 290 a a 2 $F uncharged 5-2 conducting ato o 4. Refer to diagram on page 4 (Electric Field Lines) o &. Refer todiagram on page 4 (Eletri Field Lines) o 4 fil a4 ai 6 The electrostatic field lines do not form closed loop because no electri field lines exist inside the charged body. a 7. According to the question, both the balls have same charge q. Let the balls are separated by a distance r. Hence, according to Coulomb's law, if Fand F’ are the Force of attraction between balls in air and in medium respectively. thea, P= a 1¢ tnmediom, Fee Pe rr ae where, Kis dielectric constant of material and [>for insulators, hence the forces edaced, when a plastic shest is inserted n @. if eecrc field lines cross each other) then there ‘would be two tangents drawa atthe paint of intersection and hence two directions of elecric field at that point which tnt possible So, lines of forces never cross each other 9. As, electric field inside a Gnductor is always ze. The elect lise fortes exert lateral pressure ‘ach ote: which lads to repulsion between like Charges. i order to stabilize spacing. the lect ld lines are normal to the surface. « 10.°asiper the tonation given in question, ww conclusions that can be drawn are as follows 4G) The two point charges (g and) shouldbe of ‘opposite nature. a (4i) The magnitude of charge q, must be greater than the magnitude of charge as 7) 11. Electric dipole moment of an electric dipole is ‘equal to the product of the magnitude of its citer charge and the length of the electric dipole tis denoted by p. Its SI unit is coulomb-metre. Il = 4x20 Ue i a vector quantity and its dieton i fom ‘egauc cage to postive charge. ® 12. The plot showing the arin ofr ld with dence rd pn chargeg i sho a bine 5 a af joe 35 2 23 2 15 : os Oost is2e5aas4ass i m -b ar10 13. Force on positive charge due to electric field is always in the direction of electric field. So, proton being a positively charge will tend to move along, the X-axis ie. in the direction of a uniforen clectric field a 14. (i) For stable equilibrium, the angle between p and E is 0" ie. it should be placed parallel to electri field. e ap a ay (Gi) For unstable equilibrium, the angle between p and E is 180° Le. it should be placed antiparallel to electric field. aay 18. Two point charges system is taken from air to) water keeping other variables (cg. distance, ‘magnitude of charge) unchanged. So, only factor ‘which may affect the interacting force is dielectric constant of the medium. Force acting between two point charges in 2 medium is ret aK F or Fel x = iu ex Foettom s = =80 Free > Fess = r N io a 16. Pathd is followed by electric field lines because clectric field intensity inside the metallic sphere will be zero. Therefore, no electric lines of force ‘exist inside the sphere. Also electri field lines are always perpendicular to the surface of the conductor. a @ Chopterwise CBSE Solved Papers : PHYSICS 17. Right, because mutual force acting between two point charges is proportional to the product of ‘magnitude of charges and inversely proportional to the square of the distance between them Le. independent of the other charges. 18. Refer to text an page 5 (Torque on an electric dipole placed in a uniform electric fidld). (2) 19, (i) Electric field at a point on the equatorial line of an electric dipole, Consider an electric dipole consisting of wo point charges + q and —q separated by 2 small Sistance AB = 21 with centre at 0 and dipole ‘moment, p = q(2l))as shown in the figure. a Oe Resultant electric field intensity atthe point Eg= E+ Es Here, 2 are air: and Feet. 4 are, A fon resohing E,and, into two rectangular ‘components the vecors E,sin@ and E, sin are Spud in magnitude and opps to each other tnd hence, ance! out “The vectors E, cos® and £ cosare acting along the same direction and hence. add up si Eg £,c0i8+ Ecos = 25 cos8 ie, z 4 Amey (7 +P) (x? + FPP 2 ney (x + PY? But, the dipole moment | p= qx 2! 1 pl a Ege Pl ON aR G+ FPFCHAPTER Electric Charges and Fields The direction of E is along Eg that is parallel to 24, ic. opposite to AB. In vector form, we can Fa areas o 20. Given, Lengtls (2a) = cen = 410% Angle. @= 60° Torque, ¢ = 438m Charge, Q= 8 x107C ‘We know that, ¢ = Q() £ sin@ Electric field, = —* Qansine brad xa xan oy 5x10°NC™ « Potential energy, Us—pEeosd =~ Qa) F cost Us = 8x10? x 4x10 25x10" cos60° 2-4) a 21. 16, Refer to Sol. 20 on page 11. a 22. 63, Refer to Sol. 200 page 11. a 2. () Work done in rotting the ple, w= ("440 I the dipole is tamed from direction patil to electric field to direction opposite to electric field, then angle @will change from Oto x. Ws [pesind dO= pe [-cos0g = 2p o (i) We know that, t= pEsin@ Fa 5/2, then ¢ is maximum seein’ = tm pE (maximum) 2 24, According 1 the question, the charge on inner surface =~ @ and the charge on outer surface + Q Elect field at point fis given by E = Q/4Rty 4 a 28 Sieigp encliXir neccr ote soar arg 27. 28. nN Electric lines of forces should fall normally on the surface of conductor, ie. at 90° on the conducting plate @ Let Q and Qs are two chars enee, Charge, @ = 4286 Charge, Q, = 4n(2Ro li (on dividing Eq, (2) with Ey (i), we get Q. tno 1 Q snQRo 4 @ According to question, for unstable equilibrium, the angle between p and Eis8, =180" Finally, for stable equilibrium, @, = 0° Required work dane Ws pE(cos8, — cose) = 3x10 x10%(cos1 80° - cos0°) fcostg0® =—1 and cos? = +1) 7 Surface charge density, on ane According to the question, surface charge density, = ay ay W=-6x10") According to Coulomb's law, the magnitude of force acting between two stationary point charges sssen yr = Sate (=) reravenate F=(4) The slope oF resus, graph depends ong, ¢ Magnitude of 48 higher for second pie » slope of Fer 1. graph eorzesponding to second pair (HC, ~ 3HC) is greater. Higher the ‘magnitude of product of charges q, and 42, higher the slope. For (1 uC, -3}0) | palrof charges gu For (1 uC, 2uC) $ al of charges #2 2 oa Gl m12 (29. When two identical conducting charged spheres are brought in contact, then redistribution of ‘charge takes place, ie. the charge is equally divided on both the spheres. When Cand A are placed in contact, charge of A ‘equally divides in two spheres. Therefore, charges ‘on each spherical shell A and C= + 22 a Now, Cis placed in contact with B, then charge ‘on each spherical shell 8 and C becomes ‘When A and 8 are placed in contact, then charge on each A and 8 becomes 2+ 640.9 2 o 30. For stable equilibrium, the angle between p and E > For unstable equilibrium, @ =180°. a ‘Work done in rotating the dipole from angle, 108, W = pE(cos®, - cost) = PE(cos0* ~ cost80°) 2PE o 91, Electric field intensity, E = 10°NC™! Work done, W = 2x10? J ‘Work done in rotating the dipole from stable rium position to unstable equilibrium W = pe(cosa, ~cos0,) Wape (cos 0 cosl8o")=3pE Magnitude of dipole mocnent is pat 2a Dee 92. Let two point charges 9 scm o and q, are situated at points Aand Bhave position vectors f, and, EB @ Chopterwise CBSE Solved Papers : PHYSICS Elec field intensity at point P due to, Bet a ne, TAPP Simaary, eet pp ‘ne [BPP o 4 Net elect field intensity aupoint, EsE,+E; fia cy 88, (i) An electron falls through distance sem, if electric field is 2%10* NC. cn re (ot rr] So, net force om ection F = ow fe ms =4,E I ante eFemay 1 me where, g, =16x10"" C, mm, = 91 x10™ keg and £=2x10' NIC 235x108 ms? Asweknow, s eure Lat? 2 So, 15x10 0x14 2 x 353107 ta Pea x10 =VESTRIT = 29295) (4i) Similarly time of fall of proton if direction of field is reversed 6x10" kg, gy #1.6x10 where, my and ¢=15em 1 = PRSIO eI exo xxi = {sar f =122x107 = om 34 (i) Refer to Sol. 19 om page 10. om (4i) Refer to Sol. 14 om page 10. amCHAPTER Electric Charges and Fields ‘35. (i) Dipole in a uniform electric field of length 21 placed in a uniform electric field E making an angle @ with electri field, then force exerted on charge -g at A= —9E (opposite to E) o Force exerted on charge +q at A= q E (along E} Hence, the net translating force on a dipole in a uniform electric field is zero, But the wo ‘equal and opposite forces act at different points and form couple which exerts a torque t. ‘= Force x Perpendicular distance between the two forces T= gE(AN) = gE (2asind) ‘T= q(ajEsind = tepesing + t=pxE ) When the dipole is placed in a non-uniform lectric field, it experiences both net foree and net torque. a ‘36. According to the question, suppése that the ring is placed with its plane perpendicular to the X-axis as shown in figure. Consider small clement dof the ring. o Let the total charge q is uniformly distributed, so the charge dg on element di is dq = 1_ xl. lea = Sepet a7 13 or dg shed Since, only the axial component gives the net E at point P due to charge on ring. So, [Fae = [a8 coxd = [°K ae 2 pee * 7 Oye Now, for points at large distances from the ring using Eq. (1 22H. 4 ine ® This is same asthe field due toa point charge and tndicating that for far-off axa pe from the afr off rng the charged Hag behaves as 2 rin charge 37, Refer to text on page 5 (Torque onan cleric Gipote placed ins uniformetecte field). (2) Pairs of perpendicular vectors (tp) ee 88. (i) The magnitude, FE nal) [Eg ti get Egy cost = fonts ete rere xe x(- y 1 3 a fPer wees We know that, E = 9 /4ne,a7 So, Eg maul?14 (ii) Direction of resultant electric field at vertex, E 4g Sin 20" Ex J3/2 "E+ Ey cosl20 26+ EX(-1/2) B a=30° — (withsideac) 39. For electric dipole moment Refer to Sol. 11 on. Page 9 o For derivation of E Consider an electric dipole AB consists of two charges + 9 and —g separated by a distance 2a. We have to find electric field at point F on equipotential line separated by adistances. (0) Electric field at point ? due to charge +q 1 2 L 4 ex = ct amy (fer air tm +a) Along AP, &) Ersing (On resolving E, and E into rectangular components, we get resultant electric field at point ?. EE, cos8+E, cosd gett anes rss then Fx e, aor m @ Chopterwise CBSE Solved Papers : PHYSICS 40. Refer wo text on page 5 (Torque on an electric dipole placed in a uniform electric field). (2) Conditions (i) When @ = 0; = 0, then p and E are parallel and the dipole is in a position of stable equilibrium. aay (i) When @=180°, t= 0, thenp and E are anti-parallel and the dipole isin a position of unstable equilibrium. ay 41. (i) Electric field lines due to a conducting sphere are shown in figure. conduct ‘sphere having negative charge = (i), Electric field lines due to an clectric dipole are shown in figure. a) 42, {i) Refer to Sol. 19 on pages 10 and 11 a (4i) Let Pe the point at which the system of ceharges as shown in the figure below is in ‘equilibrium, then F)= F2- x9 o ° E a a 1 @. 1. «@ 1. (from figure) Ame x? Ame, (Q- x) = ft. Yay Ss reQ-ys rel ‘Thus, the charge Q should be placed at the centre of line joining twa given chazges. Also the two given charges are identical Le. having ‘same nature. So, the third charge could be of any nature (positive or negative), as the forces font at the centre are equal and opposite. (2)CHAPTER 42. (i) ay Electric Charges and Fields Flectri¢ field due to dipole at axial point We have to calculate the field intensity E ata point P on the axial line of the dipole at distance OP=r from the centre O of the dipol Resultant electric field intensity at the point is EpsE,+E; ‘The vectors Eg and Ey are collinear and opposite. Ep=Es-E, 1g pets Here, E, 4 Ant (rs ane) r= ] 1fi¢ 4 are |r ed? Lax! an, F-FF Lap ae, F-P ithe Length of dipole is shart i.e. 2h, thf Ep Ee. Eps. ‘Frey ‘The direction of Ey is along BP produced @ increases, E will sharply decease. Qf ‘The shape of the e raph wil be as Secninibeigee Wheafe dpa? were kept in a uniform electie fild Eg, The torque acting on dipole is 6Ef= PE snd (a) 1@=0°, then t=0, p ||Eand the dipole is in stable equilibrium, o For diagram Refer to Sol. 14 on page 10. 15 {b) 1f€2180°, then t=0, p ||-Eand the dipole is in unstable equilibrium, m For diagrams Refer to Sal. 14(i) on page 10. 44, (i) T= pE sind 3In vector notation, + = pxE ‘Stunit of vorque is newton-metre (N-m) and its dimensional formula is [ML T™]. Torque is always directed in plane perpendicular to the plane of dipole movement and electric field. Case 1 188= 0% thent= 0 “The dipole isin stable equilibrium. Caze2 W8= 90%, then t= pe (maximum value) ‘The torque acting on dipole will be maximum. Case 319 180° then t = 0 @ ‘The dipole isin unstable equilibrium. If the field is non-uniform, then there would ‘bea net force acting on the dipole in addition ‘to the net torque and the resulting motion ‘would be a combination of translation and t= pxE@ [Net torque acts on the dipole depending on the location, where ris the position vector of the ‘centre of the dipole. a (iil) (2) Fis increasing parallel to p, then 8 = 0°. So, torque becomes zero but the net force on the dipole will be in the direction of increasing ‘electric field and hence, it will have linear ‘motion along the dipole moment, E Forea on ~ Farce on +a Qo nr qe Dicection of net force Direction of increasing fet ———+ (b) Eis increasing anti-parallel to p. So, the torque still remains zero, but the net force on. the dipole will be in the direction of ‘increasing electric field which is opposite 10 the dipole moment. Hence, it will have linear -motion opposite ta the dipole moment, — On —-O pO Feces Fotee on+q on-q Direction af net force ——+ Direction of increasing fais @TOPIC 2 Electric Flux and Gauss' Theorem Area Vector It is the vector associated with every area element ofa closed surface and taken in the direction of the outward normal. Consider the diagram given alongside ‘as =|as| Here, ASis the area vector in the direction of the ‘unit vector fi normal to the surface area AS. as. Representation of area vector 2.1 Electric Flux Electric flux linked with any surface is proportional to the total number of electric field. lines that normally pass through that surface. It is a scalar quantity. Slunit of dectric flux isN-m?C™ or Jm€™ or V-m. CGS unit of electric flux is dyne-cm/C. Different Conditions for the Electric Flux Linked with a Surface There are following conditions for the electric flux lrked with a surface (i) When surface is held normal to the direction of a uniform electric field E, then Ag, = EAS Electr flux through o normal area (ii) When area vector of surface makes an angle @with the direction of a uniform electric field E , then Ag, = EAScos 6. In vector form, [Ay =E- AS Posttve 4 as electric Fluctrough on ongle@ (iii) Closed surface Slying inside the non-uniform electric field E, the total electric flux linked with the closed surface Sis lectrc ux through a dosed surface S The surface integral of electric field over the closed surface represents total electric flux linked with the surface. 2.2 Gauss’ Theorem ‘The total electric flux linked with closed surface S where, q is the total charge enclosed by the closed Gaussian (imaginary) surface.CHAPTER 1: Electric Charges and Fields Applications of Gauss’ Theorem There are some applications of Gauss” theorem (i) Electric field due to infinitely long uniformly charged wire with linear charged density 2. We have considered cylindrical Gaussian surface. Here, ris the perpendicular distance from. the charged wire. (ii) (a) Electric field due to a thin infinite plane sheet of charge with uniform surface charge density «at any nearby point [for infinite plane sheet of charge] and Exe [for any charged conducting surface] 7 (b) Electric field intensity due to wo equally and oppositely charged parallel plane sheet of charge at any point [between the two plates) & and Es outside the plates} (iii) Electric field due to a thin charged spherical shell of radius Rata distance from its centre. To find the field at a distance F from the centre of the spherical shell, we consider a spherical Gaussian surface of radius r centered at the shell and then Gauss’ law is applied. (a) For point lying outside the shell (r>R) fed Since, E and dS are in the same direction, efts = £ since, (b) Field at a point inside the shell <® Here, the charge inside the Gaussian surface shell As, q=0 = (c) Field at a point on the surface (r= 2) On putting r = “a 8 ney & where, o is surface charge density, > E=Previous Years Examination Questions @1Mark Questions 1. How does the electric flux due to a point charge enclosed by a spherical Gaussian surface get affected when its radius is increased? Delhi 2016 2. What is the electric flux through a cube of side 1 om which encloses an electric dipole? aitingia 2015 3. What is the flux due to electric field E=3x10°iNC™ through a square of side 10cm, when it is held normal to E ? All india 20186 ‘Two charges of magnitudes -2@ and + @Q are located at points (a, 0) and (4a, 0), respectively. What is the electric flux due to these charges through a sphere of radius 8a with its centre at the origin? silindia 2013, 5. A charge q is placed at the centre of a cube of side J. What is the electric flux passing through each face of the cube? {il inca 2010; Foreign 2010 6. Figure shows three point charges, +29,— and +39. Two charges +2g and-g are enclosed within a surface S. What is the electric flux due to this configuration ‘through the surface S? pethi 2010 4 @ 2 Marks Questions 7. Given a uniform electric field E=5x 10° iNC™. Find the flux of this field through a square of side 10 cm whose 11. 12. plane is parallel to the ¥Z-plane. What would be the flux through the same square if the plane makes an angle of 30° with the Xaxis? peli zona Given a uniform electric field E=2x10°iNC~. Find the flux of this fiold through a square of side 20 em whose plane is parallel to the ¥Z-plane. What would be the flux through the same square if the plane makes an angle of 30° with the X-axis? foreign 201 Given a uniform electric field E= 4x10°{NC“ Find the flux of this field ‘through a square of side 5 em whose plane 4s parallel to the ¥Z-plane. What would be ‘the flux through the same square if the plane makes an angle of 30° with the X-axis? Delhi 20140 A sphere S, of radius 5 ‘encloses a net charge @ Ifthere is another ‘concentric sphere S, of radius 7,(7,>7,) enclosing charge 20. Find the ratio of the electric flux through ‘S, and Sp, How will the electric flux ‘through sphere S, change if a medium of dielectric constant K is introduced in the space inside S, in place of air? 2018 A thin straight infinitely long conducting wire having linear charge density 4 is enclosed by a cylindrical surface of radius 7 and length J, its axis coinciding with the length of the wire. Find the expression for ‘the electric flux through the surface of the ‘cylinder. allindio 201 Show that the electric field at the surface of a charged spherical conducting shell is given by E=°-& where is the surface charge density and fis a unit vector normal to the surface in the outward direction. allindia2010CHAPTER 1: Electric Charges and Fields 13. A spherical conducting shell of inner radius Ry and outer radius Ry has a charge @. A charge q is placed at the centre of the shell. (®) What is the surface charge density on the (a) inner surface, (b) outer surface of the shell? (i) Write the expression for the electric field at a point to 2> R, from the centre of the shell. ail india 20106 14. Consider two hollow: concentric spheres S, and S; enclosing charges 2Q and 4Q \se respectively as shown in the figure. (i) Find out the ratio of the electric flux through them. (ii) How will the electric flux through the spheres S, change if a medium of dielectric constant e, is introduced in the space inside S, in place of air? Deduce the necessary expression. Foreign 2010 co) @ 3 Marks Questions 15. State Gauss's law on electrostatics and derive an expression for the electric field due toa long straight thin uniformly charged wire (linear charge density A) at a point lying at a distancer from the wire. 16. A hollow conducting sphere of inner radius 7, and outer radius 7; has a charge Qon its surface. A point charge ~q is also placed at the centre of the sphere. (@) Whatiis the surface charge density on tthe (a) inner and (b) outer surface of ‘the sphere? (ii) Use Gause's law of electrostatics to obtain the expression for the electric field at a point lying outside the ‘sphere. ll india 2020 17. ( An infinitely long thin straight wire hhas a uniform linear charge density 4. Obtain the expression for the electric field E at a point lying at a 19 distance r from the wire by using Gauss’ law. (i) Show graphically the wariation of this electric field E as a function of distance x from the wire.ailindia 2020 18. ‘Two large charged plane sheets of charge densities 6 and - 90C/m® are arranged ‘vertically with a separation of d between ‘them. Deduee expressions for the electric field at points (i) to the left of the first sheet (ii) to the right of the second sheet and (iii) between the two sheets. all incio 2018, 19. A spherical conducting shell of inner radius y and outer radius ry has a ‘charge Q. (@ Accharge gis placed at the centre of the shell. Find out the surface charge density on the inner and outer surfaces of the shell. (Gi) Is the electric field inside a cavity (with no charge) zero independent of the fact whether the shell is spherical or not? Explain. allindi 2018 20. Define electric flux and write its SI unit. The electric field components in the figure shown are E, = ax, Ey = 0, E, = 0,where a= = Calculate the charge within the ‘cube, assuming a = 01 m. 2080 E y gt x as[z 21. Two infinitely large plane thin parallel sheets having surface charge densities ©, ando,{o, >0,) are shown in the figure. Write the magnitudes and directions of the net fields in the regions marked IT and III. Foreign 201420 22. 23. 24, 25. A hollow y cylindrical box of length 1 m and area of cross -section 25cm? is placed in a three-dimensional coordinate system as shown in the figure. The electric field in the region is given by E= 50 xi, where Eis in NC and xis in metre. Find (® net flux through the cylinder. (i) charge enclosed by the cylinder. Behi20%8 9 x Lo semi — (i) State Gauss’s law. Gi A thin straight infintely long conducting wire of linear charge density 2 is enclosed by a cylindrical surface of radius r and length 1. Its axis coinciding with the length of the wire. Obtain the expression for the electric field indicating its direction ‘at a point on the surface of the cylinder. pethizo1 State Gauss’ law in electrostatics, A cube with each side ais kept in an electric field given by E= Cri as shown in the figure, where C is a positive dimensional constant. Find out y 2 (aa Zz (@ the electric flux through the cube. i) the net charge inside the cube. Foreign 2012 Using Gauss’ law obtain the expression for the electric field due to uniformly charged spherical shell of radius R at a point outside the shell. Draw a graph showing the variation of electric field with 7, forr> Randr< R. Allindia 20H @ Chopterwise CBSE Solved Papers : PHYSICS (5 Marks Questions 26. (i) Define electric flux. Is it a scalar or a vector quantity? A point charge q is 2 ata distance of a2 // directly above the [| centre of a square of side d as shown Seen / Gauss’ law to obtain the expression for the electric flux through the square. Gi) If the point charge is now moved toa distance d from the centre of the square and the side of the square is doubled, explain how the electric Flux will be affected. cost 2018 (Use Gauss’ law to derive the expression for the electric field (E) due to a straight uniformly charged infinite line of charge density 2. C/m. (i) Draw a graph to show the variation of E with perpendicular distance r from the line of charge. (ii) Find the work done in bringing a charge q from perpendicular distance n, to rrp > 7). CBSE 2018 () Use Gauss’ theorem to find the electric field due to a uniformly charged infinitely large plane thin sheet with surface charge density 0. Gi) An infinitely large thin plane sheet has .a uniform surface charge density +0. Obtain the expression for the amount of work done in bringing a point charge q from infinity to a point of distant r in front of the charged plane sheet. ailingio 2017 @ An electric dipole of dipole moment p consists of point charges +9 and -q separated by a distance 2a apart. Deduce the expression for the electric field E due to the dipole at a distance x from the centre of the dipole on its axial line in terms of the dipole moment p .Hence, show that in the limit x>>.4,E— 2p/(4nege") 27. 28. 29.CHAPTER 1: Electric Charges and Fields (ii) Given the electric field in the region 2ei, find the net electric flux through the cube and the charge enclosed by it. allindia 2008; Dei 2015 2 () Define electric flux. Write its SI unit Gauss" law in electrostatics is true for any closed surface, no matter what its shape or size is. Justify this statement with the help of a suitable example. (i) Use Gauss’ law to prove that the electric field inside a uniformly charged spherical shell is zero. ‘eth 20%s 31. (i) Deduce the expression for the torque ‘acting on a dipole of dipole moment p in the presence of uniform electrie field E. (i) Consider two hollow concentric spheres S, and S, enclosing charges 29 and 4Q respectively as shown in the figure (@) find out the ratio of the electric flux through them, (b) How will the electric flux through the sphere S, changes if'a medium of dielectric L is introduced in the space inside S, in place of air? Deduce the necessary expression? linda 2048 32. Using Gauss' law, deduce the expression for the electric field due to a uniformly charged spherical conducting shell of radius Fat a point (@ outside the shell (ji) inside the shell 21 Plot a graph showing variation of electric field as a function of r> Randr< R. (r being the distance from the centre of ‘the shell) All india 2013 (@ Define electric flux. Write its SI unit. Gi) A small metal sphere carrying charge +@ is located at the centre of a spherical cavity inside a large uncharged metallic spherical shell as shown in the figure.Use Gauss’ law to find the expressions for the electric field at points P, and P,. dethi2012¢ 33. 34.) Define electric flux. Write its SI unit. (i) Using Gauss’ law prove that the electric field at a point due toa uniformly charged infinite plane sheet is independent of distance from it. How is the field directed if the sheet (@) positively charged? (©) negatively charged? pethizote (@ State Gauss’ law. Use it to deduce the expression for the electric field due to a uniformly charged thin spherical shell at points (a) inside the shell and (b) outside the shell. Gi) Two identical metallic spheres A and Bhaving charges + 4@ and — 109 are kept a certain distance apart. A third identical uncharged sphere Cis first placed in contact with sphere Aand then with sphere B. Then, spheres A and Bare brought in contact and then separated. Find the charges on the spheres A and B. Ailingia zone 35.@ Explanations 1. According to question, electric flux ¢due toa point charge enclosed by a spherical Gaussian surface is given by So, there is no effect of change in radius on the electric flux o 2. According to the Gauss law of electrostatics, electri flux through any elosed surface is given by be = alte “i So. in the given ease, cube encloses an electric dipole. Therefore, the total charge enclosed by the cube is zero. ie. 9 = 0 Therefore, from Eq (i, we have 2 = are =0 ive electric flux is zero. o According to the question, E= 3x10° iNC™. Side of square (5) =10cm = 0.1m. ‘Area of square (A) = (sde)* = (0.1)? =1 102m? Hence, electric flux thraugh the square, 5 E-A= (3x10))10" =30NmiIC™ o 4. Gauss’ theorem states that the total elestric flux linked with closed surface Sis @, = 4/8 where, gis the total charge enclosed by the closed Gaussian (imaginary) surface. 0) 3,0) Ga.0) Charge enclosed by the sphere = -29 Therefore, = 29/e, (inwards) o 5. By Gauss’ theorem, total electric flux linked with ‘a closed surface is given by 6= 4/ey where, q is the tatal charge enclosed by the closed surface. 2 a o 10. - Total electric flux linked with cube, @ = 4/E, As charge is at centre. Therefore, eleetrie flux is symmetrically distributed through all 6 faces. Flux linked with each faces Loa 2x 2= 2 ore Bem Electric flux through the closed surface Sis gp= at nd ef =Lagee Charge #37 is outside the closed surface S. Therefore, it would not be taken into consideration in applying Gauss’ theorem. (1) Given, electric field intensity E= 5x10°INC’ Magnitude of electric field intensity Ele 5x10°NCu Side of square, $= 10em= 0.1m Area of square, A= (0.1)?= 0.01 m™ ‘The plane of the square is parallel to the ¥Z-plane. Hence, the angle between the unit vector normal to the plane and electric field is zero. a ie, e=0 lux through the plane, O=lE |x Acose = @ = 5x10? x a01 cas o* 9 =50NmeC Ifthe plane makes an angle of 30° with the X-axis, then d= 60" - Flux through the plane, Q=[E|x Ax cos 60° =5% 10" x 001 x cos 60° =25.NmiC™ -40.Nm°C"! and 20 Nmic™* Refer to Sol. 7 on page 22. a 200 Nm?" and 100 Nm*c* Refer to Sol. 7 on page 22. a According to Gauss’ law, Q Flux through 5, @ = 2 i) & Flusthroughs, 4-24 2222 w ee (on dividing Eq, 4) by Eq.) we get qianCHAPTER Electric Charges and Fields ‘There is nochange in the flux through 5, with diclectric medium is introduced Se 11. thin straight c linear charge dis i Let charge be enclosed by the cylindrical surface. - Linear charge density, = qeu (i) a By Gauss” theorem, Total electric flax through the surface of cylinder ont [Gauss' theorem] 5 ont! [from Eq. (i) % o 12, Letg charge be uniformly distributed over the spherical shell of radius r ‘Surface charge density on spherical shell o=t, Ai) all a Electric field intensity on the surfaee of spherical lias eet da are a2 [= E acts along radially outward and along ft} p= W/4Rr) 5 s % & shell 23 13. Here, two points are important 1. Charge resides on the outer surface of, ‘spherical conductor (skin effect) 2. Equal charge of opposite nature induces in the ‘surface of conductor nearer to source charge. (i) (a) Charge produced on inner surface due - Surface charge density ofinner surface (b) When charge ~q is induced on inner walls, then equal charge + q is produced at outer surface. Charge on outer surface =a+ ‘Surface charge density of outer surface m Electric field intensity at point P at a distance x(x> 8) 1 ura rs {slong CP and away from spherical shell] Whole charge i assumed to be concentrated atthe contr 0 14, (i) According to Gauss’ theorem, Es oa amy 5 - fy. 22 %, +S = (i) Hf the medium is filled in 5, then electric ux through spheres is \, =e 2 "Gof SE o 18, Refer to Sol. 23 on pages 25 and 26. @24 16. (i) When a charge =q is placed at the centre of the hollow conducting sphere, then the charge induced on the inner surface is + q and on outer surface is ~9. But charge Qis already present on its outer surface. So, net charge on outer surface is(Q-q)as shown. 9-9 ‘Therefore, surface charge density on (b) and on outer surface is $4. smi wa (i) By Gauss’ law, at a point lying outside the sphere the electri fats given by ge =feds=& fees where, is the net charge enclosed. ‘As Eand dSare in same direction as shown, as f= Ene) aSt & = Hleetric field, F amy? con pages 25 and 26 om 17. i) Refer to Sol. 23 (Replacing rby x). (ii) Refer to Sol. 27(4) on page 27 (Replacing rby x). 18. (i) Electr field to the eft of first sheet (region 1) 2,8 Bek+es Zr 2% @ Chopterwise CBSE Solved Papers : PHYSICS ‘where rbe the unit vector in the direction {from first sheet (+ ve sheet) to second sheet (-vesheet) &| 5, ' 0 0 &) 1 42 (ii) Electric field to the right of second sheet (region 11) Fy = 2% om (ii Electric ld between two sheets (region It) o..% Bree Be fo) 19. (i) When a charge 44s placed at the centre of spherical cavity as shown in the figure, then the charge induced on the inner surface of a ‘shell is -9 and the charge induced on the ‘outer surface of shell is +9. So, Adassee ye Ser Sat asa (2) Outer surface charge density = 244 ae deny S44 (b) Taner surface charge density = 2, os @ (ii) Yes, the electric fied inside a cavity is zero inrespective of shape because the cavity has endowed zero net charge. m 20, Refer to text on page 16 (Electric fsx). Since, the electric field is only an x component for face perpendicular to x direction, The flux, 6 = EAs is separately zero for each face ofthe cube except the two fates Le. front and its opposite onesCHAPTER 21. Electric Charges and Fields Now, the magnitude of electric field atthe left face is Epzersaa (:x=aattheleft face) So, $= £,As cos0 = aa{a®cosis0°}= -aa* (20= 180%) Field at right face, ie. x #24 Ep eax seca = $= £,Ascos0 = 2uala?cos0|= 20a? (0-0 © yey a? 02? 22? ‘According to Gauss’ law the = 250 fhe & 2 = 885 x10" 100% (a1)? = 85x10" C According to the figure, 4 and B are two thin parallel plane sheets of charge having uniform densities ¢, and ¢, with ¢, >a = £xarea of the end faces of the cylinder exe ape em a fa, ef ym ae sm ale In region IT The electric field duc to the sheet of charge & will be from left to right (along the positive direction) and that due tothe sheet of charge B wil be fom Fight to eft (along the negative direction) Therefor, in region I, we have ZoSy ( Sa 2eq \ 2 1 = £= L(G, -0,) (along positive direction) 2s Pos o o In region mt ‘The electri fields due to-both the charged sheets «will be from left to right, ie along the positive direction. Therefore, in region I, we have Sig Se 28,” 2p E=1(6,+0,) (along posi & direction) om 25 22. (i) Given, E= 50x11 and AS=25em?=25x 10% m? YY 1 tpt m—$—<+p 5 x & fe 2 [As the electric field is only along the X-axis, so flux will pass only through the cross-section of the eylinder. ‘Magnitude of electric field at cross-section 4, Eq= 90x 1=50 NC ‘Magnitude of electric field at cross-section B, Eg =50% 2= 100NC™ a “The corresponding electric faxes are = EBS 50% 25% 10" x cos 180 0.125 Nm 0 = Ee: AS =100% 25x10" x coso? 25 Nmic So, the net flux through the cylinder, Onto 0.125 + 025=0125 N-mic om (ii) Using Gauss Law, 9 = fea & = ast _, sai? = geassx 012510 = gue wa So, the charge enclosed by the eylinder is Lio c. o 23. (i) Gauss’ law states that the total flux through a closed surface is + times the net charge & ‘enclosed by the closed surface. ‘Mathematically, @¢ = § E-dS= 4 a & Here, ¢g isthe absolute permitivity of the free ‘space, is the total charge enclosed the closed ‘surface and Eis the electric field at the area element dS. m (4i) Electric field intensity due to an infinitely long ‘uniformly charged wire at point P at distance r from it is obtained as follows26 Consider thin cylindrical Gaussian surface S with charged wire on its axis and point Pon its surface, then net electric flux through surface Sis i & [F Ise ge lest Ep * a O=§Eds = [24s cos 90% zd coso's [edscosso* ‘Uppersan ce Came uit Lower pane ce $204FA+0 or 62 F.2e! o But, by Gauss’s theorem, @ = q/¢, = hi/E, where, qis the charge on length I of wire ‘enclosed by cylindrical surface S and his uniform linear charge density af wire Exe = & a 2resr Thus, electric field of a line charge is inversely proportional to distance directed nermal to the surface of charged wire. o (24, Gauss’ law Refer to text on page 16. = Es Now, the electric field E= is in X-direction only. So, the faces of the cube with surface normal vector perpendicular to this field would give zero clectric flux, ie. @= Eds cos 90° = Othrough it. (0 Y [22 * Z, So, flux would be across only two surfaces. @ Chopterwise CBSE Solved Papers : PHYSICS Magnitude of Eat left face, E, =e Magnitude of £ at right Face Eg 2Cx = C2 = UC [x = Beat right face] ‘Thus, corresponding fluxes are 0: =E, d= e, dS cos [x=aatlet face] saa xa [As,@ = 130°) , Eg dS = UCAS cos 8 [820°] us We we (i) Now, met us through the eube is OO, 2a0Cs WC =2CNmiC* way Ai) Net charge inside the cube Again, We can use Gauss’ law to find total ‘charge q inside the cube. Wehave g=2 or a= Oe g=a'Ce, coulomb — ( 25, Let us consider charge + 9 be uniformly distributed cover a spherical shell of radius & Let & is tabe obtained at P lying outside of spherical shell ~ Eat any point is radially outward (if charge is positive) and has same magnitude at all points ‘which lie at the same distance r from centre of spherical shell such thatr> Therefore, Gaussian surface is concentric sphere of radius rsuch that r> 8 o 2y Gaus theorem, Eabet fe Sesotet freee =f « {and dare slang the same diton} ~ Magnitude of F is same at every ®CHAPTER Electric Charges and Fields Now, graph o (26. (i) Electric flux It is defined as the total number of electri field lines that are normally pass through that surface. Total electric flux dover the whole surface S$ ‘due to an electric field E is given as = fds = fds cond tis a scalar quantity. o From the given problem, qs the point charge ata distance of drelly above the centre of the square side. Now, construct a Gaussian surface in form of a ‘cube of sided to evaluate the amount of electric ux. «, Weecan calculate the amount of electric flux for six surfaces by using Gauss’S law, 62 [fe ds=£ 2 For one surface of the cube, amount of lect fxs given as 6” = 2 wee Ge, a Even ifthe piat charge is maved toa distance {irom tne centre ofthe square and side ofthe Soares doubled, bot amount of charge enclosed into the Cau changes ‘The amount of electric flux remains same. (2) surface does not 27 27. {i) Field due to an infinitely long thin ‘straight charged line Consider an inf tely long thin straight line ‘with uniform linear charge density (i From sf he ee es vere Ean aienie sel tape ay Speedin theta er pom eeapessed frene EdS= fads EsAds + fEshds + fea ds 2 FE dS af Edscos90" + FE dscos90° + PEdscoso* spe dsm evn) (Charge enclosed in the cylinder, q = a nr “The direction ofthe electric field is radially ‘outward from the postive line charge. For negative line charge it will be radially inward.(2) (ii) Electric field E due to the linear charge is inversely proportional to the distance r from the linear charge. The variation of electric field £ with distance ris shown in figure. (®) as EQmb=M ores %28. (i) (ii won sen) According tothe question isthe surface charge density of the sheet. From symmetry, E fon either side ofthe sheet must be perpendicular tothe plane of the sheet having same magnitude at all equidistant points from the sheet. We take 3 eylinder of cross-sectional area A and length 2 asthe Gaussian surface. (On the curved surface ofthe elinder,€ and ate perpendicular to each other. Therefore, the lux through the curved surface of the ¢linder = 0 wa a Flux through the flat surfaces = £A+EA= 264 ‘The total electric flux over the entire surface of cylinder by =2EA Total charge enclosed by the cylinder, g=a4 According to Gauss's law, gale sMores & = E is independent of rie. the distance of the point from the plane charged sheet. E at any point is directed away from the sheet for positive charge and directed towards the sheet in ease of negative charge o~ Surface charge density of the uniform plane sheet which is infinitely large=40. The leettie potential (V) due to infinite sheet of uniform charge density +0 ‘The amount af work done in bringing a point charge from infinite to point of distance rin front of the charged plane sheet. =o 2 ora, 2 Weaxve a @ Chopterwise CBSE Solved Papers : PHYSICS 29. (i) ii) Electric field on an axial line of an electric dipole 6 Let Pe the point at distancer from the centre of the dipole on the side of charge ¢. Then, the electric field at point Pdueto charge q of the dipole is given by, Ey = aera where, isthe unit vector along the dipole axis (romg t0 9 rs ‘Also, the electric field t point P due tocharge+q of the dipole is given by, E,, = —_t 6 neal — 4)? “he total field at point Pis af 1); E=E,+E,= - Bat Ee elena wal? set. seh ty reel (given) an Fa a «x , twa? ane, a Forxs5a, Ex #3 p= _7P | Frege aa “p= 2a] Y x yt 2 ‘Since, the electric field has only x component. For faces normal to X-direction the angle between £ and AS is 0° Therefore, the ux is separately zero for cach of the cube except the surface perpendicular to X-axis. ‘The magnitude of the electric field at the left faceis E,=0 (as, x= Oat theleft fate) ‘The magnitude of the electric field at the right faceis Ey = 22(as,x=a.at the right face). (0) “The corresponding fluxes are ys = E, AS =O y= Ep AS =E,AS cos = E,AS (8 = 0°) SeteCHAPTER Electric Charges and Fields Net flux through the cube G2 Onn 304 Eg? = Ea? = oem(a?= a” ‘We can use Gauss’ law to find the total charge q inside the cube. GRE = bE, = "ey @ 30. (i) Electric Flux Refer to text on page 16. ‘The SI unit of electric ux is N-mn?C~* According to Gauss’ law in electrostatics, the surface integral of electrostatic field E produced by any sources over any closed surface 5 enclosing a volume v in vacuum is Lic total electric flux over the closed surface = Sin vacuum is1 /¢g times the total charge (9) ©. Og =fEds= 2 — Gauss’ law in electrostatics is true for an. closed surface, no matter what its shape or size is. In order to justify the above statement, consider an isolated positive charge g situated at the centre Oof a sphere of radius r. According to Coulomb's law, electric field intensity at any point Pon the surface of the sphere sE= 4 mh ey contained inside 5, where, Pis unit vector Consider a small area clement dS of the sphere ‘around ?. Let it be represented by the vector 45 or neds. where, fis unit vector along normal ta the area clement. + Electric flux over the area element, dQp = E+ dS = (g/4n8 tl). (dS) Ed = g/4te, 5/28 29 ‘As normal toa surface of every point is along the radius vector at that point. Therefore, Pael EndS = 9/45/72 Integrating over the closed surface area of the “sphere, we get total normal clectic flax over the entire sphere, oe = frase 1 fas 3 Amery = 1, x total area of surface of sphere ange = art Freer & Hence, §, EdS =4/ey, which proves Gauss” theorem. om (ii) Electric field inside a uniformly charged spherical shell ‘According to Gauss’ theorem fF S= 5, Bids =4 or eggs t 's bs a ITS 2 Ban? g/t, = E = g/4ntgr? Ai) In the given figure, the point F where we have to find the electri field intensity is inside the shell. “The Gaussian surface isthe surface of asphereS, ppassing through P and with the centre at 0. The radius of the sphere 52isr< R The electric ux through the Gaussian surface, as calculated in Eq. (i), e. E x 4n7* As, charge inside a spherical shells zero, So, the Gaussian surface encloses no charge. The Gauss’ theorem ives exantateo % * Ex olorr OF OF 6. A square sheet of side ais lying parallel to XV-plane at 2 =a. The electric field in the region is E = cz". The electric flux through the sheet is C88 2021 Term f@)ate 2a%e ® ©; @zate 7. The magnitude of point charge 2q at distance r is E. Then, the magnitude of electric field due to a uniformly charged thin sphere shell of radius R with total charge q at a distance Z(rs> Rywill be 2 (S88 2021 Term 0 @2E @4E 8. The electric flux through a closed Gaussian surface depends upon pethi2020 (@) net charge enclosed and permittivity of the medium (b) net charge enclosed, permittivity of the medium and the size of the Gaussian surface (©) net charge enclosed only @ permittivity of the medium only 9. An electric dipole of dipole moment p is placed in a uniform external electric field E. Then the (a) torque experienced by the dipole is Exp (b) torque is zero, if p is perpendicular to E E @F 10. 1. 13. 14. 15. 31 (©) torque is maximum, if p is perpendicular to E (@ potential energy is maximum, if pis parallel to E An electric dipole placed in a non-uniform electric field experiences (@) both a torque and a net force () only a force but no torque (© only a torque but no net force (@) no torque and no net force ‘An electric dipole is placed in a uniform electric field with the dipole axis making an angle@ with the direction of the electric field. The orientation of the dipole for stable equilibrium is @s OF z @o @> The electric dipole moment of an electron and a proton 4.3 nm apart is (e) 688x110 C-m (b) 2.56% 10 Cm (©) 372x10 Clim (a) 11x 10-% Cm What is the nature of Gaussian surface involved in Gauss’ law of electrostatics? (@) Scalar @) Electrical (© Magnetic (@) Vector ‘Three charges + 1,~ q, and gy are placed as shown, S is a Gaussian surface. Electric field at any point on S is (@) due to g,only () uniform at all points (©) 20r0 at all the points (@) due to all the charges Ina region, the intensity of an electric field is given by E=(2i+9j+K)NC. The electric flux through a surface S = 10% m? in the region is (@) 5N-m2C* (© 15N-m*Ct () 10N-m2c+ @ 20Nm?C732 Assertion-Reason Questions Directions (Q. Nos. 16-22) In the following (questions, two statements are given one labelled Assertion (A) and the other labelled Reason (R). Select ‘the correct answer to these questions frome the codes (a), (2). (c) and (d) as given below (@) Ifboth Assertion and Reason are correct and Reason is the correct explanation of Assertion. (@) [fboth Assertion and Reason are correct but Reason is not the correet explanation of Assertion. (© If Assertion is correct but Reason is incorrect. (@ Ifboth Assertion and Reason are incorrect. 16. Assertion (A) A negative charge in an electric field moves along the direction of tthe electric field. Reason (R) On a negative charge the force acts in the direction of the electric field. C888 2084(Term- 17. Assertion When charges are shared ‘between any two bodies, then no charge i really lost but some loss of energy does Reason Some energy disappears in the form of heat, sparking, etc. 18, Assertion The coulomb foree is the ‘dominating force in the universe. Reason The coulomb force is weaker than ‘the gravitational force. 19. Assertion At the centre of the line joining ‘two equal and opposite charges, E = 0. Reason At the contre of the line joining ‘two equal and similar charge, E' 0. 20. Assertion If a dipole is enclosed by a surface, then according to Gauss's law, electric flux linked with it will be zero. Reason The charge enclosed by a surface is zero. 21. Assertion In a region, where uniform electric field exists, the net charge within ‘volume of any size is zero, @ Chopterwise CBSE Solved Papers : PHYSICS Reason The electric flux within any closed surface in region of uniform electrie field is zero, 22. Assertion With the help of Gauss's theorem, we can find electric field at any point. Reason Gauss's theorem cannot be applied for any type of charge distribution. Case Based Questions Directions (Q.Nos. 23-24) These questions are case study based questions. Atterapt any 4 sub-parts from ‘ach question. Each question carries | mark. 23. Electric Charge Electric charge is an intrinsic property of elementary particles like electrons, protons, etc. Due to charge on elementary particles, attraction or repulsion force ‘occurs between them. There are two types of charges; one is positive and other is ‘negative. Electric lines of forces for pair of two unlike charges are shown below Electric field lines do not. pass through a conductor. (@ Charge on a body which carries 40 ‘excess electrons is, (a) 64x 107 (b)- 64 x10" ()64x 10°" (@-64 x10" C (ii) Which of the following charge does not exist on any type of charged body? (@)82x 10750. (64x 10" C (96x10 C (@96 x10" CCHAPTER 1: Electric Charges and Fields 33 ii) A body is negatively charged, it (ii) An isolated point charge ~ q is placed implies that inside the Faraday cage. Its surface (@) there is negative as well as positive must have charge equal to charge in the body but the positive @-¢ +a @-2¢ @0 charge is more than negative charge there is negative as well as positive Gv) A point charge of 1C is placed at the Oe ee eee iad bu tha eemative contre of Faraday cage in the shape harge ig more than positive charge of cube with surface of 5 em edge. (© there is only negative charge in the ‘The number of electric field lines body passing through the cube normally (@ None of the above will be (iv) Electric lines of forces (a) 11x 10 N-m fC leaving the surface (@) intersect at positive charge to each () L110" Nem'C entering the surface other . (©)9x 10° N-m4C leaving the surface © intorscet at negative charge to each (@)9 x10? Nem¥C entering the surface (© do not intersect each other () What is the electrical force inside a (@) are not responsible for attraction for Faraday cage, when itis struck by two unlike charges lightning? (@) The same as the lightning (v) Two charges are repel to each other, (o) re chares pel to each other, (b) Half that of the lightning (@) one charge is positive and other is (A quarter ofthe lightning negative (@) Zero (b) Both charges are positive (e) Both charges are negative . (@) Both (b) and (9 @ Explanations 24, Faraday Cage 1. (d) Given, charge, q #1 ‘A Faraday cage or Faraday shield ig an Number of electrons gained , = 5x10!" enclosure made of a conducting material... total charge gained, q’= ne = 5x10!" x16x10-" “According to electroctatis of a conductor, . ‘we know that fields within the conductor =xi8* = 0006 Cancel out with any external ld, hence Sine, eletron is negatively charged, so net electric field within the enclosure is zero. sharge on the abject becomes ‘These Faraday cages act as big hollow oa 89-4'=1-08 840206 conductors in which wecan put the things 2. (c) The force on charge gp due to~qis to shield them from electrical fields. Any eo ; , electrical shocks, the cage receives, pass R= KEE towards + Y-axis i) harmlessly around the outside of the cage. “ (@) Which type of materials can be used Force on ggdue tog is to make a Faraday cage? y= & @9), towards - X-axis w= (ii) (@) Insulators * (b) Semiconductors So, the resultantornetforceonthe pF, (©) Metallic conductors charge at Os (@ Allof the above faa = [Fa FE cond Gi) Examples of a real world Faraday since, 5 = =F A ao =e Ba CRE oe = (@) plastic box (b) lightning rod Rag SFE + EE + 2(-F MF) cos 90° = V2, ©) metallic rod (@ car = P1034 3 (c) Since xis repelled by ¥- So, object ¥ is positively charged. As object Z is attracted to ‘object ¥. So, it must either be neutral or positively charged 4. (b) Since charge is quantised in a system, so total charge =4, + 4:44, = 43+ 5e-3e = 450 Among given options, only option (b) gives this value Le. 460 + 6¢= Tem 45¢ ‘Therefore, the passible values for the final charge con the spheres are +6, +6, ~7e. 5. (b) The electrostatic force exerted by object Won. object xis 6 (a) Given, Bear? As, clectric flux, = [E-ds fetid dyke 2 fetege a fafa saxd ect xa Here, 2250, = ca" 7. (c) The electric field due to a point charge 2) at 2 distance ris 2) 7 eax 2 ‘i a ) 10. 1. 12. 13. 14. 15. @ Chopterwise CBSE Solved Papers : PHYSICS The electric id due 1a uniformly charged thin ‘phere shell of charge g and of rads Rat distance (>>) i Lom) ext of ti) wee From Eqs () and i, we get Pee (a) According to the Gauss’ law, the net clectric flux through any closed Gaussian surface és equal to the net charge enclosed by it divided by permittivity of the medium, Mathematically, 9g = §E-dS = 2 ? & This aw is ue for any closed surface, no matter what isis shape or size. (c) Torque on dipole in a uniform electric field, Te pxEsind The direction of torque is perpendicular tothe plane of paper and maximum at@ = 90° So, torque is maximum if pis perpendicular to E. (a) Non-uniform elecwic field causes both rotational and translational motion. So, both torque and net force act on the dipole (c) For stable equilibrium, the angle@ should be e r=pEsin® ‘=pEsin® =0 (a) The electric di p= 16x 10" le moment is equal 10 43x10" frp= qx] 88x 10° Cm (4) The Gauss’ law in electrostatic gives a relation between electric flux through any closed hypothetical surface (called 2 Gaussian surface) and the charge enclosed by the surface. So, the nature of Gaussian surface is vector. (d) The electric field at any point on § (Gaussian surface) is due to all the charges which put the flux through the Sis only charges ~ 9, and + 4, ‘enclosed by 5 (2) Given, Baal + 3}+ NU ands = ‘We know that, Electric flux, @= E-S = (21 + 3) + ky Goi) =20N-mic*CHAPTER Electric Charges and Fields 16. (d) A negative charge in an electric field moves in the direction opposite to the electric field as the force acting an itis in opposite direction to the field. So, A is false and R is also false 17. (b) Charge is always conserved but energy is lost in the form of heat. 18. (d) Gravitational force is the dominating force in nature. It is the weakest force. Also, Coulomb's force >> gravitational force. 19, (d) At the centre of the line joining two equal and, ‘opposite charge, F # 0. For similar charge, F = 0. 20. (2) Ifa dipole is enclosed by a surface as shown in figure, then o_o ° +0 eeuns = 0 e=0 (Grom Gauss's lew) 21. (a) FU, dye = fe If a closed body is placed in an electric field (cither uniform on non-uniform), total flux linked ‘with it will be zero. ie. uc 29 G20 (22, (a) With the help of Gauss’s theorem, we cant find electric flux at any point and itis true that Gauss’s theorem cam be applied for any symmetric of charge distribution, 23. (i) (b) Charge on one electron, ¢ = -L6x 107°C. Charge on body having 40 electrons =40¢ 240% (16% 107) - 64x10" ) (c) According to quantisation of charge, charge ‘on every body must be an integral multiple of charge on one electron. 35 Here, in option (c), 9296 x10" = 6x1ex1 PC = a6x16x10""C=O6e which snot posible (iy (b) body is negatively charged implies that tere i negative as wellas postive Charge in the body but negative charge is tore than postive charge (iv) (¢) Electric lines of forces do not intersect 10 tach other because if they nterseet, then st thSpail ld ccun cere are two irctlons of electric Held which is not possible (2) (4) Twa unlike charges attract to cach other Grcreas two lke charges ropel vo cach ae 24.4) (e) side the metalic conductor, net electric Feld is ar. Hence metale conductors tan be used io makea Faraday cape (8) (2) Outer surace of earis made of etal, therefore car behaves like a Faraday age (iiy(b) When a solated point charge ~ 9s inside the Faraday cage, then duct induction phenomenon, +9 charge develops at Surface of aralay ape (a) a1 “The number of electric Feld lines passing Though cube orally will be equal to cletre fax @ whichis given as ote 5 oa ‘811 x 10° N-m’/C (leaving the surface) (09 (a) Noclectic force acts inside the Faraday ape during struct by lightning