INVERSE TRIGONOMETRIC

FUNCTIONS
Function
• A function/mapping provides a unique output/image for each
input/element in its domain.
Example:
Not a function
One –One and Many one function
One-to-one (Injective): Each Many-to-one: Multiple
element of the domain maps to elements of the domain may
a unique element in the map to the same element in
codomain. the codomain.

Example: Example:
Onto and Into functions
Onto: Every element of the Into: A function that is
codomain is mapped to by not onto not all elements
some element of the of the codomain are
domain. covered.
Invertible Function
• A function is invertible if and only if it is one-one and onto .

Example 𝑓 −1
𝑓

1 a a 1
2 b 2
b
3 c 3
c
4 4

𝑓 is function but 𝑓 −1 is not a function , Hence 𝑓 is not a invertible function

For a function f to have an inverse, it must be both one-to-one (injective) and onto
(surjective),

Many one function …….can not be inventible. 

Into function ……………..can not be invertible.
Example:
f(x)= |x| , f is from set of real numbers to set of real numbers is neither one-one
nor onto.
Trigonometric function
• f(x)= sin(x) , if function is defined from set of real numbers to [-1,1] is not one-
one , hence is not invertible.
Is trigonometric ratios are invertible function

☺☺
yes if we restrict their domains
 𝝅 𝝅
𝒔𝒊𝒏: − , → [−𝟏, 𝟏]
𝟐 𝟐

Now the function is invertible

domain is restricted,
𝒇 𝒙 = 𝒔𝒊𝒏𝒙

𝝅
− −𝟏
𝟐
𝝅 𝝅
𝒔𝒊𝒏−𝟏 : −𝟏, 𝟏 → [− , ]
𝝅 𝟐 𝟐
𝟏
𝟐
Principal domain and range
𝑓 𝑥 = sin−1 𝑥

𝝅 𝝅
𝒔𝒊𝒏−𝟏 : −𝟏, 𝟏 → [− , ]
𝟐 𝟐
 −1
𝑓 𝑥 = cos 𝑥

𝐜𝐨𝐬 −𝟏 : −𝟏, 𝟏 → [𝟎, 𝝅]

 −1
𝑓 𝑥 = 𝑡𝑎𝑛 (𝑥)

−𝝅 𝝅
𝐭𝐚𝐧−𝟏 (𝑹𝒆𝒂𝒍 𝑵𝒖𝒎𝒃𝒆𝒓𝒔) → [ , ]
𝟐 𝟐
 𝑓 𝑥 = −1
cot 𝑥

𝒄𝒐𝒕−𝟏 (−∞, ∞) → [𝟎, 𝝅]

 −1
𝑓 𝑥 = sec 𝑥
 −1
𝑓 𝑥 = cosec 𝑥
• Domain and Range of inverse trigonometric functions:
Function Domain Range (Principal Value Branch )

sin−1 𝑥 [-1,1] 𝜋 𝜋
[− , ]
2 2

cos −1 𝑥 [-1,1] [0, 𝜋]

tan−1 𝑥 [−∞, ∞ ] 𝜋 𝜋
− ,
2 2

co𝑡 −1 𝑥 [−∞, ∞ ] (0, 𝜋)

cosec −1 𝑥 [−∞, ∞ ]-(-1,1) 𝜋 𝜋

− , − {0}
2 2

sec −1 𝑥 [−∞, ∞ ]-(-1,1) 𝜋

0, 𝜋 − { }
2
• If 𝑦 = 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥 ⇒ 𝑥 = sin−1 𝑦
• 𝑦 = 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑥 ⇒ 𝑥 = cos−1 𝑦

1
Example: 𝑠𝑖𝑛300 =
2
−1 1
⇒ sin = 300
2
Formulas
𝜋 𝜋
• sin−1 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝑥 = 𝑥 if 𝑥 ∈ [− , ]
2 2

• 𝑐𝑜𝑠 −1 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝑥 = 𝑥 if 𝑥 ∈ [0, 𝜋]

𝜋 𝜋
• tan−1 (𝑡𝑎𝑛 𝑥) =𝑥 if 𝑥 ∈ (− , )
2 2

• cot −1 𝑐𝑜𝑡 𝑥 = 𝑥 if 𝑥 ∈ (0, 𝜋)

𝜋
• sec −1 𝑠𝑒𝑐 𝑥 = 𝑥 if 𝑥 ∈ 0, 𝜋 − { }
2

−1 𝜋 𝜋
• cosec 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑒𝑐 𝑥 = 𝑥 if 𝑥 ∈ − , − 0
2 2
Formulas
• sin sin−1 𝑥 = 𝑥

• cos cos−1 𝑥 = 𝑥

• tan tan−1 𝑥 = 𝑥

• cot cot −1 𝑥 = 𝑥

• sec sec −1 𝑥 = 𝑥

• cosec cos𝑒𝑐 −1 𝑥 = 𝑥
• 𝑅𝑒𝑚𝑒𝑚𝑏𝑒𝑟 𝑡ℎ𝑒𝑠𝑒 𝑠𝑒𝑞𝑢𝑒𝑛𝑐𝑒𝑠:

𝜋 𝜋 𝜋 𝜋 0 𝜋 𝜋 𝜋 𝜋
− − − −
2 3 4 6 6 4 3 2

0 𝜋 𝜋 𝜋 𝜋
𝜋
6 4 3 2
Some important formula
• sin−1 −𝑥 = − sin−1 𝑥 ,
• tan−1 −𝑥 = −𝑡𝑎𝑛−1 𝑥 ,
• 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑒𝑐 −1 −𝑥 = −𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑒𝑐 −1 x

• cos −1 −𝑥 = 𝜋 − cos −1 𝑥
• sec −1 −𝑥 = 𝜋 − se𝑐 −1 𝑥
• c𝑜𝑡 −1 −𝑥 = 𝜋 − c𝑜𝑡 −1 𝑥
Find the principal values of the following
−1 1
• 1. sin (− )
2
−1 1
• 2. cos (− )
2
Trigonometric ratios in four quadrants
Formulas:
• sin (π/2 – A) = cos A
• cos (π/2 – A) = sin A
• sin (π/2 + A) = cos A
• cos (π/2 + A) = – sin A
• sin (3π/2 – A) = – cos A
• cos (3π/2 – A) = – sin A
• sin (3π/2 + A) = – cos A
• cos (3π/2 + A) = sin A

• sin (π – A) = sin A
• cos (π – A) = – cos A
• sin (π + A) = – sin A
• cos (π + A) = – cos A
• sin (2π – A) = – sin A
• cos (2π – A) = cos A
• sin (2π + A) = sin A
• cos (2π + A) = cos A
Continue…
• tan (π/2 – A) = cotA
• cot (π/2 – A) = tan A
• tan (π/2 + A) = -cot A
• cot (π/2 + A) = – tan A
• tan(3π/2 – A) =cot A
• cot (3π/2 – A) = tan A
• tan (π – A) = - tanA
• cot (π – A) = –cot A
• tan 𝜋 + 𝐴 = 𝑡𝑎𝑛𝐴
• tan 2𝜋 − 𝐴 = −𝑡𝑎𝑛𝐴
3𝜋
• tan + 𝐴 = −cot 𝐴
2
 𝜋
• sec + 𝐴 = −𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑒𝑐𝐴
2
• 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑒𝑐 2𝜋 − 𝐴 = −𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑒𝑐𝐴
NCERT Questions
−1 1 𝜋
• Find the principal value of sin . Ans.
2 4

−1 1
• Find the principal value of sin (− ) Ans.
2
 −1 1
• sin
2
−1 3
• cos ( )
2
−1
• 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑒𝑐 2
• tan−1 (−√3)
1
• cos −1 −
2
• tan−1 (−1)
−1 2
• sec
3
• cot −1 √3
−1 2
• sec
3
• cot −1 √3
 −1 1
• cos (− )
2

• 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑒𝑐 −1 − 2

1 1
• tan−1 1 + cos −1 − −1
+ sin (− )
2 2
−1 1 −1 1
• cos + 2 sin
2 2

Question : If sin−1 𝑥 = 𝑦 , then

then y ∈ ?

Question: tan−1 3 − sec −1 −2 =?

 −1 3𝜋
• Find the value of sin 𝑠𝑖𝑛
5

−1 13𝜋
• cos cos( )
6
 −1 7𝜋
• tan tan
6
Some more important formulas
1
• sin−1 𝑥 −1
= 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑒𝑐 ( )
𝑥
−1 −1 1
• cos 𝑥 = sec
𝑥
−1 −1 1
• tan 𝑥 = cot
𝑥
 𝜋
• sin−1 𝑥 + cos−1 𝑥 =
2
−1 −1 𝜋
• tan 𝑥 + cot 𝑥=
2
𝜋
• sec −1 𝑥 + 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑒𝑐 −1 𝑥 =
2
 𝑥+𝑦
• tan−1 𝑥 + tan−1 𝑦 = −1
tan ( )
1−𝑥𝑦

𝑥−𝑦
• tan−1 𝑥 − tan−1 𝑦 = −1
tan ( )
1+𝑥𝑦
• sin−1 𝑥 + sin−1 𝑦 = sin−1 ( 𝑥 1 − 𝑦2 ) + 𝑦 1 − 𝑥2 ,
𝑖𝑓 𝑥, 𝑦 ≥ 0 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 ≤1

• sin−1 𝑥 − sin−1 𝑦 = sin−1 ( 𝑥 1 − 𝑦 2 ) −(𝑦 1 − 𝑥 2 )

𝑖𝑓 𝑥, 𝑦 ≥ 0 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 ≤1

• 𝑐𝑜𝑠 −1 𝑥 + cos−1 𝑦 = cos−1 ( 𝑥 𝑦 − 1 − 𝑦 2 1 − 𝑥 2)

𝑖𝑓 𝑥, 𝑦 ≥ 0 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 ≤1

• 𝑐𝑜𝑠 −1 𝑥 − cos−1 𝑦 = cos−1 ( 𝑥 𝑦 + 1 − 𝑦 2 1 − 𝑥 2)

𝑖𝑓 𝑥, 𝑦 ≥ 0 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 ≤1
 2𝑥
• 2 tan−1 𝑥 = sin−1
1+𝑥 2

1−𝑥 2
• 2 tan−1 𝑥 = cos −1
1+𝑥 2

2𝑥
• 2 tan−1 𝑥 = tan−1
1−𝑥 2
• 2 sin−1 𝑥 = sin−1 2𝑥 1 − 𝑥 2
• 2 cos −1 𝑥 = sin−1 2𝑥 1 − 𝑥 2
• 3 sin−1 𝑥 = sin−1 (3𝑥 − 4𝑥 3 )
• 3 cos −1 𝑥 = cos −1 4𝑥 3 − 3𝑥