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SQL Cheatsheet

The document provides a comprehensive overview of SQL commands and functions, including data retrieval, filtering, aggregation, and table manipulation. Key SQL operations such as SELECT, INSERT, UPDATE, DELETE, and various JOIN types are explained with example syntax. Additionally, it covers string functions and date manipulation functions commonly used in SQL queries.

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3 views

SQL Cheatsheet

The document provides a comprehensive overview of SQL commands and functions, including data retrieval, filtering, aggregation, and table manipulation. Key SQL operations such as SELECT, INSERT, UPDATE, DELETE, and various JOIN types are explained with example syntax. Additionally, it covers string functions and date manipulation functions commonly used in SQL queries.

Uploaded by

cubitlexusberhampur
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Tajamul Khan

SELECT: Retrieves specific columns from a table.


SELECT column1, column2 FROM table_name;

DISTINCT: Removes duplicate rows from the result.


SELECT DISTINCT column1 FROM table_name;

WHERE: Filters rows based on a condition.


SELECT * FROM table_name WHERE column1 = 'v1';

ORDER BY: Sorts result set by one or more columns.


SELECT * FROM table_name ORDER BY column1 ASC;

LIMIT / FETCH: Limits the number of rows returned.


SELECT * FROM table_name LIMIT 10;

LIKE: Searches for patterns in text columns.


SELECT * FROM table_name WHERE col1 LIKE 'A%';

IN: Filters rows with specific values.


SELECT * FROM table_name WHERE col1 IN ('v1', 'v2');

BETWEEN: Filters rows within a range of values.


SELECT * FROM table_name WHERE column1
BETWEEN 10 AND 20;
COUNT(): Returns the number of rows.
SELECT COUNT(*) FROM table_name;

SUM(): Calculates the sum of a numeric column.


SELECT SUM(column1) FROM table_name;

AVG(): Calculates the average of a numeric column.


SELECT AVG(column1) FROM table_name;

MIN(): Returns the smallest value in a column.


SELECT MIN(column1) FROM table_name;

MAX(): Returns the largest value in a column.


SELECT MAX(column1) FROM table_name;

GROUP BY: Groups rows for aggregation.


SELECT col1, COUNT(*) FROM t1 GROUP BY col1;

HAVING: Filters grouped rows based on a condition.


SELECT column1, COUNT(*) FROM t1 GROUP BY
column1 HAVING COUNT(*) > 5;

DISTINCT COUNT(): Counts unique values in column.


SELECT COUNT(DISTINCT col1) FROM table_name;
INNER JOIN: Returns rows with matching values in
both tables.
SELECT * FROM table1 INNER JOIN table2 ON
table1.id = table2.id;

LEFT JOIN: Returns all rows from the left table and
matching rows from the right table.
SELECT * FROM table1 LEFT JOIN table2 ON table1.id
= table2.id;

RIGHT JOIN: Returns all rows from the right table


and matching rows from the left table.
SELECT * FROM table1 RIGHT JOIN table2 ON
table1.id = table2.id;

FULL OUTER JOIN: Returns rows when there is a


match in either table.
SELECT * FROM table1 FULL OUTER JOIN table2 ON
table1.id = table2.id;

CROSS JOIN: Returns the Cartesian product of both


tables.
SELECT * FROM table1 CROSS JOIN table2;

SELF JOIN: Joins a table with itself.


SELECT a.column1, b.column1 FROM table_name a,
table_name b WHERE a.id = b.parent_id;
INSERT INTO: Adds new rows to a table.
INSERT INTO table_name (column1, column2)
VALUES ('value1', 'value2');

UPDATE: Updates existing rows in a table.


UPDATE table_name SET col1 = 'value' WHERE id = 1;

DELETE: Removes rows from a table.


DELETE FROM table_name WHERE column1 = 'value';

MERGE: Combines INSERT, UPDATE, and DELETE


based on a condition.
MERGE INTO table_name USING source_table ON
condition WHEN MATCHED THEN UPDATE SET
column1 = value WHEN NOT MATCHED THEN INSERT
(columns) VALUES (values);

TRUNCATE: Removes all rows from a table without


logging.
TRUNCATE TABLE table_name;

REPLACE: Deletes existing rows and inserts new


rows (MySQL-specific).
REPLACE INTO table_name VALUES (value1, value2);
CREATE TABLE: Creates a new table.
CREATE TABLE table_name (id INT PRIMARY KEY,
name VARCHAR(50));

ALTER TABLE: Modifies an existing table.


ALTER TABLE table_name ADD column2 INT;

DROP TABLE: Deletes a table.


DROP TABLE table_name;

CREATE INDEX: Creates an index on a table.


CREATE INDEX idx_name ON table_name (column1);

DROP INDEX: Removes an index.


DROP INDEX idx_name ON table_name;

CREATE VIEW: Creates virtual table based on query.


CREATE VIEW view_name AS SELECT column1,
column2 FROM table_name;

DROP VIEW: Deletes a view.


DROP VIEW view_name;

RENAME TABLE: Renames an existing table.


RENAME TABLE old_table_name TO new_table_name;
CONCAT(): Concatenates strings.
SELECT CONCAT(first_name, ' ', last_name) FROM
table_name;

SUBSTRING(): Extracts a substring from a string.


SELECT SUBSTRING(column1, 1, 5) FROM table_name;

LENGTH(): Returns the length of a string.


SELECT LENGTH(column1) FROM table_name;

ROUND(): Rounds a number to a specified number


of decimal places.
SELECT ROUND(column1, 2) FROM table_name;

NOW(): Returns the current timestamp.


SELECT NOW();

DATE_ADD(): Adds a time interval to a date.


SELECT DATE_ADD(NOW(), INTERVAL 7 DAY);

COALESCE(): Returns the first non-null value.


SELECT COALESCE(column1, column2) FROM
table_name;

IFNULL(): Replaces NULL values with specified value.


SELECT IFNULL(col1, 'default') FROM table_name;
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