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Operating Systems - In-Depth Class Notes

This document provides comprehensive notes on Operating Systems, covering key concepts such as process management, memory management, file systems, and security. It details the functions of an OS, including process states, scheduling algorithms, deadlock conditions, and memory allocation techniques. Additionally, it discusses virtualization, cloud OS, and includes case studies on UNIX/Linux and Windows.

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9 views4 pages

Operating Systems - In-Depth Class Notes

This document provides comprehensive notes on Operating Systems, covering key concepts such as process management, memory management, file systems, and security. It details the functions of an OS, including process states, scheduling algorithms, deadlock conditions, and memory allocation techniques. Additionally, it discusses virtualization, cloud OS, and includes case studies on UNIX/Linux and Windows.

Uploaded by

jiyoyac719
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Operating Systems - In-Depth Class Notes

1. Introduction to Operating Systems


An Operating System (OS) is system software that manages computer hardware and
software resources and provides common services for application programs.

Primary functions:

Process Management
Memory Management
File System Management
Device Management
Security and Access Control

Acts as an intermediary between users and hardware.

2. Process Management
A process is a program in execution; it includes code, data, stack, and heap.

Process States:

New
Ready
Running
Waiting (Blocked)
Terminated

Context Switching: The act of saving and restoring the state (context) of a CPU
so that execution can be resumed from the same point later.

Schedulers:

Long-term: decides which jobs enter the system.


Short-term: picks which process gets the CPU next.
Medium-term: suspends/resumes processes.

Scheduling Algorithms:

FCFS (First-Come-First-Serve)
SJF (Shortest Job First)
RR (Round Robin)
Priority Scheduling
Multilevel Queue

3. Threads and Concurrency


Thread: A lightweight process; shares memory with other threads in the same
process.

Multithreading: Multiple threads within a single process to achieve


parallelism.

Concurrency Issues:
Race Conditions
Deadlocks
Starvation
Livelock

Synchronization:

Mutexes, Semaphores, Monitors


Condition Variables

Critical Section Problem: Ensures only one process/thread accesses shared data
at a time.

4. Deadlocks
Deadlock: A set of processes are blocked because each process is holding a
resource and waiting for another.

Necessary Conditions:

Mutual Exclusion
Hold and Wait
No Preemption
Circular Wait

Handling Methods:

Prevention
Avoidance (Banker's Algorithm)
Detection and Recovery

5. Memory Management
Main Memory: Fast, volatile memory that stores processes during execution.

Memory Allocation Techniques:

Contiguous Allocation
Paging: Memory divided into fixed-size pages.
Segmentation: Memory divided into segments of different lengths.

Paging Concepts:

Page Table
TLB (Translation Lookaside Buffer)
Internal vs External Fragmentation

Virtual Memory:

Uses disk space to extend RAM (swap space).


Implements demand paging.

6. File Systems
File: A collection of related information stored on secondary storage.

File Attributes: Name, type, size, location, protection, etc.


Directory Structure:

Single-level, Two-level, Tree-structured, DAG, Acyclic Graph

File Operations:

Create, Read, Write, Delete, Open, Close

File Allocation Methods:

Contiguous, Linked, Indexed

Mounting: The process of making a file system available for use.

7. Input/Output Systems
I/O Devices: Disk, Keyboard, Mouse, Monitor, Network Interface

I/O Techniques:

Programmed I/O
Interrupt-driven I/O
DMA (Direct Memory Access)

Device Drivers: Software that abstracts device-specific operations.

Buffering, Caching, Spooling: Techniques to improve I/O efficiency.

8. Security and Protection


Protection: Mechanisms to control access to resources.

Security: Defending against threats, both internal and external.

Access Control Matrix: Defines rights of subjects over objects.

Authentication Methods:

Passwords, Biometrics, Tokens

Security Measures:

Encryption, Auditing, Firewalls

9. Virtualization and Cloud OS


Virtualization: Abstracting hardware using software (hypervisors).

Types:

Full Virtualization
Para-virtualization
OS-level Virtualization (Containers)

Cloud OS: Operating systems tailored to manage cloud infrastructure and


services.

10. Case Studies


UNIX/Linux:

Modular structure
Everything-is-a-file paradigm
Shell interface

Windows:

Hybrid kernel
GUI-centric
Extensive API support

Note: For practical learning, try writing shell scripts, exploring /proc in
Linux, and simulating scheduling/memory algorithms in code. Refer to "Operating
System Concepts" by Silberschatz for deeper understanding.

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