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Final Lect 3

The document discusses shift registers, which are digital circuits used for data storage and movement, consisting of flip-flops that determine storage capacity. It outlines different types of shift registers, including Serial In Serial Out (SISO) and Parallel In Parallel Out (PIPO), and explains their operations with examples. Additionally, it covers shift register counters like Johnson and Ring counters, highlighting their unique characteristics and applications.

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8 views22 pages

Final Lect 3

The document discusses shift registers, which are digital circuits used for data storage and movement, consisting of flip-flops that determine storage capacity. It outlines different types of shift registers, including Serial In Serial Out (SISO) and Parallel In Parallel Out (PIPO), and explains their operations with examples. Additionally, it covers shift register counters like Johnson and Ring counters, highlighting their unique characteristics and applications.

Uploaded by

magentamadlen
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Lecture-3

Sequential Circuit Design


Shift Registers
Shift Registers
• Shift register is a digital circuit with two basic functions; data storage and data movement.
• Shift registers contains different arrangements of flip-flops.
• Each flip-flop in a shift register represents one bit of storage capacity.
• The number of flip-flops in a register determines its storage capacity.
• The shift operation of a register allows the movement of data from one stage to another
stage or into or out of the register.

Concept of storing a 1 Concept of storing a 0


Shift Registers
The are four types of shift register based on their movement:

Serial In Parallel Out (SIPO)


Serial In Serial Out (SISO)

Parallel In Serial Out (PISO) Parallel In Parallel Out (PIPO)


Serial In/ Serial Out Shift Registers
• The serial in/serial out shift registers accepts data serial, that is one bit at a time.
• It produces the stored information in its output also in serial form
• An N-bit flip-flop will take N clock pulses to store N-bit data completely.
Serial In/ Serial Out Shift Registers
Four bits (1010) being entered serially into the shift register:

Initial State

State after Clock Pulse 3

State after Clock Pulse 1

State after Clock Pulse 4

State after Clock Pulse 2


Serial In/ Serial Out Shift Registers
Four bits (1010) being serially shifted out of the register and replaced by zeros:

State after Clock Pulse 4

State after clock pulse 7

State after clock pulse 5

State after clock pulse 8

State after clock pulse 6


Serial In/ Serial Out Shift Registers
Serial In/ Parallel Out Shift Registers
Parallel In/ Serial Out Shift Registers

/ =0, Load line gets activated


/ =1, Shift line gets activated
Parallel In/ Serial Out Shift Registers
Show the data-output waveform for a 4-bit register with parallel input data and the clock
and SHIFT/LOAD waveform.

Solution:
• On clock pulse 1, the parallel data (D D D D = 1010) are loaded into the register
making Q = 0.
• On clock pulse 2, the 1 from Q is shifted to Q .
• On clock pulse 3, the 0 is shifted on to Q .
• On clock pulse 4, the last bit 1 is shifted on to Q
• And on clock pulse 5, all data bits have been shifted out, and only 1 remains in the register
(assuming D input remains a 1)
Parallel In/ Parallel Out Shift Registers
Right Left Shift Operation of SISO Shift Registers
Bidirectional Shift Registers
• A bidirectional shift register is one in which data can be shifted either left or right.
• It can be implemented using gating logic.
• This is done with the help of a control input.
Bidirectional Shift Registers
Bidirectional Shift Registers
Determine the state of the shift register after each clock pulse for the given RIGHT/LEFT
control input waveform. Assume Q = 1, Q = 1, Q = 0, and Q = 1 and the serial data
input line is LOW.
Shift Register Counters
A shift register counter is basically a shift register with the serial output connected back to
the serial input to produce a special sequence. These devices are often classified as counters
because they exhibit a specified sequence of states.

Johnson Counters
• In a Johnson counter, the complement of the output of the last flip-flop is connected back
to the D input of the first flip-flop.
• This feedback produces a characteristic sequence of states.
• A Johnson counter has 2N states, if there are N flip-flops.
• That is a 4-bit sequence has 8 states and a 5-bit sequence has a total of 10 states.
Johnson Counters
Johnson Counters
Ring Counters
• The ring counter uses one flip-flop for one state in its sequence.
• It has an advantage that decoding gates are not required.
• In case of a 10-bit ring counter, there is an unique output for each decimal digit.
Ring Counters
Ring Counters
If a 10-bit ring counter has an initial state of 1010000000, determine the waveform for each
of the Q outputs.
References
1. Thomas L. Floyd, “Digital Fundamentals” 11th edition, Prentice Hall – Pearson Education.

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