Volume-3,Issue-5,May2025 International Journal of Modern Science and Research Technology

ISSN NO-2584-2706

Study of Implementing
Blockchain for Enhanced
Authentication in Web Portals
Vidhi Mehta; Shruti Patil; Pranaya Pounikar
Dept of MCA, GHRCEM, Nagpur, RTMNU, India

Abstract 1. Introduction
Authentication is a fundamental component of Web portals are now commonplace for
web security, enabling users to safely access almost every service ranging from e-
online websites. The Authentication is one of commerce and banking to social media and
the major elements of web security that healthcare. Such web portals mandate
facilitates users to secure access to internet secure verifications to confirm users’
websites. Traditional methods of identities and safeguard their personal
authentication are based on password entry, information. Authentication has always
multi-factor authentication (MFA), and single relied on passwords, multi-factor
sign-on (SSO). Even though the methods are authentication (MFA), and Single Sign- On
often followed in these times, the methods are (SSO) systems. Passwords can be stolen
never foolproof Passwords can be hijacked, through phishing or data breaches, MFA
MFA can be circumvented, and SSO depends can be bypassed, and SSO depends on
on centralized infrastructure that can be centralized systems that hackers cantarget.
compromised. Millions of user accounts have Because blockchain offers decentralized
been exposed due to data breaches and and secure identity verification, it's
phishing attacks, and there is a growing authentication methods are much more
demand for a safer alternative. challenging to interfere with and represent
This paper discusses ways blockchain an improvement over the existing
technology improves authentication in web measures. Unlike the traditional methods,
portals. Blockchain provides decentralization, passwords do not need to be stored
immutability, and cryptographic security that centrally using blockchain-based
makes it difficult for hackers to steal authentication, so there is less chance of
credentials or tamper with login systems. We large-scale hacking. With the use of smart
present why decentralized identity (DID), contracts and decentralized identity (DID)
smart contracts, and Web3 authentication are blockchain, users can assert their identity
preferable to conventional alternatives. without any third- party service
Besides, the real-world applications and case interference [1]. This paper focuses on
studies will be examined to demonstrate how the issues surrounding authentication and
blockchain technology can build a more secure how Blockchain technology can help
and user-managed authentication system. This resolve security concerns in web portals. It
paper aims to offer a clear picture of how highlights the important aspects of web
blockchain technology can enhance portals like login systems, decentralized
authentication, minimize hacking threats, and identity, cryptography security, and other
build a safer online environment. postulated functionalities along with their
real-world applications and obstacles in the
Keywords: blockchain, authentication, deployment. It attempts
security, data protection, web portals.

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to explore these innovative and secure forms Phishing whereby Hackers will trick users
of identity authentication and their to type in their passwords on sites that are
implementation in web portals. pretending to be sites they trust, Brute-
force attacks Hackers utilize automated
1.1. About Authentication systems to guess at passwords by using
Organizations often face challenges in millions of variations,
managing IT assets efficiently which reduces Database breaches If a database of a
the efficiency of software and it might lead to company is compromised, stored password
issues in the development phase, particularly hashes can be released.
when dealing with large numbers of Most individuals employ the same
workstations spread across multiple teams. password across several websites (e.g.,
Manual tracking methods are difficult to use email, social media, banking). If a single
and prone to inconsistencies, security risks, and website is hacked, attackers can attempt the
resources mismanagement. Moreover, existing same password on other websites.
inventory tools often lack real-time system With every site demanding a password,
updates, seamless Linux integration, and team- users find it difficult to have unique and
based connectivity, making them inadequate complicated passwords. This results in
for modern IT environments. This research using weak password which is easy to
addresses these challenges by developing an crack, noting down passwords which is
automated, real-time workstation inventory susceptible to theft and losing passwords
system that improves monitoring, optimizes and trusting password resets, which can be
resource allocation, and enhances security [3] . taken advantage of by attackers.

1.2. Traditional Authentication Methods 1.2.2. MultifactorAuthentication

Traditional authentication methods in web Multifactor Authentication works
portals have been generally used for where users provide two or more
decades to verify user identities and allow verification factors, like OTPs,
access to online services. These methods Authenticator apps and fingerprints or
depend on established techniques to ensure face recognition which greatly
thatonly authorizedusers can access improves security by using multiple
sensitive information or perform specific ways to verify identity, making it
actions.However, they have some harder for unauthorized people to gain
weaknesses especially when dealing with access.
new and changing online security threats. LimitationsofMultifactor Authentication
Below are the most common traditional It can be complicated and expensive to
authentication methods: set up or implement.
Users can find it frustrating to use the
1.2.1. Password-Based Authentication system, making them less likely to
Password-Based Authentication is the most adopt it. There is risk of data breach, if
common approach where username and the data like facial recognition or
password are entered to login to an account. fingerprints is hacked it is hard to
The system checks if the password provided is change like password
equal to the hash that is stored in the database.
When a password is input by a user, the 1.2.3. Single Sign-on
system never stores the password itself for In this, users log in once using a single set
security reasons. It stores a hashed version of of credentials (e.g., Google or Facebook
the password. account) to access multiple web portals or
Limitations of Password-Based Authentication services without needing to log in

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separately for each one. This simplifies the to a "block" and broadcast to everyone.
login process for users and reduces the number Each block connects to the last one,
of passwords they need to remember. creating a chain. If an individual
If the Single Sign-On (SSO) provider is hacked, attempts to change a transaction, the
all connected accounts will be vulnerable to group can quickly check the alteration
attacks. since all have a copy of the ledger. This
The security of the entire system relies heavily is to ensure transparency and avoid
on the SSO provider's ability to protect user data fraud.
and prevent breaches. A practical application of blockchain is
When using SSO, individual websites have the use of Bitcoin, a form of
limited control over user data, which can make cryptocurrency that employs the use of
it harder to manage and protect that data. blockchain to track financial
transactions. Each Bitcoin transaction is
deposited in a block, and blocks are
combined to create a public ledger [4]
. The ledger is kept by a worldwide
network of computers (nodes) to prevent
any entity from possessing the data.

2.1 .Implementation and Working Of

Blockchain –
Blockchain is used by first determining a
Fig. 1 Comparison of Authentication particular challenge it may address, e.g.,
Methods Usage authentication, supply chain tracking,
etc. After a use case has been defined,
2. Introduction to Blockchain Technology the type of blockchain, public, private, or
Blockchain is a decentralized, distributed consortium, is selected based on the
Logbook technology that records transactions degree of access and control needed. A
or data across multiple computers in a way that consensus mechanism (e.g., Proof of
ensures the data is secure, transparent, and Work or Proof of Stake) is chosen, as a
tamper-proof. Each "block" in the blockchain way to authenticate transactions and
contains a list of transactions, and these blocks achieve consensus amongst network
are linked together in a Sequential "chain" nodes. The architecture of the
using cryptographic principles. Once data is blockchain is subsequently designed,
added to the blockchain, it cannot be modified specifically defining how blocks are
or removed, making it immutable means generated, connected, and secured.
cannot changed. Blockchain is a decentralized, Where necessary, smart contracts are
digital logbook that records transactions across created to process context on the
multiple computers in a secure and Protected blockchain, e.g., checking user identity
manner. Instead of depending on a central for authentication purposes.
authority, it ensures trust through cryptography Nodes/computers are configured so as to
and Coordination techniques [5] . create the decentralized network, so that
Suppose a bunch of friends share a shared no single entity can control the system.
digital notebook to record payments for a The blockchain is then put through the
vacation. Rather than having one bookkeeper paces of security, scalability and
keep track, each friend has a copy of the performance and deployed. Live the
book. When someone makes a payment (say,
food or transportation), the payment is added

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system is the target of continuous monitoring in the world, the blockchain technology
and evolution, to combat security flaws or can conveniently enable better user
enhance the behaviour. Blockchain works by authentication in web portals. Unlike
recording transactions in a secure, transparent, traditional methods of passwords and
and immutable manner. If a user starts a two-factor authentication, which can be
transaction it is transmitted to a node network easily hacked, phishing-ed or breached,
with the goal of verification. Confirmed blockchain can eliminate these problems
transactions are aggregated in blocks that with its unique features of
include a list of transactions, a pointer to the decentralization, cryptography and
block prior, and an identity. The network immutability. Here are some of the ways
nodes, based on a consensus mechanism, will which blockchain can enables better user
agree the validity of the block and then will authentication in web services portals.
include that block in the blockchain. After its
introduction, the block is chained to the 2.1.1. Blockchain Technology And
current one, in that it inherits the identity of Strong User Verification Systems
the previous one. Due to the decentralized Blockchains utilize computers which are
structure of the network, the collected data is referred to as nodes and the data is not
not controlled by any one party, and thanks to stored centrally. This means that it can
cryptography, data is tampered evident. This eliminate the need for hackers to target
decentralization, transparency and user credentials stored on a singular
immutability provide blockchain with the server that is prone to attacks. Therefore,
potential for use in secure authentication, Blockchains can enhance cyber security
finance, and supply chain management, etc. by enabling the control of sensitive
Some of the advantages of employing information to only authorized personnel.
blockchain in identity management have For instance, instead of a standard
already been suggested: password, a blockchain system could
Decentralized: The data maintained by the replace it with a set of cryptographic
blockchain has no centralized authority sets. There is a private key that the user
controlling. This means blockchain is only knows and a public key which the
distributed across multiple nodes, meaning no web portal can share. This way whenever
single entity controls the entire network. the user wants to log in into the system,
Tamper Resistant: The data committed to the their identity is verified using these keys
blockchain cannot be removed. Therefore, making the process much more secure
historical actions on the blockchain cannot be and user friendly while eliminating the
modified and all the modifications performed risk of password hacking.
are traceable.
Cost saving: Shared identity data can result in 2.1.2. Methods In Which Blockchain
a cost reduction for relying parties. In addition, Technology Has Helped Reduce Attacks
the size of replicated data in database is Web Portal phishing and other cyber-
minimized. attacks can be efficiently minimized
User control: User never loses control of his with the use of blockchain technology.
digital identity even when he loses access to Here’s how these systems can be secure
any specific service. All the above-mentioned integrated:
points sum up to utilize blockchain network Data Breaches: One of the primary
for authentication. advantages of blockchain technology is the
decentralization of its nature. Information is
2.1. How Blockchain Can spread around a network with multiple nodes,
Improve Authentication therefore in the unreal instance a hacker
With the rapid growth of web service usage manages to break

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into one node, there is no central hub of [9].

information to target. Each node operates in a
network, meaning you are always going to be 2.2. Challenges and Limitations of Using
secured. Blockchain for Web Portal Authentication
Man-in-the-Middle Attacks: When using a Even though blockchain technology can
blockchain system, information is encrypted enhance the web portal's authentication, it
making it almost impossible for attackers to has its challenges and shortcomings. There
intercept crucial and confidential information. are certain issues that need special attention
Password Reuse: Risks of weak or easily in order to
guessable passwords are something that no allow successful execution and greater
user should worry about when using acceptance of the technology. Let's analyze
blockchain, because it rids the need of these concerns one by one:
passwords entirely. The Limits of Scalability
Difficulty: Most public blockchain
2.1.3. ExamplesofBlockchain- networks, like Bitcoin and Ethereum, are
BasedAuthentication Models restricted to a low allowance of transactions
In order to facilitate better web system security per second, making their efficiency very
and user privacy, several blockchain-based low for large-scale web portals. This is
authentication models have been developed. A particularly true for web portals that have
few of them are listed below: millions of users.
Self-Sovereign Identity (SSI) Remedy: Utilize private or consortium
A Self-Sovereign Identity model allows users blockchains, which in addition to solving
to have full control of their identity the scalability problem, are also quicker.
information. Instead of a government or larger Alternatively, one could implement Layer-2
body validating their identity, users themselves solutions, like sidechains or off-chain
store their credentials in a blockchain. Users transactions.
can then provide only required information to Proof of Work (PoW)
the services without exposing their identity. blockchains are slow and serve as an uncost
For example, a user can prove they are an adult friendly approach. For this reason, the
without revealing their actual date of birth. extensive energy and computational effort
Decentralized Identifiers (DIDs) required to move vast amounts of data
DIDs, Decentralized Identifiers, are new kinds renders them inefficient borders on
of identifiers that users can create and manage crippling environmental degradation.
on a blockchain. This can be useful to login Difficulty: Operating any blockchain
into web portals without the need for a system that implements PoW takes
password and account username. Since DIDs substantial energy and didactic The energy
are recorded on a blockchain, they are safe, and fossil fuel consumption required is
unalterable, and impossible to replicate. preceded by massive data deployment. This
Blockchain-Based Single Sign-On (SSO) renders it expensive and environmentally
SSO is a service that allows a user to access unfriendly
multiple applications with one single account. Remedy: The solution to this is shifting to a
Instead of using a centralized service like less demanding energy-efficient method of
Google or Facebook, it is possible to use SSO PoS, or making use of private blockchain
on blockchain to decentralize identity systems. In addition, implementing more
verification. efficient computational power would also
Password reuse is not one of the more lend succor to the hurdle.
worrying aspects when it comes to security, Challenges in Implementation
but paired with cyber-attacks makes it a Problem: The technological barriers
serious threat that can be eliminated through associated with the integration of
the implementation of blockchain blockchain into legacy web portals has a
technology
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combination of high difficulty and higher Lack of Awareness and Adoption

effort. It needs skills in blockchain, Problem: Slow adoption of blockchain
cryptography, and networking. technology can be traced to the lack of
Solution: Simplifying the integration information and the ignorance of many
process through the supply of blockchains users and companies, specifically for the
frameworks and tools, or through authentication purpose on web portals.
affiliation with blockchain service Solution: Ease the transition by training and
providers. supporting businesses and users so that they
Problems of Usability understand the value blockchain can bring.
Problem: Users in blockchain systems are often
required to perform key management tasks, 3. Comparison Blockchain Authentication
which includes losing their keys. In such cases, with Traditional Authentication Methods
users will not have the ability to regain access to The discrepancies between Blockchain
their accounts. authentication and traditional methods of
Solution: Developing less complex key authentication are very distinct in the scope
management hardware, such as hardware of security, user experience, expense, and
wallets, greatly simplifies the processes for non- execution. Passwords, two-factor
technical users. authentication (2FA), and single sign-on
Compliance and Governance Problems. (SSO) are traditional methods of
Problem: The decentralized structure that authentication that operate on a centralized
defines blockchain technology stands at odds model where user credentials are kept in a
with granular controls imposed by regulations, single database. This means that they can
such a Europe’s GDPR or CCPA in the United easily be a victim of data breaches, hacking,
States. and phishing. For instance, a hacker who
Solution: Creating a blockchain system that is gains access to the central database can
capable of satisfying compliance requirements easily extract all the stored passwords or
by not storing user data on a blockchain, only credentials which poses user accounts at a
encrypted data, or using a hybrid approach that risk [9]. Furthermore, traditional methods
incorporates blockchain and traditional often employ the use of multiple passwords
databases. that users have to remember, which typically
Security Risks results in weaker password selection or them
Problem: Even though blockchain’s features being re-used among different platforms
provide security, it can still be attacked. Some which is an added security threat.
such as 51% attacks (where one entity controls On the other hand, Blockchain authentication
most of the network) as well as issues related to takes a more decentralized perspective where
smart contracts may disrupt the system [9]. user data is not saved in one location but is
Solution: Thorough security audits, the use of distributed across a network of computers
formal verification techniques for smart (nodes) [9]. This particular aspect makes it
contracts, and strong encryption methods solved extremely challenging for hackers to
the problem. compromise the system because there is no
Cost of Maintenance centralized point in the system that can be
Problem: Blockchain deals also come at a price, exploited. In addition, blockchain does not
the upkeep of hardware, software, and networks give passwords, but rather, authentication
is an endless cost, especially to novices in the through cryptographic key. In this case, users
business world have a private key that they know and a
Solution: cloud-based blockchain as a service public
(BaaS) significantly cuts infrastructure and key shared with the system that helps in
additive maintenance costs. confirming their identity.
This method is safer since private keys are
significantly less easy to be stolen or guessed

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than passwords. Additionally, blockchain's

immutability guarantees that data once written
can never be changed or hacked, adding another
layer of protection. Another significant
distinction is transparency and user control. Most
traditional authentication techniques necessitate
users to expose personal data, like email or phone Fig. Performance Comparison of Traditional
numbers, to centralized authorities [9]. This is and Blockchain Authentication Across Key
privacy-worrying because users lack full control Criteria
over their data storage or usage. Blockchain, in
contrast, gives users complete autonomy over 3.1 Steps for Implementing Blockchain in
their identity details using schemes such as Self- web portals
Sovereign Identity (SSI). Users are free to reveal Deploying blockchain on web portals is a
just the needed details to web portals without series of processes to make the system
divulging their complete identity, boosting secure, efficient, and user-friendly.
security and privacy [7]. Here's a step-by-step description of the
Blockchain authentication does come with some process:
challenges. It is potentially more complicated and
expensive to adopt than conventional approaches. 3.1.1. Define the Use Case
For instance, cryptographic key management can Begin by articulating the exact problem
be problematic for non-technical individuals, and that you wish to address with blockchain.
losing a private key lead to permanent loss of For web portals, it may be strengthening
account access. Moreover, blockchain networks, authentication, securing data, or
particularly public ones, are subject to scalability facilitating decentralized identity
challenges, thus being slower and less efficient management.
for extensive use. Legacy methods, although less Example: Applying blockchain for safe
secure, are easier, more intuitive, and less user authentication to substitute for
complex to implement, hence why they are still conventional password-based systems.
so popular.
In cost, legacy authentication methods are 3.1.2. Select the Blockchain Type
cheaper to install and run, as they use known Decide to go with a public, private, or
technologies and infrastructure. Blockchain, consortium blockchain depending on
however, needs high investment in hardware, your requirements:
software, and human resources, particularly for Public Blockchain: Available to all (e.g.,
private or consortium blockchains. In spite of all Ethereum, Bitcoin). Good for
these challenges, blockchain provides a more transparency but slow and less scalable.
secure, transparent, and user-oriented way of Private Blockchain: Limited to certain
authentication and is a very promising solution users (e.g., Hyperledger). More scalable
for the future. By overcome its shortcomings, and faster but less decentralized.
including scalability and user experience, Consortium Blockchain: Managed by a
blockchain can replace or complement existing set of organizations. Achieves
authentication systems, offering a safer and more decentralization and control [1].
convenient means to check identities in web
portals [7]. 3.1.3. Select a Consensus Mechanism
Select a consensus mechanism to
validate transactions and keep the
blockchain secure. Popular options are:
Proof of Work (PoW): Secure but highly
energy-intensive
Proof of Stake (PoS): Energy efficient

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and quicker. Keep a close eye on the system in the

Practical Byzantine Fault Tolerance (PBFT): initial phase to fix any problems.
Good for private blockchains.
3.1.10. Educate Users
3.1.4. System Architecture Design Provide training and assistance to assist
Sketch out the system architecture of the users in understanding and transitioning to
blockchain-based authentication system the new system:
Describe how user credentials will be saved Describe how to handle cryptographic
and authenticated. keys or tokens.
Make a decision on using smart contracts for Provide tools such as tutorials or FAQs.
automating functions.
Design the user interface for easy integration 3.1.11. Maintain and Upgrade
with the web portal. Regularly monitor the system for
performance and security concerns.
3.1.5. Create Smart Contracts Regularly update the system to handle
Smart contracts are programs that execute vulnerabilities or enhance
automatically on the blockchain. They can be functionality.
used to automate processes such as user
authentication or access management. 3.1.12. Real-World Use Cases of
Example: A smart contract might Blockchain Authentication
authenticate user credentials and provide Practical application of blockchain-based
access to the web portal if the credentials are authentication systems is picking up pace in
valid. numerous industries because more and
more customers are looking for secure,
3.1.6. Configure the Blockchain Network privacy-focused digital identity solutions.
Establish the blockchain network by creating Many real-worluses show thecapacity of
nodes (computers) that will be part of the system. blockchain technology to transform legacy
Make the network decentralized and secure by authentication mechanisms.
installing nodes in more than one location. Civic is one such service that leverages
3.1.7. Web Portal Integration blockchain
Integratetheblockchain-basedauthentication to
system with the web portal: provide a decentralized identity
Replace login forms with blockchain-based verification
authentication (e.g., cryptographic keys or service. Through the use of the
tokens). Ethereum blockchain and its hybrid key
Make sure that the integration is seamless and management system, Civic enables
will not interfere with the user experience. users to confirm identities without
continuously
3.1.8. Testing of the System exposing sensitive personal details [2].
Perform extensive testing to make the system Its architecture
secure, scalable, and user-friendly: keeps identity information on the user's
Test for vulnerabilities like hacking or data device securely
breaches. stored while the blockchain tracks
Test high traffic to ensure scalability. status for verification, reducing the
Get user feedback to enhance the interface and risks of data breaches and identity
functionality. fraud.
Civic's methodology is commonly
3.1.9. Deploy the System applied in industries that need strict
After testing, implement the blockchain-based Know Your Customer (KYC)
authentication system on the web portal. compliance, like financial institutions

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and online voting platforms. for authentication. Utilizing decentralized

Consequently, uPort offers another identifiers and verifiable credentials, Serto
substantial example facilitates secure interactions between
of a self-sovereign identity solution based on organizations and individuals without
the Ethereum blockchain. It allows users to invading privacy. Its solutions find particular
define and control applicability in industries such as healthcare,
their digital identities themselves, without supply chain, and finance, where identity
having to verification must be both secure and
depend on a central governing body. Users efficient.
are in full These real-world applications demonstrate the
control of their credentials and selectively revolutionary effect of blockchain
share technology on digital verification. Through
data as desired. This decentralized approach decentralizing identity management and
improves improving privacy, these platforms overcome
privacy and blocks unauthorized access to most of the shortcomings of conventional
data, thus verification methods [4].
making uPort a perfect solution for digital
identity authentication across diverse web 3. 4.Conclusion
applications. The authors suggest that blockchain
Hyperledger Indy is another example of how technology presents an effective solution to
blockchain is used in authentication. As one augment authentication in web portals by
of the overcoming the shortfalls of conventional
Hyperledger projects, Indy is a toolkit for methods such as passwords and two-factor
building decentralized, privacy-protecting authentication. Its secure, decentralized, and
digital transparent technology renders it extremely
identities. Indy's architecture enables the effective in thwarting cyber threats like
issuance of phishing and data breaches, with added user
verifiable credentials and DIDs, with the control over identity information. Regardless
assurance that of obstacles such as scalability, expenses, and
users maintain sole control over their digital user experience, the potential of blockchain
identity. Hyperledger Indy has been implemented technology to change authentication is beyond
by enterprises, educational institutions, and question. By embracing blockchain, web
government agencies to improve their identity portals will be able to develop a more secure,
management systems and decrease their reliance streamlined, and user-centric authentication
on centralized databases. system, opening the door for a safer digital
Microsoft's Identity Overlay Network (ION) is future. More research and innovation are
yet another great example, based on the Bitcoin required to overcome current hurdles and
blockchain. ION is designed to be a scalable unlock blockchain's full potential in this area.
decentralized identity
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