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Light Chapter10

The document provides an overview of light, its properties, and behavior, including reflection and refraction. It explains concepts such as the laws of reflection, types of mirrors, and the formation of real and virtual images. Additionally, it covers lenses, their types, and the lens formula, along with the concept of refractive index and power of a lens.

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probou58
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44 views10 pages

Light Chapter10

The document provides an overview of light, its properties, and behavior, including reflection and refraction. It explains concepts such as the laws of reflection, types of mirrors, and the formation of real and virtual images. Additionally, it covers lenses, their types, and the lens formula, along with the concept of refractive index and power of a lens.

Uploaded by

probou58
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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LIGHT

Light: Definition
Light is a form of energy that enables us to see things. Light
starts from a source and bounces off objects which are perceived
by our eyes and our brain processes this signal, which eventually
enables us to see.

Nature of Light
Light behaves as a:

 ray, e.g. reflection


 wave, e.g. interference and diffraction
 particle, e.g. photoelectric effect

Reflection of Light
When the light is allowed to fall on highly polished surface,
such as mirror, most of the light gets reflected.

Laws of Reflection
1. The angle of incidence is always equal to angle of reflection.
<i = <r
2. The incident ray, reflected ray and the normal to the reflecting
surface at the point of incidence lie in the same plane.
Plane mirror
Any flat and polished surface that has almost no irregularities on
its surface that reflect light is called as a plane mirror.

Characteristics of image formed by plane mirror


1) Virtual (imaginary) & Erect (Virtual means the image that do
not form onscreen.)
2) Laterally inverted (The left side of object appears on right side
of image)
3) The size of image is equal to that of object.
4. The image formed is as for behind the mirror as the object is in
front of it.

Real and virtual image

Real virtual
Formed when light rays actually Formed when light rays appears
meets to meet
Can be obtained on screen Can’t be obtained on screen
inverted erect
e.g image formed on cinema e.g. image formed by plane
screen mirror

Reflection of light by spherical Mirrors


Mirrors, whose reflecting surface are curved inward or outward
spherically are called spherical mirror.
For example - Spoon The curved surface of shinning spoon can be
considered as curved mirror.
If it is curved inward Act as concave mirror
If it is curved outward Act as a convex mirror
Basic terms related to Spherical Mirror
1. Principal axis: Line joining the pole and centre of curvature of
the spherical mirror.
2. Pole: The geometrical central point of the reflecting spherical
surface (aperture), denoted by (P).
3. Aperture: The width of reflecting spherical surface.
4. Centre of curvature: The reflecting surface of a spherical
mirror form a part of sphere. It has a centre, which is known as
centre of curvature, denoted by(C).
5. Radius of curvature: The separation between the pole and
the centre of curvature. i.e. PC = R
6. Focus point: The point on the principal axis, where all parallel
rays meet after reflection, denoted by (F)
7. Focal length: The length between the pole and focus point i.e.
PF = f
8. Relationship between focal length and Radius of curvature.
F = 2R
Rules for Image formation by spherical Mirror
a) Remember, A say of light which is parallel to principle axis
always pass through focus (meet at focus) or vice-versa.

b) A ray of light which passes through centre of curvature (it


is also known as normal at the point of incidence on
spherical mirror) will retrace their path after reflection.
c) A ray of light falling on pole get reflected at the same
angle on the other side of principal axis.

Note : A ray of light passes through centre of curvature reflecting


spherical surface is always act as normal at the point of
incidence. If we know the normal we can draw angle of incidence
and angle of reflection.

Uses of Concave Mirror


1. Used in torches, search light and headlight of vehicle.
2. Used to see large image of face as shaving mirror
3. Used by dentist to see large images of the teeth
4. Large concave mirror used to focus sunlight (heat) in solar
furnaces.
Uses of Convex Mirror
1. Used as rear-view mirror in vehicles because it gives erect
image. It also helps the driver to view large area.
Sign Convention for Reflection by Spherical Mirror
1. The object is always placed to the left side of mirror.
2. All distance should be measured from pole (P); parallel to
principal axis.
3. Take 'P' as origin. Distances measured
Right of the origin (+ x - Axis) are taken positive
Left of the origin (– x-Axis) are taken negative
Perpendicular to and above principal axis (+y-Axis) are taken
positive
Perpendicular to and below principal axis (–y-Axis) are taken
negative

Note: Draw all ray formation by yourself.

Mirror formula:
𝟏 𝟏 𝟏
= +
𝑭 𝑽 𝑼
Where,
F = focal length
V = image distance
U = object distance
And F=R/2
Magnification,
It is expressed as the ratio of the height of the image to
height of the object.

𝐡𝐞𝐢𝐠𝐡𝐭 𝐨𝐟 𝐢𝐦𝐚𝐠𝐞 ℎ′
m= =
𝐡𝐞𝐢𝐠𝐡𝐭 𝐨𝐟 𝐨𝐛𝐣𝐞𝐜𝐭 ℎ
−𝑉
m=
𝑈

ℎ′ −𝑉
m= =
ℎ 𝑈

REFRACTION OF LIGHT
Refraction of Light: Happens in Transparent medium when a
light travels from one medium to another, refraction takes place.
A ray of light bends as it moves from one medium to another
Refraction is due to change in the speed of light as it enters
from one transparent medium to another. Speed of light
decreases as the beam of light travel from rarer medium to the
denser medium.

Some Commonly observed phenomenon due to Refraction


1. The stone at the bottom of water tub appear to be raised.
2. A fish kept in aquarium appear to be bigger than its actual
size.
3. A pencil partially immersed in water appears to be displaced at
the interface of air and water.

Refraction through a Rectangular Glass Slab


When a incident ray of light AO passes from a rarer medium (air)
to a denser medium (glass) at point. O on interface AB, it will
bends towards the normal. At pt O1, on interface DC the light ray
entered from denser medium (glass) to rarer medium (air) here
the light ray will bend away from normal OO1is a refracted ray
OB is an emergent ray. If the incident ray is extended to C, we
will observe that emergent ray O1B is parallel to incident ray. The
ray will slightly displace laterally after refraction.

Laws of refraction of light-


1. The incident ray, the refracted ray and the normal to the
interface of two transparent media at the point of incidence, all lie
in the same plane.
2. The ratio of sine of angle of incidence to the sine of angle of
refraction is a constant ie.
sin 𝑖
=constant
sin 𝑟
For given color and pair of media, this law is also known as Snells
Law

Refractive Index
The refractive index of glass with respect is air is given by ratio of
speed of light in air to the speed of light in glass.

C ® Speed of light in vacuum = 3´108 m/s


Speed of light in air is marginally less, compared to that in
vacuum.
Refractive index of air with respect to glass is given by

Spherical Lens
A transparent material bound by two surface, of which one or
both surfaces are spherical, forms a lens.
CONVEX LENS
A lens may have two spherical surfaces, bulging outwards, is
called double convex lens (or simply convex lens). It is also
known as converging lens because it converges the light.
CONCAVE LENS
A lens bounded by two spherical surfaces, curved inwards is
known as double concave lens (or simply concave lens)
It is also known as diverging lens because it diverges the light.

Few Basic Terms related to spherical lens.

1. Centre of curvature - A lens, either a convex lens or a


concave lens has two spherical surfaces. Each of these surfaces
forms a part of sphere. The centre of these two spheres are called
centre of curvature represented by C1 and C2.
2. Principal axis - Imaginary straight line passing through the
two centers of curvature
3. Optical Centre - The central point of lens is its optical centre
(O). A ray of light, when passes through 'O' it remains undeviated
i.e. it goes straight.
4. Aperture - The effective diameter of the circular outline of a
spherical lens.

Note: for ray diagram refer s chand or book


Lens formula
𝟏 𝟏 𝟏
= -
𝑭 𝑽 𝑼

magnification

ℎ′ 𝑉
m= =
ℎ 𝑈

Power of Lens
The degree of convergence or divergence of light ray achieved by
a lens is known as power of a lens.
It is defined as the reciprocal of its focal length Represented by P.
Unit of power of a lens is dioptre and it is denoted by D.

1
P=
𝑓(𝑚 )
Most importantly go through book for more concepts and
diagrams.

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