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Tuples (Python)

This document covers the basics of tuples in Python, including their creation, access, and properties such as immutability. It explains how to create tuples using parentheses and commas, access their elements through indexing, and highlights the differences between tuples and lists. Additionally, it discusses how to handle tuples containing mutable elements like lists and the implications of tuple immutability.

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31 views17 pages

Tuples (Python)

This document covers the basics of tuples in Python, including their creation, access, and properties such as immutability. It explains how to create tuples using parentheses and commas, access their elements through indexing, and highlights the differences between tuples and lists. Additionally, it discusses how to handle tuples containing mutable elements like lists and the implications of tuple immutability.

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12.4 Tuple Functions and Methods 122. Creating and Accessing Tuples 32.5. Indrecly Modifying Tuples 123° Tuple Operations is chapter is dedicated to basic tuple mani creating and accessing tuples, built-in functions. ipulation in Python, We shall be talking about various tuple operations and tuple manipulations through some 12.2 Creating and Accessing Tuples A tuple is a standard data type of Python that can store a sequence of values belonging to any type. The Tuples are depicted through parentheses ie, round brackets, e,, following are some tuples in Python : O ‘# tuple with no member, empty tuple (2.2.3), # tuple of integers (1, 2.5, 3.7, 9) # tuple of numbers (integers and floating point) (a0, '¢) # tuple of characters (a, 1,"b, 3.5, zero’) _# tuple of mixed value types Cone’, "Two!, Three!) # tuple of strings | OTE Before we proceed and discuss how to create tuples, one thing that Tuples are immutable sequences Tuples are immutable (i.¢., non-modifiable) _°f PYthoni.e., you cannot change ge elements of a tuple in place. elements of a tuple in place. 397 98 12.2.1 Creating Tuples Creating a tuple is similar to list creation, but het parentheses. That is, use round brackets to in« the items by commas. For example + (2,4, 6) (abe, 'def) (2, 2.0, 3, 4.0) oO Thus to create a tuple you can write in the form given below acy value, . » This construct is known as a tuple display construct. 3. Long tuples 1. The Empty Tuple The empty tuple is ( ). It is the tuple equi- valent of 0 or”. You can also create an empty tuple ai T=tuple() Tt will generate an empty tuple and name that tuple as T. 2. Single Element Tuple Making a tuple with a single element is tricky because if you just give a single element in round brackets, Python considers it a value only, e.g., (1) was treated as a integer expression, hence 1 stores an integer 1, not a tuple To construct a tuple with one element just add a comma after the single element as shown below : doo t=3, aot Both these ways @,) wil reat tuples >>> t2=(4,) >>> t2 (45) Creating Tuples from Existing Sequences You can also use the built-in tuple type object the syntax given below : T = tuple() where can be any kind of sequence object including strings, lists and tuples. re you need to put a number of ex te the start and end of the tuple, and 4. Nested tuples (tuple( ) ) to create tuples from sequences aS) COMPUTER SCIENCE WITH PYTHON _ Consider some more examples : Ifa tuple contains many elements, then enter such long tuples, you can splitit several lines, as given below : sqrs = (0, 1, 4, 9, 16, 25, 36, 49, 64, 81, 100, 121, 144, 169, 196, 256, 289, 324, 361, 400, 441, 484, 529, 576, 625) Notice the opening parenthesis and parenthesis appear just in the beginning: end of the tuple. If a tuple contains an element which is tuple itself then it is called nested tuple: following is a nested tuple : t1=(2, 2, (3, 4)) The tuple tl has three elements in it:1,2: @, 4). The third element of tuple t1 isa’ itself, hence, t1 is a nested tuple. Note Tuples are formed by comma-separated | tuple expressions in parentheses: -0) chapter 12 + TUPLES 39! python creates the individual elements of the tuple from the individual elements of passed sequence: If you pass in another tuple, the tuple function makes a copy: Consider following examples ; >>> t1 = tuple(‘hello') rere) Tapes created fom another sequence «ting “hello” poet ‘It generated individual elements from the individual (tt, es T >>> L=[W, "er, >>> t2=tuple(L) >>> t2 Cw 'e rt Y) You can use this method of creating tuples of single characters or single digits via keyboard input. Consider the code below : t1 = tuple( input(‘Enter tuple elements:')) Enter tuple elements : 234567 >>> t 4 See, it created the elements of tuple t1 (2,°3,°8,'5,°8, 7) See, with tuple( ) around inputt ), even if you not put parenthesis, it will create a tuple using individual characters as elements. But most commonly used method to input tuples is eval(input( )) as shown below Tuple (2 is created from another sequence - alist L 1k generated individual elements from the individual elements ofthe passed list L using each of the character inputs tuple = eval (input ("Enter tuple to be added:")) print (“Tuple you entered :", tuple) when you execute it, it will work somewhat like Enter tuple to be added: (2, 4, "a", "hjkjl”, [3,4]) Tuple you entered : (2, 4, "a", "hikjl", [3,4]) Ifyou are inputting a tuple with eval(), then make sure to enclose the tuple elements in parenthesis. Please note sometimes (not always) eval( ) does not work in Python shell. At that time, you can run it through a script too. IP) 12.1 write « program to create three tuples | from the inputs given below : Togrr m ()“abeder” (i)3, 4, 5, 6 (ii) (21, 12, 13] 4s per the code given below considering yam the three inputs of example 1 P 12.2 What will be the types of t1, t2, t3 created og E t1=eval(input("Enter input for tuplei : ")) ‘1 =tuple(eval (input(“Enter input for tuple } t2=eval(input("Enter input for tuple2 : *)) ‘$2 tuple(eval input("Enter input for tuple2 3 = eval(input (“Enter input for tuple3 : *)) +3 = tuple(eval (input("Enter input for tuple3 : print (“Type of t1 :", type(t1) ) Print ("Tuple 1 :", t1) print("Type of t2 :", type(t2) ) Print("Tuple 2 :", 2) print("Type of t3 :", type(t3) Print("Tuple 3 :", t3) ee Enter input for tuplel : “abcdef" Enter input for tuple2 : 3,4, 5, 6 Enter input for tuple} : [11, 12, 13] Tuple 1: (‘a’, ‘b’, ‘c’, ‘a’, ‘e’, ‘f7) Tule 2: G, 4, 5, 6) Tuple 3: (i, 12, 13) Enter input for tuplel : “abcdef” Enter input for tuple2 : 3, 4, 5, 6 Enter input for tuple3 : [11, 12, 13] Type of tl : Type of t2 : Type of t3 : ‘As clear in program 12.2, the eval) decides the ‘ype depending upon the given input value, thus, we used tuple() along with evai() in program 1. single input value. t1= eval (input(“Enter input for tuple : print ("Created tuple is:", 1) N Enter input for tuple : 67, Created tuple is: (67,) Notice that we must puta comma? after a single element, in onder to be considered asa tuple 12.3. Write a program to create a tuple with a : COMPUTER SCIENCE WITH PYTHON ~ 12.4. Given below is a code, which is trying «9 create a tuple from a single element and ing rg sample run. Why is the created variable not of tuple type ? +1 = eval (input("Enter input for tuple : *)) print ("Type of t1:", type(tt) ) input m Enter input for tuple : 67 Type of tl: The above code is giving the type of created variable t1 of int type because, while entering a single value, no comma was added after it. Python will consider a single value of tuple type only ifit is followed by comma. Thus, to get the tuple type, Wwe must add a comma after the input value, iz. as: Enter input for tuple : 67, type of tl: »): 12.2.2 Accessing Tuples Tuples are immutable (non-editable) sequences having a progression of elements. Thus, other than editing items, you can do all that you can do with lists. Thus like lists, you can access its individual elements. Before we talk about that, let us learn about how elements are indexed in tuples. 12.2.2A Similarity with Lists Tuples are very much similar to lists except for the mutability. In other words, Tuples are immutable counter-parts of lists. Thus, like lists, tuple-elements are also indexed, i.e, forward indexing as 0, 1, 2, 3,... and backward indexing as ~1, -2, -3,... [See Fig 12.1(a)] tuplet = (a, 'e', 7, 0°, u') a (@) 5-4-3 2-1 < Backward indox o[ +1 that because some of thelr objects are larger than Coie Co aoa Te snare aR (o) 3 459 ‘somewhere else in memory. Figure 12.1 (a) Tuple Elements’ two way indexing (4) How tuples are internally organized. Thus, you can access the tuple elements just like you access a list’s or a string’s elements Tupleli] will give you element at i" index ; Tuple[a:b] will give you elements between indexes ato b-1 and so on. copter 12 + TUPLES put in other words, tuples are similar to lists in following, ways ; © Length. Function len(T) returns the number of items (count) in the tuple T. © Indexing and Slicing Ti] returns the item at index i (the first item has index 0), T[i:/] returns a new tuple, containing the objects between i and j excluding index j, ‘Tii :j: n] returns a new tuple containing every nth item from index i to j, excluding index j. Just like lists Membership operators. Both ‘in’ and ‘not in’ operators work on Tuples just like they work for other sequences. That is, in tells if an element is present in the tuple or not and not in does the opposite. ® Concatenation and Replication operators + and *. The + operator adds one tuple to the end of another. The * operator repeats a tuple. We shall be talking about these two operations in a later section 12.3 ~ Tuple Operations. Accessing Individual Elements ‘As mentioned, the individual elements 12.5. Write a program to print a tuple’s first three and of a tuple are accessed through their last three elements in the following manner indexes given in square brackets just | rogram 1st element, last element like lists. Consider the following 2nd element, 2nd last element example: 3rd element, 3rd last element >>> vowels = (‘a’, 'e’, ‘I’, ‘0, 'u) aay ‘t1 = eval (input ("Enter input for tuple : ")) rs print( t1[@], t1[-1] ) Be tere dt print( t4[1], ta[-2] ) i A print( t4[2], t1[-3] ) >>> vowels[- 1] 3 E Enter input for tuple : 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17, 18, 19 119 >>> vowels[- 5] RB ‘a Bi Recall that like strings, if you pass ina AJ OTE negative index, Fython adds the length of the. wnjieisédls ie MBe cle meHT Jollee nla Heeete tuple to the index to getits forward index. That inde, python asthe lenath of the tuple to she naox vo is, for a Gelement tuple T, TI-5] will be get element's forward index intemally computed as : TI-5+6]=TI[1J, and so on. To see Tuples vs sts 12.2.28 Difference from Lists ae Although tuples are similar to lists in many ways, yet there is an important Geel | difference in mutability of the two. Tuples are not mutable, while lists are. mee | You cannot change individual elements of a tuple in place, but lists allow ae You to do so. aa i ~~ 4 SCIENCE 402 COMPUTER SCIENCE WITH PYTHON That is, following statement is fully valid for lists a c (BUT not for tuples). That is, if we have a list L and a ee Te nd ac Se ipecienens but they are different in the sense that tuples ag is VALID for Lists. BUT immutable while lists are not. T[i] = element nn is INVALID as you cannot perform item-assignment in immutable types. EXAMPLE BM) Consider a tuple created as #1 = (11,21, 31, 42, 51). By mistake the 2nd las element ofthe tuple is entered as 42 in place of 41. And now, if we try to modify it using statement f1[-2] = 41, Python is giving erro there a way to accomplish this ? SOLUTION Python is giving error for t1[-2] = 41, because tuples are immutable types and we cannot change any of its element in place (item assignment not supported in tuples). But we ever need to change any element of a tuple, like this case, we can cast the tuple toa list type, modify the element and recast it to a tuple type. This trick is covered in section 12.5 and program 1214. 12.2.2C Immutable Types with Mutable Elements So now it is clear to you that immutable type like tuples cannot have item assignment, ie, you cannot change its elements. But what if a tuple contains mutable elements e.g., a list at its element? In that case, would you be able to modify the list elements of the tuple or not ? Well, read on. If a tuple contains mutable elements such lists or 7552-016 dictionaries, then tuple’s elements once assigned numbers will not change, but its individual mutable 1 i elements can change their own elements’ value HHS Tounderstand, go through the following example. Say you have a tuple which stores two elements of pose list types : 3 >>> numbers = ([1, 2, 3], [4, 5, 6]) o ! Internally, the above tuple will store its list elements as shown in adjacent figure. Now if you try to modify the elements of tuple To soe numbers by giving a statement like : ieee >>> numbers[1] = [1, 2, @] Ham Traceback (most recent call last) : F | File "", line 1, in a numbers[1] = [1, 2, @] a ‘Typetrror: ‘tuple’ object does not support item assignment cr ca) This is because, the above is trying to change the first element of tuple numbers but as tuples immutable, no matter what, the tuple numbers will always keep referring to its first list stored at address 8016, That isthe address ofits first list element will always remain 8016. But if you give a statement like >>> numbers[@][2] =@ a Pee ( Chat jpter 12 + TUPLES It will give no error. This is because, the tuple ath numbers’ elements’ memory addresses are not numbers changed; the tuple numbers is still referring to [_¢ ¢ same Python list objects stored at addresses 8016 and 9032 respectively. However, the list stored at r] address 8016 is now having different elements, 90: which is allowed as lists are mutable and their elements can change. So after the above 4 statement, internally the tuple numbers will be g like as shown adjacent figure (as you can see, the addresses of its list elements are unchanged) : eh So now if you print the numbers tuples, it will give you result as : >>> print(numbers) . S071 ([1, 2, @1, [4, 5, 61) Nore Solved problem 11 is based on this" immutable tuple can store mutable elements and its mutable elements’ individual elements can be changed. The immutable object's soncept. sFery, concer, elements are always the same Python object, but aren’t always the same abstract value. 12.2.2 Traversing a Tuple Recall that traversal of a sequence means accessing and processing each element of it. Thus traversing a tuple also means the same and same is the tool for it, iz, the Python loops. The for loop makes it easy to traverse or loop over the items in a tuple, as per following syntax : for in process each item here For example, following loop shows each item of a tuple T in separate lines = T= (PY, "tH, ‘0, 'n) Pp forainT: print (T[a]) The above loop will produce result as : How it works The loop variable a in above loop will be assigned the Tuple elements, one at a time. So, loop-variable a will be assigned ‘P’ in first iteration and hence ‘P’ will be printed; in second iteration, a will get element ‘y’ and ‘Y’ will be printed ; and so on. If you only need to use the indexes of elements to access them, you can use functions range() and. en() as per following syntax : or index in range(1en(T)): process Tuple[index] here Consider program 127 that traverses through a tuple using above format and prints each item of a tuple L in separate lines along with its index. 404 COMPUTER SCIENCE WITH PYTHON — x 12.6 Program to print elements of a tuple (‘Hello', “Isn’t”, ‘Python’, ‘fun’, “2”) in separate lines al ‘with element's both indexes (positive and negative). ogra m T= (Hello’, ‘Isn't’, Python’, "fun', '?) length = len(T) for a in range(1ength) : print (‘At indexes’, a, ‘and ', (a - length), ‘element :', T{a]) ‘At indexes 0 and -5 element : Hello ‘At indexes 1 and -4 element : Isn't ‘At indexes 2 and -3 element : Python ‘At indexes 3 and -2 element : fun ‘At indexes 4 and -1 element : 7 Now that you know about tuple traversal, let us talk about tuple operations. 12.3 Tuple Operations The most common operations that you perform with tuple include joining tuples and slicing tuples. In this section, we are going to talk about the same. 12.3.1 Joining Tuples Joining two tuples is very easy just like you perform addition, literally ;). The + operator, the concatenation operator, when used with two tuples, joins two tuples. Consider the example given below : >>> tpl = (1, 3, 5) >>> tpl2 = (6, 7, 8) >>> tpl1+ tpl2 The + operator concatenates two tuples ‘and ereates a new tuple uals (4, 3, 5, 6, 7, 8) ‘As you can see that the resultant tuple has firstly elements of first tuple Ist and followed by ‘elements of second tuple [s#2. You can also join two or more tuples to form a new tuple, €g., >>> tpl = (10, 12, 14) >>> tpl2 = (20, 22, 24) >>> tpl3 = (30, 32, 34) The + operator is used 10 concatenate >>> tpl = tpli + tpl2+ tp1347 thre individual tuples to get a new combined tu >>> tpl si Baty (10, 12, 14, 20, 22, 24, 30, 32, 34) ‘The + operator when used with tuples requires that both the operands must be of tuple types. You cannot add a number or any other value to a tuple. For example, following expressions will result into error : ‘tuple + number tuple + complex-number ERROR tuple + string . tuple +list Chopier 12 # TUPLES Consider the following examples : >>> tpl = (18, 12, 14) ‘Seo errors generated when anything frearcs Pan ‘other than a tuple is added to a tuple ‘TypeError: cah only concatenate tuple (not “int") to tuple >>> tpl + "abc" TypeError: can only concatenate tuple (not "str”) to tuple ‘The tuples being immutable, expand to a=a +b for a +=, where both a and b, are tuples. IMPORTANT Sometimes you need to concatenate a tuple (say tpl) with another J OTE tuple containing only one element. In that case, if you write A single value in ( ) is treated as statement like : single value not as tuple. That is, >>> tpl + (3) expressions (3) and. (‘a’) are . integer and string respectively Python will return an error like but (3,) and ‘a, ) are examples of tuples with single element. Typetrror: can only concatenate tuple (not “int") to tuple The reason for above error is that a number enclosed in ( ) is considered number only. To make it a tuple with just one element, just add a comma after the only element, i, make it (3,). Now Python won't return any error and successfully concatenate the two tuples. >>> tpl =(18, 12, 14, 20, 22, 24, 3@, 32, 34) >>> tpl + (3, ) <———— (1@, 12, 14, 20, 22, 24, 3, 32, 34, 3) Single element tuple Repeating or Replicating Tuples Like strings and lists, you can use * operator to replicate a tuple specified number of times, if tplt is (1, 3, 5), then p>> tpi #394 (1, 3, 5, 1, 3, 5, 1, 3, 5) Noe OTE 12.3.2 Slicing the Tuples i Se ee Tuple slices, like list-slices or string slices are the sub parts of the tuples, the + operator requires tuple extracted out. You can use indexes of tuple elements to both the operands as tuple-types; create tuple slices as per following format and the * operator requires a tuple and an integer as operands. seq=T[start:stop] eg., — The * operator repeats a tuple specifies ‘number of times and creates a new tuple The above statement will create a tuple slice namely seq having elements of tuple T on indexes start, start+1, start2, ...,stop-1. Recall that index on last limit is not included in the tuple slice. ‘The tuple slice is a tuple in itself that is you can perform all operations on it just like you perform on tuples. Consider the following example : >>> tp’ (10, 12, 14, 20, 22, 24, 30, 32, 34) >>>seq= tpl [ 3:-3] >>> seq (20, 22, 2a) Pe i COMPUTER SCIENCE WITH PYTHON « 9 For normal indexing, if the resulting index is outside the tuple, Bi as if IndexError exception, Slices are treated 4 — ristart:stop] creates» tuple seg iar Gea and the result "ail simply contain all aed cout of tuple T with elements between the boundaries. For the start and stop given Ree falling between indexes stort ang, tuple limits in a tuple slice, Python simply returns the element that fall between specified boundaries, if any. For example, consider the following : >>> tpl =(10, 12, 14, 20, 22, 24, 30, 32, 34) ; the sce ofthe tpl, but >>> tp] [3:38] ¢——————— Ginn upper limit ay beyond tea of ET (20, 22, 24, 30, 32, 34) ie ere ae >>> tpl [-15 :7] Seer ae (18, 12, 14, 20, 22, 24, 38) Giving lower limit much lower, but python returns elements {from tuple falling in range ~ 15 onwards <7 msecuti’ Tuples also support slice steps too. That is, if you want to extract, not om ae but other element of the tuple, there is a way out ~ the slice steps. The slice steps are used as per following format : seq=T[start:stop: step] Consider some examples to understand this, >>> tpl (10, 12, 14, 20, 22, 24, 3@, 32, 34) >>> tpl[@:10:2] ~~ Include every 2nd element, ie, skip | element ) in benveon. Check ruling tuple slice (10, 14, 22, 30, 34)*~ - >>> tpl[2:10:3] (a4, 24, 34) ) patie) ae stop given. Only step is given as 5, (18, 20, 30) ‘That is from the entire tuple, pick every 3d element forthe tuple Include every 5rd element, i. skip 2 element in between Consider some more examples : seq=T[::2] get every other item, starting with the first Seq=T[5::2] # get every other item, starting with the # sixth element, i.e., index 5 You can use the + and * operators with tuple slices too. For ll example, ifa tuple namely Tp has values as (2, 4, 5, 7, 8, 9, 11,12, Note 34), then : Tistart : stop: step] creates 2 af See, the * operation has multiples the ‘UME slice out of tuple T with >>> Tp [2:5] #3 ate sie and nt the a elements falling between (5,7, 8, 5,7, 8, 5, 7, 8) Indexes start and stop, nat >>> Tp[2:5] + (3, 4) Including stop, skipping step (SHAE) elt —— ow tr Serr hx oad elements in between, iver tuple 0 the ple slice SE cpr 122 TURES a 12.7 Waite a program to input a tuple and create two new tuples from lt, one containing Is every rd element in reverse order, starting from the last element another containing every alternate elements 5 siron _Uvng between 3rd 10 th elements i up = eval (input ("Enter input for tuple : ")) cae tuell Saal Enter input for tuple t 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10,11 ; 7 Two created tuples art tuple 1: (i, 8, 5, 2) Tuple 2: G3, 5, 7) 12.8 Given three tuples as shown below : (1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11) ryan (A, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10) | (1, 2, 3,4, 5, 6,7, 8, 9) Which of the above three tuples will produce the two tuples having identical elements but in reverse order as per the : code given below ? tup= eval (input ("Enter input for tuple : ")) Enter input for tuple : 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 12 ‘Two created tuples are : Tuple 1: (3, 5, 7) Tuple 2: (9, 7, 5) print ("Two created tuples are: print(“Tuple 2 :", t1) print(“Tuple 2 :", t2) Enter input for tuple | Two created tuples are | Thetuple (1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9) will Tuple 1: (3, 5, 7) give the two tuples having same qhunle 2 a6Snibad) elements in reverse order. Enter input for tuple : 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9 Two created tuples are : tuple 1: @, 5, 7) Tuple 2: (7, 5, 3) Comparing Tuples You can compare two tuples without having to >>> arb write code with loops for it. For comparing two, False tuples, you can using comparison operators, i.., Spas (oteratey <>, =; !rete. For comparison purposes, Python seas internally compares individual elements of two fan | tuples, applying all the comparison rules that you — have read earlier. Consider following code : od >>> a= (2, 3) True Gh otic for comparison purposes, >>> b= (2,3) ene bo>@= (2,3, 4) Phon ignored the ype of >>> aseb RTE, 422,056 lve nd compre as True (coal int and float with aiak nan ‘i | >ooce(2', 13!) femal You can refer to table 11.1 that discusses non- ; >> asec equality comparisons of two sequences. Elements in tuples are also compared on similar lines. False — Juces two tuples that co 12.9 For a specific tuple, the code given in the previous de Pate ‘example’s code) ty | elements in reversed order: Write a program (by modifying P' 1 ‘wo tuples contain the same elements in reversed order. a " ‘tup = eval (input ("Enter input for tuple ‘")) tls tup[ 2:8:2] i 2=tup[ -3:-9:-2] oo , t3=t2[::-1] ift3==t1: sed order.") print("The two tuples contain the same elements in rever: else: print("The two tuples contain different elements Eitersinputifon tuple : 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6,(75 8, 97 10, ‘11 The two tuples contain different elements. Enter input for tuple.:.1,)2, 3, 4,5, 6) 7.8, 9 The two tuples contain the same elements in reversed order. Unpacking Tuples oan eae a arial d Creating a tuple from a set of values is called ‘uple t Pe is: you! aa Packing and its reverse, i, creating individual @55i8nn eet values of these values from a tuple's elements is called unpacking _i"dividually print the somewhat like : Unpacking is done as per syntax : "The adjacent , , , . yield oe print (w) where the number of variables in the left side of print (x) assignment must match the number of elements print (y) in the tuple. For example, if we have a tuple as: melt t=(1, 2, ‘A, 'B) The length of above tuple tis 4 as there are four elements in it. Now to unpack it, we can write: WX Ys “Tuple unpacking requires that the ki ‘ariables on the left has the same number Ne eet eine elements as the length of the tuple” variables on LHS in parenthesis Guido van Rossom. 1 will give you same result 12.10 Write a program to input a 4-element tupl le and unpack it to four variables: Then recreate the fi with elements swapped as Ist element with 3rd and the 2nd element with the 4th element. rogram tup = eval (input (“Enter a4 element tuple : ")) a,b,c,d= tup print("Tuple unpacked in",a, b, c, d) 5 tup=c,d,a,b Nore print (“Tuple after swapping the elements:* » tup) Forming a tuple from indivic i is called packing at Enter a 4 elenent tuple : 10, 20, 30, 40 credtng tienda ee Tuple unpacked in 10 20 30 40 tuple’s elements is calle Tuple after swapping the elenents: (30, 40, 10, 20) unpacking, Fete | |. chop 12°» TUPLES Deleting Tuples ‘The del statement of Python is used to delete elements and objects but ae you know that tuples are immutable, which also means that individual elements of a tuple carinot be deleted, ic, if you give a code like : >>> del f1[2] Then Python will give you a message like : Traceback (most recent call last): File "", line 1, in del t1[2] TypeErrot “tuple' object doesn’t support item deletion But you can delete a complete tuple with del statement as : del For example, >>> tL= (5, 7, 3, 9, 12) >>> tl (5, 7, 3, 9, 12) >>> del t1 KE >>> print(t1) Traceback (most recent call last): File "," line 1, in print(t1) See, after using del statement on a tuple, if you try to INameError: name ‘ti? isnot defined «277i wccms/ mill #| Py gil ee a been deleted and this objets exists no more 12.4 Tuple Functions and Methods Python also offers many built-in functions and methods for tuple manipulation. You have already worked with one such method len( ) in earlier chapters. In this section, you will lear about many other built-in powerful tuple methods of Python used for tuple manipulation. Let | us now have a look at some useful built-in tuple manipulation methods. 1. The len( ) function This method returns length of the tuple, ie., the count of elements in the tuple. £2. The mox( ) function This method returns the element from the tuple having the maximum value. ya Syntax : | "NEES max() ~ Takes tuple name as argument and = Takes tuple name as argument and returns an integer. returns an object Example : E (the element with maximum value). >>> employee = (‘John’, 10000, 24, 'Sales') : . >>> len (employee) Seema Th ent) etna te Court op elements in the tuple COMPUTER SCIENCE WITH PYTHON — Example : >>> tpl = (10, 12, 14, 20, 22, 24, 30, 32, 34) 2>>.ax(tP1) 4 —————— asin sai fom cup Uh I reared 34 >>> tpl2 = (“karan", >>> max(tp12) “Zubin <————_steximum value rom tuple it2 is returned tubin", "Zara", "Ana' Please note that max() applied on sequences like tuples/lists etc. will return a maximum value ONLY IF the sequence contains values of the same type. If your tuple contains values of different datatypes then, it will give you an error stating that mixed type comparison is not possible @ >>> ab=(1, 2.5, "1", [3,4], (3,4) ) >>> max(ab) Typerrot (6) >>> ab= ([3,4], (3,4) ) >>> max(ab) >! not supported between instances of ‘str’ and ‘float TypeError: *>' not supported between instances of ‘tuple’ and ‘list’ 3. The min( ) function This method retums the element from the! tuple having the minimum value. Syntax min() — Takes tuple name as argument and returns 4an object (the element with minimum value) Example : : >>> tpl = (10, 12, 14, 20, 22, 24, 30, 32, 34) | >>> min(tpl) : 10 <—— Minimum value from tuple tpl is returned >>> tpl2 = ("Karan", "Zubin", "Zara", "Ana") >>> min(tp12) ‘Ana! <——— inimum value frov: tuple tp2 is retuned: Like max( ), for min() to work, the elements of ! tuple should be of the same type. 4. The sum( ) function ‘The sum( ) function takes the tuple sequence and returns the sum of the elements of the tuple. For sum() to work, the tuple must have : numeric elements. é Function sum( ) syntax works as per the following sum () where the is a tuple of elements whose sum is to be calculated. For example, consider the tuple val = (27, 34, 25, 40) : >>> sum( val ) 126 { The index( ) method | j The index( ) works with tuples in the same way it works with lists, That is, it returns the index of an existing element of a tuple. It is used as : . index () Example: >>> t1=[3, 4, 5, 6.0] >>> t1index(5) 2 But if the given item does not exist in tuple, it raises ValueError exception. penetra minimum element in a tuple, oro tup=eval(input("Enter a tuple : ")) nn =min(tup) print ("Minimum element", mn, \ “{s at index", tup.index(mn)) enter a tuple : 23, 22, 11, 9, 10, 15 winimum element 9 is at index 3 4, The couni( ) method ‘The count() method returns the count of a member element/object in a given sequence (isttuple). You can use the count( ) function | as per following syntax : | . count () 12.11 Write a program to print the index of the Example : pp t= (2, 4, 2, 5,7, 4, 8, 9, 9, 11, 7, 2) >>> t1.count (2) 3 <————_ There are 5 occurrence of element 2 Pe StIECOUMTE( 7) genomes ee ciromec onan 2 >>> tL. count (11) A Foranelement not in tuple, it returns 0 (zero). 12.12 Write a program to input a tuple and check if it contains the all elements as} rosa ma same. tup = eval (input (“Enter a tuple : ")) In= len(tup) num = tup. count (tup[@]) if num==1n: prine("Tuple contains all the same elenents.") | else: print("Tuple contains different elements.) Enter a tuple : 23,23,23,23 Tuple contains all the same elements. 7. The sorted( ) function | This function takes the name of a tuple’ as a1 argument and returns a new sorted list with It works as per the following syntax : sorted(, (reverse = False] )9 where = is the tuple tobe sorted = argument reverse is optional and takes a boolean value. If reverse argument is missing, (or set to False), then the tuple elements are sorted in ascending order. If reverse argument is set to True, then the tuple elements are sorted in the reverse order (descending). For example, for a tuple val = (27, 34, 25, 40), sorted( ) will work as >>> sval = sorted(val) >>> sval +——__ see, the sorted( ) created a new list which is sored in ascending order of [25, 27, 34, 40] the elements >>> rsval = sorted( val, reverse = True) >>> rsval +——__ See, the sorted ) with argument reverse = True, created a new list [40, 34, 27, 25] which is sorted in descending order of the elements Please note that the sorfed( ) function will always output the result of list type. The tuple{ ) method This method is actually the constructor method that can be used to create tuples from different types of values. It works as per the following syntax : tuple() ~ Takes an optional argument of sequence type ; Returns a tuple. — With no argument, it returns empty tuple Example : © Creating empty tuple >>> tuple() 10) © Creating tuple from a string >>> t = tuple(“abc") >>o>t (a,b, 'c) ee elements in it. | | The sorted() function can take argument of any iterable sequence type like lists, tuples etc., butiitretums always sorted lst. a” 12 COMPUTER SCIENCE WITH PYTHO} © Creating a tuple from a list ‘The tuple( ) and list( ) are constructors >>> t= tuple([1,2,3]) you create tuples and lists respectively >t {passed sequence, This feature can be exploit (2, 2,3) | asa trick to modify tuple, which otherwise. ai not possible. Following section talks about same. © Creating a tuple from keys of a dictionary >>> t= tuple ( {1:"1", 2:"2"}) 12.13 Write a program to input a tuple >>> t1 i sort its elements. At the end of Hee program, all the elements of the tiple As you can notice that, Python has considered: "8°" ‘should be sorted in ascending order, only the keys of the passed dictionary to create tuple. But one thing that you must ensure is td = eval(input ("Enter a tuple : ")) that the tuple( ) can receive argument of Ast = sorted(t1) a iterable sequence types only, i.e, either a string. t1= tuple(1st) ‘ ora list or even a dictionary. Any other type of ! print(“Tuple after sorting:", t1) value will lead to an error. See below : i >>> t = tuple(1) il enter a tuple : 23, 22, 11, 9, 10, 159m tuple after sorting: (9, 10, 11, 15, 22, TypeError: ‘int’ object is not iterable Summary of Tuples Manipulation Functions ond Methods [etior| Function / Method | i Description 1, |1en() This function returns length of the tuple, ___| elements in the tuple. a 2. |max() This function returns the element from the tuple having “" maximum value. ; 3. |min() This function returns the element from the tuple having’ ___ | minimum val a 4, | sum () The sum( ) function takes the tuple sequence and returns tit | sum of the elements of the tuple. 5. | ctuplename> . index () ‘The index( ) method works with tuples in the same way. works with lists. That is, it returns the index of an existing | element of a tuple. 6. | .count() | The count( ) method returns the count of a memt element/object in a given sequence (list/tuple). 7. | sorted(, t se] ‘tuple() 12.5 Indirectly Modifying Tuples Tuples are immutable counterparts of lists. If you need to modify the contents often sequence of mixed types, then you should go for lists only. However, if you want to that a sequence of mixed types is not accidently changed or modified, you go for ti | gt { — chopler 12 = TUPLES But sometimes you need to retain the sequence as tu one point of time, then you can use one of the two methods given here, (o) Using Tuple Unpacking Tuples are immutable, To change a tuple, we would need to first unpack it, change the values, and then again repack it : tpl = (11, 33, 66, 99) 1, First unpack the tuple : a,b,c,d=tpl 413 iple and still need to modify the contents at 2. Redefine or change desired variable say, ¢ cs77 3. Now repack the tuple with changed value tpl=(a, b, c, d) % 3 5 12.1 4, Why are tuples called immutable types 2 2, What are mutable counterparts of tuples ? 3, What are different ways of creating tuples ? 4. What values can we have in a tuple ? Do they all have to be the same type* ? 5. How are individual elements of tuples accessed ? 6, How do you create the following tuples ? () (4,5, 6) (b) (-2, 1, 3) (2 (-9, -8, -7, -6, -5) @ (9, -10, -11, -12) (©) (@, 1, 2) 7. Ifa (5, 4, 3, 2, 1, 0) evaluate the following expressions : () af@] ala] (© alale}] (@ ala[-1}] (2) afafafa[2]+1]]] § Can you change an element of a Sequence ? What if the sequence is a dictionary ? What if the sequence is a tuple ? . What does a +b amount to if a and b ae tuples ? 10. What does a * b amount to if a and b ae tuples ? What does a+b amount to if ais a tuple and b= 5 ? Ts a string the same as a tuple of characters ? Can you have an integer, a string, a tuple of integers and a tuple of strings ina tuple ? nh, 2, 1B. (6) Using the constructor functions of lists and tuples i.e., list( ) and tuple( ) There is another way of doing the same as explained below : >>> tpl = ("Anand”, 35000, 35, “Admin") >>> tpl (Anand, 3500, 35, ‘Admin') 1. Convert the tuple to list using list() : >>> Ist = list (tpl) >>> Ist [ Anand’, 35000, 35, ‘Admin’) 2. Make changes in the desired element in the list >>> Lst[1] = 45000 >>> Ist ['Anand’, 45000, 35, ‘Admin’] 3. Create a tuple from the modified list with tuple( ) >>> tpl = tuple(1st) >>> tpl ['Anand’, 45000, 35, *Admin’] Isn't the trick simple? © 12.14 A wple t stores (11, 21, 31, 42, 51), where its second last element is mistyped. Write a program to correct its second last element as 41 rogram t1= (11, 21, 31, 42, 51) tli = list(t1) tli[-2] =41 ti = tuple(tl1) print("Modified tuple : ", t1) Modified tuple : (11, 21, 31, 41, 51)

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