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Supervised Learning Guide

Supervised learning is a machine learning approach that uses labeled data to train models for predicting outputs from inputs, primarily categorized into regression and classification tasks. Key steps include data collection, preprocessing, model selection, training, evaluation, and prediction, with a focus on preventing overfitting and underfitting. It has various applications such as medical diagnosis, stock price prediction, and image recognition, emphasizing the importance of data quality and appropriate evaluation metrics.

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4 views5 pages

Supervised Learning Guide

Supervised learning is a machine learning approach that uses labeled data to train models for predicting outputs from inputs, primarily categorized into regression and classification tasks. Key steps include data collection, preprocessing, model selection, training, evaluation, and prediction, with a focus on preventing overfitting and underfitting. It has various applications such as medical diagnosis, stock price prediction, and image recognition, emphasizing the importance of data quality and appropriate evaluation metrics.

Uploaded by

sahupranshu637
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Supervised Learning: A Complete Guide

Page 1: Introduction to Supervised Learning

Supervised learning is a type of machine learning where the model is trained using labeled data. Each

training example includes an input and a correct output (label). The goal is to learn a mapping from inputs to

outputs, so the model can predict outputs for new, unseen inputs.

Examples:

- Predicting house prices based on features like size, location.

- Classifying emails as spam or not spam.

Two main types:

1. Regression - Predict continuous values (e.g., price).

2. Classification - Predict categories (e.g., spam or not).

Page 2: How Supervised Learning Works

Steps involved:

1. Data Collection - Gather labeled examples.

2. Data Preprocessing - Clean, normalize, and split data.

3. Model Selection - Choose an algorithm (e.g., Linear Regression, Decision Tree).

4. Training - Use training data to teach the model.

5. Evaluation - Test performance using test data.

6. Prediction - Use the model on new data.

Popular Algorithms:

- Linear Regression

- Logistic Regression
Supervised Learning: A Complete Guide

- Decision Trees

- Support Vector Machines (SVM)

- k-Nearest Neighbors (KNN)

- Neural Networks

Page 3: Regression in Supervised Learning

Regression is used when the output is continuous.

Example: Predicting house price.

Input: square footage, number of rooms

Output: price in dollars

Common Algorithms:

- Linear Regression: Fits a straight line.

- Ridge/Lasso Regression: Adds penalty to control overfitting.

Loss Function:

- Mean Squared Error (MSE): Measures average squared difference between predictions and actual values.

Page 4: Classification in Supervised Learning

Classification is used when the output is categorical.

Example: Classifying tumor as malignant or benign.

Input: cell size, texture

Output: category label


Supervised Learning: A Complete Guide

Common Algorithms:

- Logistic Regression: Outputs probability.

- Decision Trees: Splits data based on features.

- KNN: Uses nearest data points.

- SVM: Finds optimal separating line.

Metrics:

- Accuracy

- Precision

- Recall

- F1 Score

Page 5: Data Preprocessing

Quality of data is key to success.

Steps:

1. Cleaning - Remove missing or wrong values.

2. Encoding - Convert categories to numbers.

3. Scaling - Normalize features.

4. Splitting - Divide data into training and test sets.

Techniques:

- One-hot encoding

- StandardScaler, MinMaxScaler
Supervised Learning: A Complete Guide

- Train-test split (e.g., 80/20)

Page 6: Overfitting and Underfitting

Overfitting - Model learns noise, performs well on training but poorly on new data.

Underfitting - Model is too simple, cannot capture patterns.

Solutions:

- Use simpler/more complex models appropriately.

- Cross-validation

- Regularization (e.g., L1, L2)

- More training data

Visual Clue:

- Training error low, test error high = Overfitting

- Both errors high = Underfitting

Page 7: Evaluation Metrics

For Regression:

- Mean Squared Error (MSE)

- Mean Absolute Error (MAE)

- R^2 Score

For Classification:

- Confusion Matrix - TP, FP, FN, TN

- Accuracy = (TP + TN) / Total


Supervised Learning: A Complete Guide

- Precision = TP / (TP + FP)

- Recall = TP / (TP + FN)

- F1 Score = 2 * (Precision * Recall) / (Precision + Recall)

Choose metrics based on problem type and class balance.

Page 8: Applications and Summary

Applications:

- Medical Diagnosis

- Stock Price Prediction

- Sentiment Analysis

- Image Recognition

- Speech Recognition

Summary:

- Supervised Learning uses labeled data.

- Two main types: Regression and Classification.

- Data quality and model choice matter.

- Prevent overfitting/underfitting.

- Choose right evaluation metrics.

Supervised learning is the foundation for many real-world AI systems. Understanding it deeply will help in

mastering advanced machine learning topics.

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