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TEST BOOKLET

CSAT APTITUDE TEST– (4753) – 2025

C
Time Allowed: Two Hours Maximum Marks: 200

INSTRUCTIONS

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inthe Box provided alongside. DO NOT write anything
else onthe Test Booklet.

4. This Test Booklet contains 80 items (Questions). Each item is printed in English & Hindi. Each item comprises
four responses (answers). You will select the response which you want to mark on the Answer Sheet. In case
you feel that there is more than one correct response, mark the response which you consider most
appropriate. In any case, choose ONLY ONE response for each item.

5. You have to mark all your responses ONLY on the separate Answer Sheet provided. See direction in the
answers sheet.

6. All items carry equal marks. Attempt all items. Your total marks will depend only on the number of correct
responses marked by you in the answer sheet. For every incorrect response one-third of the allotted Marks
will be deducted.

7. Before you proceed to mark in the Answer sheet the response to various items in the Test booklet, you have
to fill in some particulars in the answer sheets as per the instruction sent to you with your Admission
Certificate.

8. After you have completed filling in all responses on the answer sheet and the examination has concluded,
you should hand over to Invigilator only the answer sheet. You are permitted to take away with you the Test
Booklet.
9. Sheets for rough work are appended in the Test Booklet at the end.

1 DO NOT OPEN THIS BOOKLET UNTIL YOU ARE ASKED TO DO SO

1. Deva has a certain number of coins in 4. A question is given below followed by two
denominations of ₹1, ₹2, and ₹5. He needs to Statements I and II.
pay ₹12 to his brothers. What is the probability Question: Anil, Billy, Charu, Donald, and Eva
that he can make the payment using any two are five friends who participated in an entrance
types of coins? exam. They are ranked based on their scores.
(a) 7/12 Eva received a lower rank than Donald, while
(b) 1/2 Charu ranked lower than Billy. Additionally,
(c) 7/13 Charu's rank is lower than the median. Who is
(d) 8/13 the topper among them?
Statement-I: Anil is the least scorer amongst
them.
2. During the Kumbh Mela in Prayagraj, the
Statement-II: Billy is not among the top two
Rewanchal Express travels a certain distance at
scorers.
a uniform speed from Delhi to Prayagraj. If its
Which of the following is correct in respect of
speed is increased by 6 km/h, the journey takes
above Question and Statements?
4 hours less, but if its speed is decreased by 6
(a) The question can be answered by using one
km/h, the journey takes 6 hours more. In how
of the Statements alone, but cannot be
many hours does the train complete the entire
answered using the other Statement alone.
journey at its normal uniform speed?
(a) 18 hours (b) The question can be answered by using

(b) 24 hours either Statement alone.

(c) 14 hours (c) The question can be answered by using

(d) 16 hours both the Statements together, but cannot be

answered using either Statement alone.

3. Armani bought two bags for Rs.6500. He sold (d) The question cannot be answered even by

one of them at a gain of 7% and the other at a using both the Statements together

loss of 6%. On the whole he neither gained nor

lost. The cost price of the bags were
5. Sum of three integers, a, b and c, is 89. What is
respectively –
the minimum possible value of 𝑎2 + 𝑏 2 + 𝑐 2 ?
(a) Rs. 3000, Rs. 3500
(a) 2443
(b) Rs. 2500, Rs. 4000
(b) 2641
(c) Rs. 3200, Rs. 3300
(c) 2643
(d) Rs. 4500, Rs. 2000
(d) 2441
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6. Baban owns 50 acres of agricultural land, 7. Based on the above passage, the following
which he distributes between his two sons, assumptions have been made:
Sonu and Monu, in the ratio of 2:3. The entire
1. Human Quality of Life (QoL) is related
land is cultivated with potatoes and tomatoes.
with animal welfare considerations.
In Monu's share, the cultivation areas of
potatoes and tomatoes are in the ratio of 5:3. If 2. Public interest in animal welfare science

the total cultivation area of potatoes and contributes to the development of the field.
tomatoes across the entire land is in the ratio of 3. Public interest in animal welfare is
11:9, what is the ratio of the cultivation area of
declining.
potatoes to tomatoes in Sonu's land?
Which of the assumptions given above are
(a) 1:1
valid?
(b) 7:9
(c) 4:3 (a) 1 and 2 only
(d) 3:7 (b) 2 and 3 only

(c) 1 and 3 only

Directions for the following 3 (three) items:
(d) All 1, 2, and 3
Read the following two passages and answer the items
Passage-2
that follow the passages. Your answers to these items
Many consider dissent the most crucial element of
should be based on the passages only.
Passage-1 democracy, some even equating it with the right to

Animal welfare is a significant societal concern and a disobey. Amidst widespread, unquestioning acceptance
readily accessible and engaging scientific field. This of dissent across all social strata, offering a cautionary
public interest fosters the growth and application of perspective might seem imprudent, yet it is vital. This
animal welfare science. Human quality of life (QoL)
discussion holds significant implications for our
considers physical and social environments; similarly,
understanding of democracy, particularly during
human-animal interactions, whether with companions,
periods of domestic and global instability. Contrary to
livestock, or wildlife, significantly impact many
people's lives and their perceived quality. Addressing popular belief, a democracy's primary requirement is

societal challenges becomes crucial as the global not dissent, but its survival as a democratic entity. The
population expands, and animal welfare is inherently right to dissent is important, but it must give way if its
linked to these broader issues. Therefore, animal alternative is the demise of the system as a viable
welfare scientists must collaborate with experts in other
vehicle by which men may govern themselves and
fields to tackle interconnected global problems,
solve their problems within a democratic framework. It
broadening their perspectives beyond their specific
is now essential to become specific.
discipline.
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8. Which one of the following statements best 10. The UPSC conducted a Civil Services Aptitude

reflects the central idea of the passage given Test for aspirants. The test consists of 80
questions, each carrying 3 marks, with a
above?
penalty of 1 negative mark for each incorrect
(a) Dissent is detrimental to the functioning of answer. Rahul attempts all 80 questions in a
a democratic society, especially during repeating pattern: A, B, C, D, A, B, C, D, and
so on. The correct answers are as follows:
times of crisis.
questions 1 to 10 have A as the correct option,
(b) The right to disobey laws is a legitimate questions 11 to 30 have B as the correct option,
extension of the right to dissent in a questions 31 to 60 have C as the correct option,
and questions 61 to 80 have D as the correct
democracy.
option. What is Rahul's final score?
(c) The survival of democracy as a system is a (a) 6
more fundamental value than the absolute (b) 3
(c) 0
right to dissent.
(d) –3
(d) Public discourse on the limits of dissent is

unnecessary due to its universally 11. A sum of Rs.1000 is divided between Arun ,
Bhaskar and Chinmay such that Arun gets
acknowledged importance.
twenty five percent of what Bhaskar and
Chinmay get together and Bhaskar gets the
same amount as Chinmay, then Chinmay gets
9. Based on the above passage, the following how much money?
inferences have been made. (a) Rs. 450
(b) Rs. 500
1. Democratic frameworks aim to balance
(c) Rs. 350
individual rights, like dissent, with
(d) Rs. 400
collective stability.

2. The author believes that limiting dissent 12. Maruti Suzuki Corporation sets the marked
price of the Vitara Grand car 20% above the
will automatically solve all problems of a
cost price. It sells the car to its dealer, Dr.
democracy. Pradeep, by offering a 10% discount on the
marked price. Because of the discount, Dr.
Which of the inferences given above is/are Pradeep saves ₹1,50,000. How much profit
correct? does Maruti Suzuki earn (in ₹) from selling a
car?
(a) 1 only
(a) 1,00,000
(b) 2 only (b) 1,50,000
(c) Both 1 and 2 (c) 1,20,000
(d) 1,80,000
(d) Neither 1 nor 2
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13. Zadran invested Rs 20,000 in State Bank of 16. A question is given below followed by two
Statements I and II.
India at a certain rate of interest, compounded
Question: In HINDU COLLEGE, 60 students
annually. The ratio of the value of investment are runners of whom 10 are footballers too.
after 5 years to that after 3 years was 36:25. In How many footballers are there in the college?
Statement-1: 60% of the footballers are not
how many years would the value of the runners.
investment exceed Rs 1 lakh? Statement-II: All the footballers are not
necessarily runners.
(a) 6 years
Which of the following is correct in respect of
(b) 7 years the above Question and Statements?
(c) 10 years (a) The question can be answered by using one
of the Statements alone, but cannot be
(d) 9 years answered using the other Statement alone.
(b) The question can be answered by using
either Statement alone.
14. Which letter should be the eleventh letter to the
(c) The question can be answered by using
left of the tenth letter from the right, if first half both the Statements together, but cannot be
of the English alphabet is reversed? answered using either Statement alone.
(d) The question cannot be answered even by
(a) U using both the Statements together.
(b) H
(c) G Directions for the following 4 (four) items:
(d) I Read the following two passages and answer the items
that follow the passages. Your answers to these items
should be based on the passages only.
15. Ram, Laxman, and Bharat took on a project Passage-1
While access to health infrastructure is a major thorn in
from IBM Corporation. Laxman is twice as fast
the flesh, it is also a proven fact that 70-80 per cent of
as Ram and three times as fast as Bharat. Ram the SAM (Severe Acute Malnourishment) children face
alone could complete the project in 20 days. On no medical complication and need not be hospitalised.
Therefore, in such a scenario, it is feasible to adopt an
the first day, Ram and Laxman worked approach that treats the complicated SAM (Severe
together; on the second day, Ram and Bharat Acute Malnourishment) children more efficiently and
“Community Management of Acute Malnutrition
worked together; and on the third day, Laxman
(CMAM)” works wonders in this regard. CMAM is
and Bharat worked together. This three-day recommended by both WHO and UNICEF and has
cycle continued until the work was completed. shown positive results across many countries and some
of the states and districts in India where it has been
What percentage of the total work was implemented as a pilot project. One such state that has
completed by Ram? fared well in CMAM is Maharashtra. Taking
cognisance of growing SAM children, in 2007, the
(a) 20%
Maharashtra government went on to implement CMAM
(b) 30% at four different levels in the Nandurbar district. The
(c) 25% first step involved community level screening,
identification, and active case finding of SAM children
(d) 15% by Anganwadi/ASHA workers.
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17. Which one of the following is best implied in Passage-2
the passage? Childhood learning is often filled with joy and
(a) Community Management of Acute excitement, like the first time riding a bike
Malnutrition (CMAM) can significantly
independently. However, this enthusiasm frequently
reduce India’s healthcare spending.
diminishes during formal education. This loss is also
(b) Community Management of Acute
Malnutrition (CMAM) can significantly evident in organizational learning, where unrealistic

reduce out-of-pocket expenditure (OOPE) expectations for rapid learning and immediate results
in India. prevail. This pressure leads to frustration, stress, poor
(c) India should make its healthcare outcomes, and attrition. Learning is a process requiring
administration more decentralised and neurological changes, unlike performance, which can
participatory.
be swift. Just as physical fitness requires consistent
(d) India needs to revamp its Public
effort, learning demands time and cannot be achieved
Distribution System to address SAM
instantly. Expecting immediate transformation after a
(Severe Acute Malnourishment).
single learning session is as unrealistic as expecting
instant muscle growth after one gym visit.
18. With reference to the above passage, the
19. Which one of the following statements best
following assumptions have been made:
implies the most rational assumption that can
1. India needs to open more hospitals in rural
areas to address the issue of SAM (Severe be made from the passage?
Acute Malnourishment). (a) Organizations often prioritize short-term
2. If India can make its hospitals accessible results over sustainable growth.
then child stunting cases can be reduced by (b) Employees are inherently resistant to
more than 50%. learning new skills.
3. Maharashtra has the most decentralised
(c) Technological advancements have rendered
healthcare administration system in India.
traditional learning processes obsolete.
4. If India has to reap its demographic
(d) The science of learning has no significant
dividend then Anganwadi/ASHA workers
need to be given a more critical role in implications for organizational practices.
policy parlance.
5. If implemented effectively, Community
20. The passage primarily contrasts which of the
Management of Acute Malnutrition
(CMAM) can effectively reduce the TB following?
burden in India. (a) Formal education with informal education.
(b) Childhood learning with organizational
Which of the above assumptions is/are valid?
learning.
(a) 1 and 2 only
(b) 2, 3 and 4 only (c) The nature of learning with the expectation
(c) 4 only of its outcomes.
(d) 1, 2, 3, 4 and 5 (d) Physical fitness with mental agility.
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21. Vivian gives a watch to Jesica as a birthday 24. If Feb 29th of 2040 is a Wednesday. How many
gift. After a few days, she realizes that the years will repeat the same calendar in the same
watch loses 10 minutes every hour. If it shows
century (i.e. till 2100)?
the correct time at 6 p.m. on Sunday, when will
(a) 3
it show the correct time again?
(a) On next Monday (b) 4

(b) On next Saturday (c) 5

(c) On next Wednesday (d) 2
(d) On next Thursday

25. Ritu drove 50 km towards east from a city ‘P’

22. JP Cement gave two consecutive increments to
and then turned right and drove another 30 km.
its employees. After these increments, the
Now she turned to her left and drove another 30
employees' salaries became 192% of their
km. Finally she turned to her right and drove 30
initial salary. The percentage increase in the
second increment was three times that of the km to reach a city ‘Q’. Find the shortest straight

first increment. What was the salary (in ₹) of an distance between cities P and Q.
employee after the first increment if his original
(a) 100 km
salary was ₹20,000?
(b) 140 km
(a) ₹24,000
(c) 120 km
(b) ₹25,000
(c) ₹30,000 (d) 80 km

(d) None of the above

26. In a certain code language, 'OREGANO' is

23. In the following equation, two numbers need to
coded as 'ONAGERO'. What is the code for
be interchanged to make it correct. Choose the
'IMMEDIATE' in that code language?
numbers from the given alternatives:
6×3+8÷2-1=9-8÷1-5×2 (a) ETIDAEMMI

(a) 2, 8 (b) ETAIDMEMI

(b) 5, 9
(c) ETAIDEMMI
(c) 3, 6
(d) ETAIEDMMI
(d) None of these
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27. Four views of the same cube are given below. Directions for the following 2 (two) items:
Read the following two passages and answer the items
that follow the passages. Your answers to these items

Which of the following will be the correct should be based on the passages only.
unfolded view when this cube is opened out? Passage-1
(a)
Systematic reflection about politics certainly did not
begin with Plato, and Plato himself certainly did not
wake up one day, find that he had nothing much on his
(b) hands, and begin to write the Republic. Equally, it
appears to be the case that politics were not the first
thing that the ancients reflected systematically about,
nor was it the case that when they did begin to think
(c)
about politics, they had nothing else in their heads.
Speculation about the gods, how a properly conducted
household should be run, what moral instruction the
(d) Homeric poems contained, the nature of the natural
world, the duties and limits of hospitality, and many
other things were already far advanced before anything
like political theorising began. That list of things could

28. A question is given below followed by two be extended indefinitely because what we know about
Statements I and II. what the ancients did think about is largely the result of
Question: In a Euro football match, Manchester the accidents of the historical survival of manuscripts.
United was trailing by 3 goals to Real Madrid
29. Which one of the following statements best
till interval. Did it win the match?
Statement-I: In the second half, Manchester reflects the critical message conveyed by the
United scored 4 goals. passage given above?
Statement-II: Real Madrid scored 4 goals in the
(a) Our understanding of ancient thought is
match in total.
Which of the following is correct in respect of limited by the fragmentary nature of the
the above Question and Statements? historical record.
(a) The question can be answered by using one
(b) Political thought did not emerge in a
of the Statements alone, but cannot be
answered using the other Statement alone. vacuum but developed alongside other
(b) The question can be answered by using areas of intellectual inquiry.
either Statement alone. (c) Ancient thinkers engaged in a wide range
(c) The question can be answered by sing both
the Statements together, but cannot be of intellectual pursuits before focusing on
answered using either Statement alone. political theory.
(d) The question cannot be answered even by (d) None of the above
using both the Statements together
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 Passage-2 31. Which of the following numbers will come in
Shifts in demographic trends, land-use patterns, and place of question mark (?) in the following
advances in transportation technology over the next few figure?

decades will have profound impacts on how the

nation’s transportation system functions, its design, and
its spatial extent. Disruptions to transportation system
(a) 9
capacity and reliability can be partially offset by
(b) 8
adaptations. Transportation systems as networks may
(c) 7
use alternative routes around damaged elements or shift
(d) 6
traffic to undamaged modes. Other adaptation actions
include new infrastructure designs for future climate 32. Shreyash sets the selling price of a Link pen to
conditions, asset management programs, at-risk asset ensure a 40% profit. If the cost price of the pen
protection, operational changes, and abandoning/ had been 40% lower and it had been sold for ₹5
relocating infrastructure assets that would be too less, the resulting profit would have been 50%.
What is the original selling price of the pen in
expensive to protect. As new and rehabilitated
rupees?
transportation systems are developed, climate change
(a) Rs. 10
impacts should be routinely incorporated into the (b) Rs. 14
planning for these systems. There will be challenges in (c) Rs. 15
adapting transportation systems to climate-related (d) Rs. 20
changes, particularly when factoring in projected
growth in the transportation sector. 33. A scientist experiments with a glass of spirit.
He pours out two-thirds of the spirit and
30. Based on the above passage, the following
replaces it with water. If this process of pouring
assumptions have been made:
out two-thirds of the content and replacing it
1. Transportation systems can adapt and
with water is repeated three more times, what is
evolve to accommodate changing the final ratio of spirit to water in the glass?
circumstances and unforeseen disruptions. (a) 1:27
2. Existing transportation systems are (b) 1:81
adequate to handle the challenges posed by (c) 1:26
climate change. (d) 1:80

Which of the assumptions given above is/are 34. In a certain code “CONJUNCTIVAL” is
correct? shuffled as NJCTALCOUNIV. How is
(a) 1 only EXTRAVAGANZA written in that code?
(a) TRAGEXZAAVAN
(b) 2 only
(b) TRAGZAEXAVAN
(c) Both 1 and 2
(c) AGTRZAEXANVA
(d) Neither 1 nor 2
(d) AGZATREXAVAN
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35. The average age of engineers and machine 36. With reference to the above passage, which of
operators in a factory is 15 years. The average the following inferences can be drawn?
age of all the 16 machine operators is 8 years 1. Social constructivism denies the role of
and the average age of engineers is 22 years. If individual cognitive processes in learning.
ten engineers were post-graduates, then the 2. According to Vygotsky, individual
number of only graduate engineers is: cognitive development cannot be fully
(a) 8 understood in isolation from the social and
(b) 12 cultural contexts in which it occurs.
(c) 10
(d) 6 Which of the statements given above is/are
true?

Directions for the following 5 (five) items: (a) 1 only

Read the following five passages and answer the items (b) 2 only
that follow the passages. Your answers to these items (c) Both 1 and 2
should be based on the passages only. (d) Neither 1 nor 2
Passage-1 Passage-2
According to Vygotsky, language and culture play Japanese society in the Bakumatsu era was divided into
essential roles both in human intellectual development three groups. First, Shogun supporters wanted to defend
and in how humans perceive the world. This is to say Sakoku's politics but were unable to face Western
that learning concepts are transmitted using language, power. Second, educated groups wanted to accept the
interpreted and understood by experience and entry of Western nations because of the development of
interactions within a cultural setting. Since it takes a science. Third, the Daimyo group wanted the return of
group of people to have language and culture to
power to the emperor and drove out Westerners. Pure
construct cognitive structures, knowledge, therefore, is
Shintoism provided an ideology for conservatives and
not only socially constructed but co-constructed. The
demanded the emperor's return to power, abolished the
link here is that while the constructivist sees knowledge
shogunate and expelled foreigners. This group, in its
as what students construct by themselves based on the
movement, carried a flag with the symbol Hinomaru no
experiences they gather from their environment, the
hata (sunrise). Sonno joi was born in the conservative
social constructivist sees knowledge as what students
group, which means "return power to the emperor,
do in collaboration with other students, teachers and
drive out the people of the bars”. The terror carried out
peers. Social constructivism is a variety of cognitive
by the conservatives grew even greater until finally, the
constructivism that emphasises the collaborative nature
Tokugawa relied on the Shinsengumi elite military
of learning under the guidance of a facilitator or in
corps loyal to the Tokugawa Shogun.
collaboration with other students.
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37. What is the main idea of the passage? 38. Which among the following is the most logical
(a) The development of science and and rational inference that can be made from
technology influenced some groups in the passage given above?

Japanese society to embrace (a) Humans have a strong resistance to the idea

Westernization. of material objects playing a significant

(b) The Sonno Joi movement, while initially role in areas traditionally considered to be

driven by ideological principles, ultimately uniquely human.

resorted to violence and suppression. (b) Modern science has challenged humans’

(c) The Bakumatsu era in Japan was a period self-centric perception.

(c) Freud would have found contemporary
of intense social and political turmoil
discussions about the impact of technology
characterised by conflicting ideologies and
on human morality to be a relevant and
struggles for power.
insightful area of inquiry.
(d) Shinsengumi was solely responsible for the
(d) All scientific discoveries lead to a decline
suppression of all opposition to the
in human self-esteem.
Tokugawa Shogunate.
Passage-4
Passage-3
Despite the critical importance of considering human
Allowing material objects to play a central role in
rights when it comes to AI policy, to date, relatively
things we have always considered to be our domain
few National Artificial Intelligence Strategies (NAS)
appears to be too big a hurdle to take. In this sense,
deeply engage with the human rights impacts of this
there is no doubt that Sigmund Freud would have found
technology. For governments in some states, this may
the current discussion about morality and technology
be because they simply do not place a high priority on
rather amusing. Even without being a full-blown
the protection of human rights in their policymaking in
Freudian, one can probably see the value of his claim
general. Some governments that do prioritise human
that modern science has caused humanity various
rights may nonetheless find it challenging to outline
‘narcissistic offences’. Science humiliates human approaches to their protection when it stands in contrast
beings with insights that urge us to replace our all-too- to other goals the government has for AI, such as
high self-esteem with new forms of humbleness. enhanced economic or geopolitical competitiveness.
Copernicus, for instance, showed that not the Earth but Still, others may simply not know what it would look
the Sun is the centre of the heavens. Darwin showed like to create a NAS that is rights-respecting in this
that the human being is not the central entity in God’s policy area. States’ obligations to protect human rights
creation but just a mammal sharing common ancestors do not go away, however, because they are unclear or
with modern apes. inconvenient.
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39. On the basis of the passage given above, the 40. Which of the following statements, if true,
following assumptions have been made: would validate the author’s arguments?
1. Many youngsters in the Indian metro cities
1. Countries that prioritise human rights in
prefer the Starbucks brand of coffee to the
governance are more likely to include
cheaper, locally brewed coffee for the
human rights considerations in their NAS, former’s brand value.
even though there may be a delay in 2. During the COVID pandemic, even as
implementing it due to other global supply chains came to a standstill, a
few self-sufficient economies survived and
considerations.
thrived.
2. Economic competitiveness and human
3. The global #MeToo movement created
rights are inherently incompatible goals. strong ripples in the Indian film industry.

Which of the assumptions given above is/are Select the correct answer using the codes given
correct? below.
(a) 1 and 3
(a) 1 only
(b) 1, 2 and 3
(b) 2 only
(c) 3 only
(c) Both 1 and 2 (d) 2 only
(d) Neither 1 nor 2
Passage-5 41. The following numbers form a series that
The economy, for example, is so interconnected that we follows a certain pattern. Find the odd one out.
53, 57, 66, 82, 110, 143, 192
tend to talk of the ‘world economy’ rather than just the
(a) 57
‘economy’ in a domestic sense, which reflects the fact (b) 82
that all economies across the world are interlinked. As (c) 110
evidence of this economic interrelationship, minor (d) 143
contractions in the domestic economy of, for example,
42. Study the following figure and answer the
the United States will create shock waves and ripples
question given below :
that will be felt across the world. Similarly, a slowdown
in the economic output could have repercussions for
consumer trends in countries on the opposite side of the
globe.
But the economy is not the only area of human activity
that is being affected by our increasing
interconnectedness as humans belonging to and coming Which regions represent the B.Tech Graduates
from our own unique cultures. With instantaneous that are Employed ?
forms of global communication facilitated by (a) 2 + 4
(b) 4 + 3
technology, the reality of being interconnected is also
(c) 6 + 8
having an impact on humans at a cultural and social (d) 1 + 2
level.
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43. Prabhu walks 13 km in a certain direction from 45. Two Statements S1 and S2 are given below
his home, then turns north and walks 12 km. followed by a Question:
Now, he is west of his home. Which of the S1: After selling an article X for Rs. 225, a
following statements is correct? shopkeeper incurred a loss of 10%. Cost price
(a) He started walking towards north-west of X = CPX.
direction
S2: Cost price of Y, CPY = Rs. 240.
(b) There is 5 km distance between his home
Based on the above information, you have to
and his final position
determine the relation between the two
(c) He started walking towards south-east
variables.
direction
(a) CPX > CPY
(d) Two of the above are correct
(b) CPX < CPY
(c) CPX = CPY
44. A question is given below followed by two (d) CPX ≥ CPY
Statements I and II.
Question: Uma has two sons - Jabaz and
Directions for the following 5 (five) items:
Sanskar. Jabaz is a doctor and spends 3/10 of
Read the following five passages and answer the items
his income on his children's education, 1/5 on
that follow the passages. Your answers to these items
recreation and 1/10 on healthcare. The
should be based on the passages only.
corresponding percentages for Sanskar, who is
an engineer, are 2/5, 1/4 and 13/100. Who Passage-1

spends more on children's education in absolute By landing on the moon, the United States effectively
terms? “won” the space race that had begun with Sputnik’s
Statement-I: Engineer spends more on launch in 1957. For their part, the Soviets made four
healthcare than the doctor. failed attempts to launch a lunar landing craft between
Statement-II: Doctor spends more on recreation 1969 and 1972, including a spectacular launch-pad
than the engineer. explosion in July 1969. From beginning to end, the
Which of the following is correct in respect of American public’s attention was captivated by the
the above Question and Statements? space race, and the various developments by the Soviet
(a) The question can be answered by using one
and U.S. space programs were heavily covered in the
of the Statements alone, but cannot be
national media. This frenzy of interest was further
answered using the other Statement alone.
encouraged by the new medium of television.
(b) The question can be answered by using
Astronauts came to be seen as the ultimate American
either Statement alone.
heroes, and earth-bound men and women seemed to
(c) The question can be answered by using
both the Statements together, but cannot be enjoy living vicariously through them. Soviets, in turn,

answered using either Statement alone. were pictured as the ultimate villains, with their
(d) The question cannot be answered even by massive, relentless efforts to surpass America and prove
using both the Statements together. the power of the communist system.
24 www.visionias.in ©Vision IAS
46. Which one of the following statements best 47. Which one of the following statements best

implies the crux of the passage? reflects the most rational, logical and crucial
message conveyed by the passage?
(a) The space race by the US and the Soviet
(a) The apparent humanisation of punishment
was an extension of their ideological tussle.
may be a calculated strategy of power.
(b) The mass media played a crucial role in
(b) The goal of modern punishment may be to
shaping public interest in space affairs eradicate illegality and extend the reach of
during the later half of the 20th century. punitive power into all aspects of society.

(c) The US had superior space technology (c) Modern forms of punishment are
completely devoid of physical
compared to the Soviets.
consequences.
(d) The Soviets’ attempt to launch a spacecraft
(d) Modern forms of punishment, while
was not without its share of setbacks. seemingly more humane, have shifted their
focus from physical punishment to
Passage-2
psychological and social control.
Beneath the humanisation of the penalties, what one

finds are all those rules that authorise, or rather Passage-3

Assuming that the Destruction Instinct (in the last
demand, 'leniency' as a calculated economy of the
analysis: the Death Instinct) is a large component of the
power to punish. But they also provoke a shift in the
energy which feeds the technical conquest of man and
point of application of this power: it is no longer the nature, it seems that society's growing capacity to
body, with the ritual play of excessive pains and manipulate technical progress also increases its capacity

spectacular brandings in the ritual of the public to manipulate and control this instinct, i.e., to satisfy it
"productively." Then, social cohesion would be
execution; it is the mind or rather a play of
strengthened at the deepest instinctual roots. The
representations and signs circulating discreetly but
supreme risk, and even the fact of war, would meet not
necessarily and evidently in the minds of all. It is no
only with helpless acceptance but also with instinctual
longer the body but the soul, said Mably. And we see approval on the part of the victims. Here, too, we would
very clearly what he meant by this term: the correlative have controlled desublimation. Institutionalised

of a technique of power. Old 'anatomies' of punishment desublimation thus appears to be an aspect of the
"conquest of transcendence" achieved by the one-
are abandoned. But have we entered the age of non-
dimensional society. Just as this society tends to reduce
corporal punishment? At the point of departure, then,
and even absorb opposition (the qualitative difference!)
one may place the political project of rooting out
in the realm of politics and higher culture, so it does in
illegalities, generalising the punitive function. the instinctual sphere.
26 www.visionias.in ©Vision IAS
48. With reference to the above passage, which of 49. Which one of the following is best implied in
the following statements is correct? the passage?
(a) All of India’s mineral rich regions overlap
(a) The passage advocates for the complete
with the habitat of the country’s most
suppression of all human instincts,
vulnerable tribes.
including aggression and the Destruction
(b) Managing economic growth with forest
Instinct. conservation is a herculean task.
(b) Individuals in a one-dimensional society (c) The state is adopting double standards
are unaware of the manipulative nature of when it comes to the livelihood rights of

controlled desublimation. forest dwelling tribes.

(d) There is a need for social impact
(c) A one-dimensional society can manipulate
assessment before proceeding with mining
and control even the most fundamental
and other developmental activities in tribal
human instincts for its benefit.
regions.
(d) Individuals in a one-dimensional society Passage-5
are passive and lack any agency in resisting The most successful current growth performers, with
or subverting the system. China in the lead, have followed distinctly heterodox

Passage-4 policy packages, with, for example, a lack of complete

property rights over land, a large public-enterprise
The impact of displacement and denial of access to
sector, heavy market interventions severely constrained
forests have impacted lives and health, especially of the
financial markets, restricted labour movements between
particularly vulnerable tribal groups (PVTGs). These
rural and urban areas, and non-democratic forms of
communities have lived in forests and are traditionally governance. Heterodoxy is, in part, necessary because
dependent on forest resources for their subsistence, as the context in which development happens is always
identified by the Government of India itself. Ironically, changing. New approaches need to be constantly

they are now being persecuted by the same government designed, experimented with, assessed for impact, and
improved upon. Successful approaches must be scaled
and legal institutions, entrusted to protect their rights
up and sustained to help reduce underdevelopment.
and entitlements. Moreover, the steadily increasing
Because of the multiple trade-offs in the dimensions of
demand for minerals and land for industries or
development and the need to adapt to changing
‘development’ projects over the years has complicated circumstances, a “development project” is an intensely
this further. Chhattisgarh, Jharkhand and Odisha, for personal, social, and national undertaking, taking on
example, account for 70% of India’s coal reserves, 80% many forms and shapes, often totally different from

of its high-grade iron ore, 60% of its bauxite and almost projects that have served other nations well at other
times.
100% of its chromite reserves.

28 www.visionias.in ©Vision IAS

50. Which one of the following statements best 53. Which of the following would come in place of
reflects the most critical inference that can be the question mark (?) in the series?
made from the passage given above?
Series: C F I, L O R, U X A, (?)
(a) Successful development strategies often
deviate from traditional Western economic (a) DFI
models. (b) RUX
(b) Successful development strategies are not (c) FIL
always linear and require a degree of
(d) DGJ
flexibility and adaptation to specific
national contexts.
(c) The passage advocates for the adoption of 54. Consider the following figure:
non-democratic forms of governance as a
necessary condition for economic
development.
(d) Successful development requires a long-
Which of the following is the water image of
term commitment and sustained effort to the given figure?
address underdevelopment. (a)

51. What is minimum number of straight lines

required to construct the following figure?
(b)

(c)
(a) 19
(b) 17
(c) 21
(d) 24 (d)

52. A Mother Dairy Milk outlet sells a certain

quantity (in litres) of milk. It sells half the
quantity and an additional four litres of milk to
55. There are six brothers - A, B, C, D, E and F. C
Umesh. Then, it sells half of the remaining
quantity and an additional four litres of milk to is shorter than A but taller than other brothers.
Suresh. Finally, when it sells half of the F is taller than B but shorter than D, although B
remaining quantity and an additional four litres is not the shortest among them. Which of the
of milk to Mahesh, there is no milk left. What
following is correct?
is the initial quantity (in litres) of milk?
(a) Thirty seven (a) F is taller than two of them
(b) Forty six (b) E is the shortest among them
(c) Fifty six (c) D is shorter than two of them
(d) Forty two
(d) All of the above
30 www.visionias.in ©Vision IAS
56. Gandhiji has deposited an amount of Rs 10000 Passage-1
in State Bank of India (SBI) for a certain The work that is now generally recognised as AI was

number of years at a simple interest of 5% per done by Warren McCulloch and Walter Pitts (1943).
They drew on three sources: knowledge of the basic
annum. On maturity, the total amount received
physiology and function of neurons in the brain, formal
is deposited in Bank of Baroda (BoB) for
analysis of propositional logic due to Russell and
another 5 years at a simple interest of 6% per
Whitehead, and Turing’s theory of computation. They
annum. If the interests received from SBI and
proposed a model of artificial neurons in which each
BoB are in the ratio 10:13, for how many years neuron is characterised as being “on” or “off,” with a
was the amount deposited in SBI? switch to “on” occurring in response to stimulation by a
(a) 5 years sufficient number of neighbouring neurons. The state of

(b) 6 years a neuron was conceived of as “factually equivalent to a

proposition which proposed its adequate stimulus.”
(c) 7.5 years
They showed, for example, that any computable
(d) 8 years
function could be computed by some network of
connected neurons and that all the logical connectives
57. 80 liters mixture of liquid A and liquid B in the
could be implemented by simple net structures.
ratio of 3 : 1 is contained in a large vessel (V). McCulloch and Pitts also suggested that suitably
Another vessel (R) has a mixture of liquids A, defined networks could learn.
B and C in the ratio of 3 : 5 : 1. Both mixtures 58. Which of the following statements can be
are poured into another large vessel (S) and the inferred from the above passage?

quantity of liquid A in vessel S is 10 liters more 1. McCulloch and Pitts were primarily
motivated by a desire to build artificial
than the quantity of liquid B in vessel S. Find
brains that could perfectly replicate human
the capacity of vessel R.
intelligence.
(a) 150
2. The work of McCulloch and Pitts
(b) 100
demonstrated the potential for
(c) 135 interdisciplinary research to advance our
(d) 125 understanding of complex phenomena.
Which of the statements given above is/are

Directions for the following 3 (three) items: correct?

Read the following three passages and answer the items (a) 1 only
(b) 2 only
that follow the passages. Your answers to these items
(c) Both 1 and 2
should be based on the passages only.
(d) Neither 1 nor 2
32 www.visionias.in ©Vision IAS
 Passage-2 Passage-3
Because the field of political philosophy so delineated By providing us with the analytical framework to
has had a long history since then, long past the time examine ideas and competing claims, philosophy
when the ancient models were accepted as defining the allows us to see if they are valid and justified. For
field and determining the “problems” to be considered,
example, one theory of justice suggests that we should
it is a mistake to approach their thought with a modern
help those who are unable to benefit from the virtues of
menu of expectations of what the subject will contain.
the “genetic lottery”—intelligence, health, aptitudes,
At the same time, because the Greeks also developed
and even the capacity to do hard work. In other words,
other genres widely recognised today—among them,
the theory suggests we have a responsibility to help
history, tragedy, comedy, and rhetoric—no
understanding of their thought about politics can restrict others who have, through no fault of their own, a more

itself to the genre of political philosophy alone. Some difficult struggle to survive and prosper. A contrasting

argue, for example, that Thucydides’ elaboration of the theory, however, says that we are entitled to whatever
nature of the political through his History of the fifth- we earn, and we don’t owe anything to anyone else. By
century Peloponnesian War between leagues led by this reasoning, if we can use our genetic gifts to
Athens and Sparta is more important and instructive generate wealth, we could help others, but doing so
than that issuing from Plato’s philosophical dialogues. remains our individual choice. When we look at these
While that argument is contentious, it rests on an
sorts of claims more closely, we realise that there is
important broader point.
more going on than a simple matter of arbitrarily
59. Based on the above passage, the following
choosing this or that theory.
assumptions have been made:
60. What is the most logical inference that can be
1. Applying modern philosophical
made from the passage given above?
frameworks to ancient political
(a) Philosophy provides the most valuable
philosophers can lead to an inadequate
understanding of their ideas. tools for evaluating different ideas and

2. Thucydides's History of the Peloponnesian beliefs.

War offers a less insightful and valuable (b) Individuals have a moral obligation to
perspective on political reality than the assist those who are less fortunate due to
philosophical dialogues of Plato. circumstances beyond their control.
(c) Careful philosophical examination can help
Which of the assumptions given above is/are
correct? us evaluate the validity and justification of

(a) 1 only different moral and political claims.

(b) 2 only (d) Individuals are capable of rationally

(c) Both 1 and 2 evaluating and choosing between different
(d) Neither 1 nor 2 moral and political theories.
34 www.visionias.in ©Vision IAS
61. Consider the following pair. 64. Consider the following alphabet sequence:

25 : 344 : : __ : __ YY _ _ ZY _ YZ _ _ YZZZ _ _ ZZ _
Which of the following completes the
Which of the following follows the same logic
sequence?
as the given number pair?
(a) YYZYYZYZ
(a) 24 : 217
(b) YYYZYYZZ
(b) 29 : 121
(c) YYZZYZYZ
(c) 34 : 510 (d) ZZYYZYZZ
(d) 30 : 729
65. For what value of n, the sum of digits in the

10200 number (6n + 1) is 1 (keep on adding the digits

62. What is the remainder of ?
7
till you get a single digit)?
(a) 3 (a) For n = 0 only
(b) 2 (b) For any whole number

(c) 4 (c) For any natural number

(d) 5 (d) For any natural number greater than 1

66. Rahul reached at ISBT terminal to catch a bus

63. Six square cards are printed front and back,
to Rishikesh. But he realised that the bus had
with six, symbols @, #, $, %, & and * and are
left 15 minutes ago. He saw the time table of
hinged together as shown in the figure given bus and got to know that buses to Rishikesh
below. If they are folded to form to a cube, leave after every 45 minutes. He then took the

which symbol would be opposite to symbol @? next bus which left at 8 : 30 pm. At what time
did Rahul reach the ISBT terminal?
(a) 7:45 p.m
(b) 8:15 p.m.
(c) 8:00 p.m
(d) 8:05 p.m.

(a) %
Directions for the following 4 (four) items:
(b) #
Read the following four passages and answer the items
(c) $ that follow the passages. Your answers to these items
(d) & should be based on the passages only.
36 www.visionias.in ©Vision IAS
 Passage-1 Passage-2
In the 21st century, AI techniques have experienced a With the exponential growth of world population,
resurgence following advances in the computing power according to the UN Food and Agriculture
of computers, big data and theoretical advances in the Organization (FAO), the world will need to produce
field. This is what led to the prowess presented earlier. 70% more food in 2050, shrinking agricultural lands,
Moreover, AI techniques have become an essential part and depletion of finite natural resources, the need to
of the technology industry, helping to solve many enhance farm yield has become critical. Limited
complex problems in computer science, software availability of natural resources such as fresh water and

engineering and operations research. AI also presents arable land along with slowing yield trends in several

an interesting case of a paradox of recognition and staple crops, have further aggravated the problem.

notoriety. Indeed, it seems to appear as a technological Another impending concern over the farming industry
is the shifting structure of the agricultural workforce.
but also media "boom" even today, although it has
Moreover, agricultural labour in most of the countries
already been omnipresent since the second half of the
has declined. As a result of the declining agricultural
2000s. AI had already known alternation between
workforce, adoption of internet connectivity solutions
active periods, or “booms”, and loss of interest, ever
in farming practices has been triggered, to reduce the
since the 1950s. Since the 1990s, AI technology,
need for manual labour. Internet of things (IOT)
although different from current technology, has been
solutions are focused on helping farmers close the
widely used as part of large systems, but these
supply demand gap, by ensuring high yields,
successes are rarely attributed to it.
profitability, and protection of the environment.
67. With reference to the above passage, which of
68. With reference to the above passage, the
the following inferences can be drawn?
following assumptions have been made:
1. The current boom in AI is not entirely
1. According to FAO, improving availability
unprecedented, as there have been previous
of land can solve the low farm yield crisis
periods of significant interest and
in agriculture.
investment in AI research followed by 2. There is an impending need for resource
periods of decline. optimisation in agriculture with the use of
2. The successful application of AI techniques technology like IOT.
in various fields demonstrates the 3. More than 50 percent of the workforce is
significant value and potential of these employed in agriculture, and to increase
technologies. their income level use of the internet is the
need of the hour.
Choose the correct answer using the codes
given below. Which of the above assumptions are valid?
(a) 1 only (a) 1 and 2 only
(b) 2 only (b) 2 and 3 only
(c) Both 1 and 2 (c) 2 only
(d) Neither 1 nor 2 (d) 3 only

38 www.visionias.in ©Vision IAS

 Passage-3 Passage-4
Lamenting the limitations of multiculturalism research With evidence that the public failed to use, recognise,
in Western-centric cultures, Shome (2012) argued that or understand ideological thinking, Converse next
Anglo-American engagements with multiculturalism
considered whether, at the very least, individuals’
tended to be “nation-bound” in the sense that the
opinions were correlated in such a way to indicate
comprehension of multiculturalism is focused on
ideological constraint. Again, the public failed the test.
getting marginalised or immigrant groups of different
Looking at the connection between related issues, the
ethnicities to be acculturated to Western culture. The
practice of multiculturalism is often informed by mass public had much smaller correlations compared to

reasoning and logic embedded in Western liberal the elite sample. Even more troubling, opinions of the

definitions of what constitutes freedom, rights and mass public possessed very low stability over time.
democracy. Hence, for as long as multiculturalism is While their partisan affiliations were stable, it appeared
studied through these lenses, it cannot adequately as if individuals were choosing opinions almost at
understand multiculturalism, which requires the ability random. No matter how the question was framed, the
to “address relations of cultural otherness that are
consistent and constant answer was that the mass public
produced by the complexities of transnationalism”. This
lacked any form of ideological belief system or
is unlike colonial and postcolonial countries in Asia,
thinking. Over the next few decades, three major
such as India and Singapore, where different ethnic
critiques emerged, challenging the idea of an
groups, along with their diverse daily activities,
religious practices and spoken languages, are unsophisticated and nonideological public. One critique

accommodated, institutionalised, and intricately woven centred on the political culture in the United States
into the social fabric of the societies. when Converse performed his study.
69. Based on the above passage, the following 70. Which one of the following statements best
assumptions have been made: reflects the critical message conveyed by the
1. The concept of multiculturalism is often passage given above?
understood and practised narrowly in
(a) Converse found evidence that the public
Western contexts.
lacked a coherent and consistent
2. Transnationalism exclusively refers to the
ideological framework.
movement of people within national
(b) Converse's initial findings, suggesting a
borders.
Which of the assumptions given above is/are lack of ideological sophistication among

correct? the masses, were challenged by subsequent

(a) 1 only studies.
(b) 2 only (c) Converse's initial findings have been a
(c) Both 1 and 2 subject of significant research.
(d) Neither 1 nor 2 (d) None of the above
40 www.visionias.in ©Vision IAS
71. If P implies “+”; Q implies “–”; R implies “×”; Direction for the following 3 (three) items:
S implies “/”; then insert the proper letters Table given below shows the percentage of employees
between the numbers in order to satisfy the of three companies, A, B and C, in various age
equality 12...5...50...10...13... = 0. brackets, with respect to the total number of employees
What is the correct sequence of letters? their company. Study the data carefully and answer the
(a) R,Q,S,P questions that follow.
(b) P,R,Q,S Age of Percentage of employees in a particular
(c) P,S,R,Q
employees age bracket, with respect to the total
(d) Q,R,S,P
(in years) number of employees in a company
A B C
72. A question is given below followed by two
30 or above 50% 70% 60%
Statements I and II.
40 or above 40% 30% 40%
Question: Uddhav receives internet data
50 or above 20% 20% 30%
services from three telecom providers—Jio,
Airtel, and Vodafone. He spends a total of ₹80 Total number of employees in company A = 1200
to buy 1GB of data from each of these Total number of employees in company B = 800
providers. Which of these telecom service Total number of employees in company C = 900
providers is the costliest?
Statement-I: 2GB Jio Internet data and 1GB
73. Total number of employees whose age is 30
Vodafone internet data combined are less costly
years or above in company ‘C’ is what percent
than 1GB Jio internet data and 2GB Vodafone
more than the total number of employees
internet data combined.
whose age is 40 years or above in company
Statement-II: 1GB of Jio internet data and 2GB
‘A’?
of Airtel internet data combined cost the same
(a) 50%
as 1GB of Airtel internet data and 2GB of
(b) 37.5%
Vodafone internet data combined.
(c) 25%
Which of the following is correct in respect of
(d) 12.5%
the above Question and Statements?
(a) The question can be answered by using one
of the Statements alone, but cannot be 74. Find the ratio between total number of

answered using the other Statement alone. employees in company ‘C’ whose age is 30
(b) The question can be answered by using years or above but less than 50 years to total
either Statement alone. number of employees in company ‘A’ whose
(c) The question can be answered by using age is 30 years or above but less than 50 years.
both the Statements together, but cannot be (a) 9 : 8
answered using either Statement alone. (b) 1 : 2
(d) The question cannot be answered even by (c) 3 : 4
using both the Statements together. (d) 4 : 3
42 www.visionias.in ©Vision IAS
75. Find the difference between the total number of 77. Consider the statement given below followed
employees, whose age is 40 years or above but by two conclusions.
less than 50 years in company ‘B’ and the total Statement: More houses in city X have lifts in
number of employees who age is 40 years or them as compared to the houses in city Y.

above but less than 50 years in company ‘C’. Conclusions:

I. People of city X are too lazy.
(a) 90
II. People of city X are richer than the people of
(b) 10
city Y.
(c) 40
Which of the above conclusions is/are true?
(d) 20
(a) I only
(b) II only
76. Consider the following figure:
(c) Both I and II
(d) Neither I nor II

Directions for the following 3 (three) items:

Read the following three passages and answer the items
that follow the passages. Your answers to these items
Which of the following completes the given should be based on the passages only.

figure? Passage-1
Concern over the negative impact of climate change has
(a)
strengthened fears that environmental degradation and
demographic pressures will displace millions of people
in Africa and create serious social upheaval. Most
scientists studying the potential impact of climate
(b) change have predicted that Africa is likely to
experience higher temperatures, rising sea levels,
changing rainfall patterns and increased climate
variability, all of which could affect much of its
population. Unfortunately, despite growing concern, no
(c)
exact and reliable figures are available to quantify the
economic costs of the negative impacts of climate
change in Africa for either individuals or society as a
whole. As far as development is concerned, climate
(d) change will have a strong impact on Africa’s ability to
achieve the Millennium Development Goals (MDGs)
and on its development policies in general, with
increased pressure on agriculture, water supply and
demand, health, and political stability.
44 www.visionias.in ©Vision IAS
78. Based on the above passage, the following 79. With reference to the above passage, which of
assumptions have been made: the following inferences can be drawn?

1. The displacement of population in Africa 1. Philosophers who are not actively engaged
and involved in scientific research are
due to climate change will have significant
incapable of making meaningful
social consequences.
contributions to the philosophy of science.
2. The lack of precise figures on the economic
2. Philosophical inquiry and economic
costs of climate change in Africa indicates
analysis are not mutually exclusive, but can
that these costs are insignificant. enrich each other.
Which of the assumptions given above is/are Which of the statements given above is/are
correct? true?
(a) 1 only (a) 1 only
(b) 2 only (b) 2 only

(c) Both 1 and 2 (c) Both 1 and 2

(d) Neither 1 nor 2
(d) Neither 1 nor 2
Passage-3
Passage-2
System feasibility was investigated by building a
So far, we have described the position of the
multidisciplinary vehicle sizing model that takes into
philosopher as the “underlaborer” of the economist. But
account aerodynamic, thermodynamic, structures,
in fact, the line between criticism and theory formation electromagnetic, weight, and mission analyses. The
is not a sharp one. Economists such as Amartya Sen sizing process emphasised the strong coupling between
and philosophers such as Daniel Hausman have the two largest systems: the tube and the passenger pod.
demonstrated that there is a very constructive crossing The model was then exercised to examine Hyperloop
of the frontier that is possible between philosophy and from a technical and cost perspective. The structural

economics and that philosophical expertise can result in sizing analysis of the travel tube demonstrates the
potential for significant capital cost reductions by
significant substantive progress about important
considering an underwater route. Examination of
theoretical or empirical problems within the discipline
varying passenger capacity indicates that the system
of economics. The most valuable work in the
can be operated with a wide range of passenger loads
philosophy of any science proceeds from the basis of
without significant changes in operating expenses.
significant expertise on the part of the philosopher Lastly, a high-level sizing study simulated variations in
about the “best practice,” contemporary debates, and tube area, pressure, pod speed, and passenger capacity,
future challenges of the discipline. Only through such showing that there is a tube pressure that minimises
acquaintance will the philosopher succeed in raising operating energy usage. Low energy consumption and
topics that genuinely engage with important issues in passenger throughput support Hyperloop as a faster and

the profession. cheaper alternative to short-haul flights.

46 www.visionias.in ©Vision IAS

80. Which among the following is the most logical 80. निम्ननलनखत में से कौि-सा एक, उपयुगक्त पररच्छेद से
and rational inference that can be made from
निकाला जा सकिे वाला सवागनिक तार्कग क और
the passage given above?
(a) The development of a successful नववेकपूर्ग निष्कर्ग है?

Hyperloop system requires a (a) एक सफल हाइपरलूप प्रर्ाली के नवकास के नलए

multidisciplinary approach.
बहु-नवर्यक दृनष्टकोर् आवश्यक है।
(b) Optimization of various system parameters
(b) हाइपरलूप तकिीक की आर्थगक और पररचालिीय
is crucial for achieving the economic and
व्यवहायगता प्राप्त करिे के नलए नवनभन्न प्रर्ालीर्त
operational viability of Hyperloop
technology. मािदुंडों का अिुकूलि अत्युंत महत्वपूर्ग है।

(c) The location and construction of the (c) हाइपरलूप ट्यूब की अवनस्थनत और निमागर् समग्र
Hyperloop tube significantly impact the पररयोजिा लार्त को महत्वपूर्ग रूप से प्रभानवत
overall project cost.
करता है।
(d) The model used in the study accurately
(d) अयययि में प्रयुक्त मॉडल हाइपरलूप प्रर्ाली के
predicted all potential challenges and risks
नवकास से जुड़ी सभी सुंभानवत चुिौनतयों और
associated with the development of the
Hyperloop system. जोनखमों का सटीक अिुमाि लर्ाता है।

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