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Tissue

Plant tissues are classified into Meristematic and Permanent tissues based on cell division capability. Meristematic tissues are actively dividing and include Apical, Lateral, and Intercalary types, responsible for primary and secondary growth. Permanent tissues, which lose the ability to divide, are further divided into Simple (like Parenchyma, Collenchyma, and Sclerenchyma) and Complex tissues, serving specific functions such as support, storage, and transportation.

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5 views2 pages

Tissue

Plant tissues are classified into Meristematic and Permanent tissues based on cell division capability. Meristematic tissues are actively dividing and include Apical, Lateral, and Intercalary types, responsible for primary and secondary growth. Permanent tissues, which lose the ability to divide, are further divided into Simple (like Parenchyma, Collenchyma, and Sclerenchyma) and Complex tissues, serving specific functions such as support, storage, and transportation.

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shrushti458
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Plant Tissues

Plant tissues are broadly classified into two types: Meristematic tissues and Permanent tissues.
These classifications are based on whether the cells are capable of division or not.

2.1. Meristematic Tissues

Characteristics of Meristematic Tissues

 Cells: Small, with a large nucleus, dense cytoplasm, and thin primary cell walls.
 Intercellular Spaces: Generally absent; cells are closely packed.
 Shape: Usually isodiametric (having equal dimensions along all axes).
 Cell Division: Actively dividing cells, capable of forming new cells.

Types of Meristematic Tissues

1. Apical Meristem
o Location: Found at the growing tips of roots and shoots.
o Function: Responsible for primary growth, i.e., an increase in the length of the
plant. This includes the elongation of the stem and roots, leading to an increase in
height.
o Examples: Root apices and shoot apices.
2. Lateral Meristem
o Location: Present along the sides of roots and stems.
o Function: Responsible for secondary growth, which results in an increase in the
girth or thickness of the plant. This growth occurs due to the activity of two types
of lateral meristems:
 Vascular Cambium: Forms the vascular tissue system (xylem and
phloem) and increases the diameter of the stem and root.
 Cork Cambium: Produces the outer protective covering (periderm or
bark).
o Examples: Cambial rings in dicot stems and roots.
3. Intercalary Meristem
o Location: Found at the base of leaves or internodes (the regions between the
nodes).
o Function: Responsible for the growth of leaves and elongation of internodes. It
plays a crucial role in the regeneration of grasses and other monocots, which
allows them to recover from grazing or mowing.
o Examples: Grasses, bamboo, and other monocots.

2.2. Permanent Tissues

After the cells of the meristematic tissues divide and differentiate, they form Permanent
Tissues. These tissues lose their ability to divide and take on a specific role in the plant.
Characteristics of Permanent Tissues

 Cells: Differentiated, may be living or dead.


 Structure: Cells have a defined shape and size.
 Function: Specific to the tissue type; can be for support, storage, or transportation.
 Cell Wall: May be thickened, depending on the type of tissue.

Types of Permanent Tissues

Permanent tissues are further divided into Simple Permanent Tissues and Complex Permanent
Tissues.

Simple Permanent Tissues

Simple permanent tissues are composed of cells that are structurally and functionally similar.

1. Parenchyma
o Structure: Living cells with thin primary cell walls. Cells are generally
isodiametric and have large central vacuoles.
o Function:
 Storage: Stores nutrients and water.
 Photosynthesis: In chlorenchyma (parenchyma with chloroplasts),
photosynthesis occurs.
 Secretion: In glandular tissues.
o Location: Found in the soft parts of plants such as the cortex and pith of stems,
roots, leaves, and fruits.
2. Collenchyma
o Structure: Living cells with unevenly thickened primary cell walls. The
thickening is due to cellulose, hemicellulose, and pectin.
o Function: Provides mechanical support and elasticity to the plant. It helps in the
bending of plant parts without breaking.
o Location: Found in the petioles of leaves, around the veins, and beneath the
epidermis in young stems.
3. Sclerenchyma
o Structure: Dead cells with thick, lignified secondary cell walls. Cells can be
either fibers or sclereids.
o Function: Provides mechanical support and strength to the plant.
o Types:
 Fibers: Elongated cells found in various parts of the plant like the
pericycle, xylem, and phloem.
 Sclereids: Shorter, irregular cells found in seed coats, nutshells, and the
stone cells of fruits.
o Location: Found in hard parts of the plant such as seed coats, shells of nuts, and
the xylem and phloem.

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