ASSIGNMENT – I

1. Calculate the work done when an ideal gas expands isothermally from an initial pressure
of 1000 kPa to a final pressure of 100 kPa at 300 K.

2. The potential energy of a body of mass 10 kg is 1.5 kJ. What is the height of the body
from the ground? If a body of mass 10 kg is moving at a velocity of 50 m/s, what is its
kinetic energy?

3. A man whose weight is 608 N takes 2 minutes for climbing up a staircase. What is the
power developed in him, if the staircase is made up of 20 stairs each 0.18 m in height?

4. Nitrogen gas is confined in a cylinder and the pressure of the gas is maintained by a
weight placed on the piston. The mass of the piston and the weight together is 50 kg. The
acceleration due to gravity is 9.81 m/s2 and the atmospheric pressure is 1.01325 bar.
Assume frictionless piston. Determine
(a) The force exerted by the atmosphere, the piston and the weight on the gas if the
piston is 100 mm in diameter
(b) The pressure of the gas
(c) If the gas is allowed to expand pushing up the piston and weight by 400 mm, what is
the work done by the gas in kJ?
(d) What is the change in the potential energy of the piston and weight after the
expansion in part (c)?

5. A spherical balloon of diameter 0.5 m contains a gas at 1 bar and 300 K. The gas is
heated and the balloon is allowed to expand. The pressure inside the balloon is found to
vary linearly with the diameter. What would be the work done by the gas when the
pressure inside reaches 5 bar?

6. Two kilograms of CO2 gas is confined in a piston-cylinder assembly at a pressure of 6.5

bar and a temperature of 300 K. The piston has a mass of 5000 kg and a surface area of 1
m2. The friction of the piston on the walls is significant and cannot be ignored. The
atmospheric pressure is 1.01325 bar. The latch holding the piston in position is suddenly
removed and the gas is allowed to expand. The expansion is arrested when the volume is
double the original volume. Determine the work appearing in the surroundings.

7. A system undergoes a process 1-2 in which it absorbs 100 kJ energy as heat and does 40
kJ work. Then it flows to another process 2-3 in which 50 kJ work is done on it while it
rejects 30 kJ as heat. If it is desired to restore the system to the initial state by an adiabatic
 path, calculate the work and heat interactions during this process. Also determine the net
work and heat interactions.

8. A system consisting of a gas confined in a cylinder is undergoing the following series of

processes before it is brought back to the initial conditions

Step 1: A constant pressure process when it receives 50 J of work and gives up 25 J of

heat.

Step 2: A constant volume process when it receives 75 J of heat

Step 3: An adiabatic process

Determine the change in internal energy during each step and the work done during the
adiabatic process.

9. Heat is transferred to 10 kg of air which is initially at 100 kPa and 300 K until its
temperature reaches 600 K. Determine the ΔU, ΔH, the heat supplied and the work done
in the following processes. (a) Constant volume process (b) constant pressure process.
Assume that air is an ideal gas for which the P-V-T relationship is PV = nRT, where n is
the number of moles of the gas. Take Cp = 29.099 kJ/kmol K, Cv = 20.785 kJ/kmol K.
Molecular weight of air = 29.0

10. The P-V-T behavior of N2 is represented by the ideal gas equation PV = nRT. The heat
capacities of the gas are Cp = 29.1 kJ/kmol K, Cv = 20.8 kJ/kmol K. The gas initially at 10
bar and 280 K is undergoing a change of state to the final condition of 1 bar and 340 K.
Determine the ΔU and ΔH.

11. One kilo mole of CO2 occupies a volume of 0.381 m3 at 313 K. Compare the pressures
given by

(a) Ideal gas equation (b) van der Waals equation. Take the van der Waals constants to
be a = 0.365 N m4/mol2 and b = 4.28 × 10-5 m3/mol.

12. Calculate the compressibility factor and molar volume for methanol vapor at 500 K and
10 bar by using the following equations. Experimental values of virial coefficients are B
= -2.19 × 10-4 m3/mol; C = -1.73 × 10-8 m6/mol2. The critical temperature and pressure of
methanol are 512.6 K and 81 bar.

(a) Truncated form of virial equation (b) Redlich-Kwong equation

 13. The Berthelot equation of state is given by (P + a/TV2) (V-b) = RT where a and b are
constants characteristic of the gas. Develop relations to determine the constants a and b in
terms of critical temperature and pressure.

14. The Dieterici equation of state is given by P (V-b) exp (a/RTV) = RT where a and b are
constants characteristic of the gas. Determine the relations to evaluate a and b in terms of
critical temperature and pressure.

15. Rewrite the R-K equation of state so that it can be used for iterative calculation of vapor
and liquid volumes.

16. Calculate the van der Waals constants a and b for n-butane; ethylene; acetylene;
ammonia and CO2 from the critical constants Pc and Tc

Tc (K) Pc (bar)

n-butane 425.2 37.97

Ethylene 283.1 51.17

Acetylene 309.5 62.42

Ammonia 405.5 112.77

CO2 304.2 73.87

17. Assuming that ethylene obeys the van der Waals equation of state, use the iterative
method to determine the molar volume of ethylene gas at 8.25 MPa and 25 °C. The
constants a and b are 453.046 × 10-3 Pa (m3/mol) 2 and 0.057 × 10-3 m3/mol.
 ASSIGNMENT – II
1. A heat engine operates between a heat source at 700 K and a heat sink at 300 K. What is
the maximum efficiency of the engine?

2. It is required to freeze 1 kg water at 273 K by means of a refrigeration machine which

operates in the surroundings at 300 K. The latent heat of fusion of ice at 273 K is 334.11
kJ/kg. Determine (a) minimum amount of work required (b) the heat given up to the
surroundings.

3. A new engine is claimed to be having a power output of 4.5 hP while receiving a heat
input of 6.25 kW and working between the source and sink temperature limits of 1000 K
and 500 K. Determine the efficiency of the proposed engine. Is the claim for the engine
admissible?

4. Calculate the entropy change when 1 kmol of an ideal gas at 300 K and 10 bar expands
through a throttle to a pressure of 1 bar, both pressures being maintained constant during
the process by suitable means.

5. Determine the change in entropy when 2 kg of a gas at 277 K is heated at constant

volume to a temperature of 368 K. Take the specific heat at constant volume as 1.42
kJ/kg K.

6. What is the change in entropy when 1 kmol of an ideal gas at 335 K and 10 bar is
expanded irreversibly to 300 K and 1 bar? Cp = 29.3 kJ/kg K.

7. Ten kilograms of water at 375 K is mixed adiabatically with 30 kilograms of water at 275
K. What is the entropy change? Assume that the specific heat of water is 4.2 kJ/kg and
is independent of temperature.

8. Two Carnot engines A and B operate in series between three thermal reservoirs. The
engine A absorbs energy as heat from the reservoir at T1 and rejects energy to a reservoir
at T while the engine B absorbs the same amount of energy which is rejected by engine A
from the reservoir at T and rejects energy to the reservoir at T2. If the engines A and B
have the same efficiency, find a relation between T, T1 and T2.

9. It is required to maintain a large cold storage at 10°C while the ambient temperature is
40°C. The energy losses as heat from the walls of the cold storage are estimated at 10 kJ/s
per degree Celsius temperature difference between the ambient and the cold space.
Determine the minimum power required to maintain the cold storage at 10°C.

10. Rework the problem 9 if the work done by the engines A and B are the same.
11. A Carnot engine operating between 800°C and 25°C is used to run a Carnot refrigerator
operating between -20°C and 25°C. If the engine absorbs 10 kJ/s from the reservoir at
800°C, determine the capacity of the refrigerator.

12. A Carnot refrigerator consumes 200W power in summer when the ambient temperature is
40°C. The rate at which energy is lost as heat is estimated at 15 W per degree Celsius
temperature difference between the ambient and the cold space. Determine the cold space
temperature if the refrigerator is operating continuously.

13. A reversible heat engine shown in figure absorbs 800 kJ energy as heat from a reservoir
at 600 K and rejects 100 kJ energy as heat to the reservoir at 300 K. Determine the work
done by the engine and the heat interaction with the reservoir at 400 K.

14. A reversible heat engine shown in figure operates with four thermal reservoirs.
Determine the heat interactions Q2 and Q4.

15. A vapor-compression refrigeration system with ammonia as the working fluid is to

operate between 266 K and 300 K. Determine the following
 (a) COP, given that the enthalpy of saturated vapor at 266 K = 656 kJ/kg and the
enthalpy of super heated vapor leaving the compressor = 724 kJ/kg, enthalpy of
saturated liquid at 300 K = 144 kJ/kg.

(b) COP, if a temperature approach of 5 K is necessary in the evaporator and

condenser and the efficiency of the compressor is 75%. Enthalpy of saturated
vapor at 261 K = 652 kJ/kg and the enthalpy of super heated vapor entering the
condenser = 758 kJ/kg, enthalpy of saturated liquid at 305 K = 159 kJ/kg.

© The COP of an ideal Carnot refrigerator.

16. A vapor-compression cycle using ammonia as the refrigerant is employed in an ice

manufacturing plant. Cooling water at 288 K enters the condenser at a rate of 0.25 kg/s
and leaves at 300 K. Ammonia at 294 K condenses at a rate of 0.5 kg/min. Enthalpy of
liquid ammonia at 294 K is 281.5 kJ/kg. The compressor efficiency is 90%. Saturated
ammonia vapor at 258 K and enthalpy of 1426 kJ/kg enters the compressor. What is the
power requirement of the compressor and refrigeration capacity in tons?

ASSIGNMENT – III
Unit-V- Phase Equilibria