Module 3 (CN)

Q1) Defining a Logical Address

A logical address, also known as a virtual address, is generated by the CPU when a program is running. This address is
considered 'virtual' because it doesn't physically exist. The logical address can differ from the physical address due to the
operations and processes of an address translator.

Q2) What Exactly is a Physical Address?

A physical address is a specific location identifier used to locate the required data. This type of address can't be used
directly; we must access it through its corresponding logical address.
The term 'physical address space' can be used to denote all the physical addresses that correspond to the logical addresses.

Q3) Comparing Logical and Physical Addresses in Operating Systems

S.No Logical Address Physical Address
1 A logical address is generated by the CPU. A physical address is a specific location within the main memory.
2 It comprises all the logical addresses that the CPU It consists of all the physical addresses that map to the corresponding
generates. logical addresses.
3 Users can see the logical address of the program. The physical address of the program is not visible to users.
4 The logical address is produced by the CPU. The physical address is computed by the Memory Management Unit
(MMU).
5 The logical address can be used directly to access the The physical address can only be used indirectly.
physical address.

Q4) What is IPv4?

Ans-> IP stands for Internet Protocol version v4 stands for Version Four (IPv4), is the most widely used system for
identifying devices on a network. It uses a set of four numbers, separated by periods (like 192.168.0.1), to give each device
a unique address. This address helps data find its way from one device to another over the internet.

IPv4 was the primary version brought into action for production within the ARPANET in 1983. IP version four addresses are
32-bit integers which will be expressed in decimal notation. Example- 192.0.2.126 could be an IPv4 address.
Example:

Site Dot-decimal Binary

Twitter.com 104.244.42.129 01101000.11110100.00101010.10000001

Reddit.com 151.101.65.140 10010111.01100101.01000001.10001100

Linkedin.com 108.174.10.10 01101100.10101110.00001010.00001010

IPv4 Address Format

An IPv4 address consists of 32 bit (binary digit), grouped into four section of known as octets or bytes. Each octet has 8 bits
and this bits can be represented only in 0 or 1 form, and when they grouped together, they form a binary number. Since
each octet has 8 bits, it can represent 256 numbers ranging from o to 255. These four octets are represented as decimal
numbers, separated by periods known as dotted decimal notation. For example IPv4 address 185.107.80.231 consists of
four octets.
Notation:
• There are three common notations to show an IPv4 address:
• binary notation (base 2),
• dotted-decimal notation (base 256),
• hexadecimal notation (base 16).
Types of IPv4 Addressing
IPv4 basically supports three different types of addressing modes:
• Unicast Addressing Mode: This addressing mode is used to specify single sender and single receiver. Example:
Accessing a website.
• Broadcast Addressing Mode: This addressing mode is used to send messages to all devices in a network.
Example: sending a message in local network to all the devices.
• Multicast Addressing Mode: This addressing mode is typically used within a local network or across networks and
sends messages to a group of devices. Example: Streaming audio to multiple devices at once.
Characteristics of IPv4
• IPv4 could be a 32-bit IP Address.
• IPv4 could be a numeric address, and its bits are separated by a dot.
• The number of header fields is twelve and the length of the header field is twenty.
• It has Unicast, broadcast, and multicast-style addresses.
• IPv4 supports VLSM (Virtual Length Subnet Mask).
• IPv4 uses the Post Address Resolution Protocol to map to the MAC address.
• RIP may be a routing protocol supported by the routed daemon.
• Networks ought to be designed either manually or with DHCP.
• Packet fragmentation permits from routers and causes host.
Advantages of IPv4
• IPv4 security permits encryption to keep up privacy and security.
• It becomes easy to attach multiple devices across an outsized network while not NAT.

Q5) IPv4 Datagram Header

Ans-> IP stands for Internet Protocol and v4 stands for Version Four (IPv4). IPv4 was the primary version brought into
action for production within the ARPANET in 1983. IP version four addresses are 32-bit integers which will be expressed in
decimal notation. In this article, we will discuss about IPv4 datagram header.
IPv4 is a connectionless protocol used for packet-switched networks. Internet Protocol Version 4 (IPv4) is the fourth revision
of the Internet Protocol and a widely used protocol in data communication over different kinds of networks. IPv4 is a
connectionless protocol used in packet-switched layer networks, such as Ethernet. It provides a logical connection between
network devices by providing identification for each device. There are many ways to configure IPv4 with all kinds of devices
– including manual and automatic configurations – depending on the network type. IPv4 uses 32-bit addresses for Ethernet
communication in five classes: A, B, C, D and E. Classes A, B, and C have a different bit length for addressing the network
host. Class D addresses are reserved for multicasting, while class E addresses are reserved for military purposes. IPv4 uses
32-bit (4-byte) addressing, which gives 232 addresses. IPv4 addresses are written in the dot-decimal notation, which
comprises four octets of the address expressed individually in decimal and separated by periods, for instance, 192.168.1.5.
Characteristics of IPv4
• IPv4 could be a 32-Bit IP Address.
• IPv4 could be a numeric address, and its bits are separated by a dot.
• The number of header fields is twelve and the length of the header field is twenty.
• It has Unicast, broadcast, and multicast style of addresses.
• IPv4 supports VLSM (Virtual Length Subnet Mask).
• IPv4 uses the Post Address Resolution Protocol to map to the MAC address.
• RIP may be a routing protocol supported by the routed daemon.
• Networks ought to be designed either manually or with DHCP.
• Packet fragmentation permits from routers and causing host.
IPv4 Datagram Header
• VERSION: Version of the IP protocol (4 bits), which is 4 for IPv4
• HLEN: IP header length (4 bits), which is the number of 32 bit words in the header. The minimum value for this
field is 5 and the maximum is 15.
• Type of service: Low Delay, High Throughput, Reliability (8 bits)
• Total Length: Length of header + Data (16 bits), which has a minimum value 20 bytes and the maximum is 65,535
bytes.
• Identification: Unique Packet Id for identifying the group of fragments of a single IP datagram (16 bits)
• Flags: 3 flags of 1 bit each : reserved bit (must be zero), do not fragment flag, more fragments flag (same order)
• Fragment Offset: Represents the number of Data Bytes ahead of the particular fragment in the particular
Datagram. Specified in terms of number of 8 bytes, which has the maximum value of 65,528 bytes.
• Time to live: Datagram’s lifetime (8 bits), It prevents the datagram to loop through the network by restricting the
number of Hops taken by a Packet before delivering to the Destination.
• Protocol: Name of the protocol to which the data is to be passed (8 bits)
• Header Checksum: 16 bits header checksum for checking errors in the datagram header
• Source IP address: 32 bits IP address of the sender
• Destination IP address: 32 bits IP address of the receiver
• Option: Optional information such as source route, record route. Used by the Network administrator to check
whether a path is working or not.

IPv4 Datagram Header

Due to the presence of options, the size of the datagram header can be of variable length (20 bytes to 60 bytes).