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The document discusses the essential functions and components of an operating system (OS), including resource management, security, performance monitoring, and error detection. It outlines the tasks performed by an OS such as memory management, processor management, device management, and file management, emphasizing the importance of an OS in facilitating efficient computing. Additionally, it touches on different types of operating systems, including batch systems and multiprocessor systems, highlighting their advantages and operational characteristics.
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0% found this document useful (0 votes)
17 views44 pagesOS - Unit - 1 - INTRODUCTION
The document discusses the essential functions and components of an operating system (OS), including resource management, security, performance monitoring, and error detection. It outlines the tasks performed by an OS such as memory management, processor management, device management, and file management, emphasizing the importance of an OS in facilitating efficient computing. Additionally, it touches on different types of operating systems, including batch systems and multiprocessor systems, highlighting their advantages and operational characteristics.
Uploaded by
bhumikaagarwaalCopyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PDF or read online on Scribd
/ 44
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Every computer must have an operating system to run other programs. The
operating system coordinates the use of the hardware among the various system
programs and application programs for various users. It simply provides an
environment within which other programs can do useful work.
The operating system is a set of special programs that run on a computer system
that allows it to work properly. It performs basic tasks such as recognizing input
from the keyboard, keeping track of files and directories on the disk, sending
output to the display screen and controlling peripheral devices.
OS is designed to serve two basic purposes:
1. It controls the allocation and use of the computing System’s resources among
the various user and tasks.
2. It provides an interface between the computer hardware and the programmer
that simplifies and makes feasible for coding, creation, debugging of
application programs.
The Operating system must support the following tasks. The tasks are:
1, Provides the facilities to create, modification of programs and data files using
an editor.
2. Access to the compiler for translating the user program from high level
language to machine language.
3. Provide a loader program to move the compiled program code to the
computer’s memory for execution.
4. Provide routines that handle the details of I/O programming. woywwrynnn iyneneeess oe
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. Memory Management — The operating system manages the Primary
Security- The operating system uses password protection to protect user
data and similar other techniques. it also prevents unauthorized access to
programs and user data.
Control over system performance - Monitors overall system health to help
improve performance. It records the response time between service requests
and system response to have a complete view of the system health. This can
help improve performance by providing important information needed to
troubleshoot problems.
. Job accounting — Operating system Keeps track of time and resources used
by various tasks and users, this information can be used to track resource _
usage for a particular user or group of user.
. Error detecting aids — Operating system constantly monitors the system to
detect errors and avoid the malfunctioning of computer system.
. Coordination between other software and users — Operating systems also
coordinate and assign interpreters, compilers, assemblers and other software
to the various users of the computer systems.
Memory or Main Memory. Main memory is made up of a large array of
bytes or words where each byte or word is assigned a certain address. Main
memory is a fast storage and it can be accessed directly by the CPU. For a
program to be executed, it should be first loaded in the main memory. An
Operating System performs the following activities for memory
management. It keeps tracks of primary memory, i.e., which bytes of
memory are used by which user program. The memory addresses that have
already been allocated and the memory addresses of the memory that has not"
yet been used. In multi programming, the OS decides the order in which
Process are granted access to memory, and for how long. It allocates the
memory to a process when the process requests it and deallocates the
memory When the process has terminated or is performing an I/O 0 ation
Processor Mana i
I gement — In a multi programming
decides the order in which processes have
much processing time each process has, scheduling. An Operating System performs the following activitie,
processor management. It keeps tracks of the status of Processes,
program which performs this task is known as traffic controller. It allocates
the CPU that is processor to a process. It deallocates processor when a
process is no more required.
S for
8. Device Management — An OS manages device communication via their
respective drivers. It performs the following activities for device
management. Keeps tracks of all devices connected to system. It designates
a program responsible for every device known as the Input/Output
controller. Decides which process gets access to a certain device and for how
long. Allocates devices in an effective and efficient way. It deallocates
devices when they are no longer required. r
9. File Management — A file system is organized into directories for efficient
or easy navigation and usage. These directories may contain other directories _
and other files. An Operating System carries out the following file —
management activities. It keeps track of where information is stored, user ~
access settings and status of every file and more. These facilities are —
collectively known as the file system.
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Advantages of Multiprocessor Systems
There are multiple advantages to multiprocessor systems. Some of these are:
More reliable Systems
In a multiprocessor system, even if one processor fails, the system will not halt. This
ability to continue working despite hardware failure is known as graceful degradation,
For example: If there are 5 processors in a multiprocessor system and one of them fails,
then also 4 processors are still working. So the system only becomes slower and does
not ground to a halt.
Enhanced Throughput
If multiple processors are working in tandem, then the throughput of the system
increases i.e. number of processes getting executed per unit of time increase. If there
are N processors then the throughput increases by an amount just under N.
More Economic Systems
Multiprocessor systems are cheaper than single processor systems in the long run
because they share the data storage, peripheral devices, power supplies etc. If there
are multiple processes that share data, it is better to schedule them on multiprocessor
systems with shared data than have different computer systems with multiple copies of
the data.
Disadvantages of Multiprocessor Systems
There are some disadvantages as well to multiprocessor systems. Some of these are:
Increased Expense
Even though multiprocessor systems are cheaper in the long run than using multiple
computer systems, still they are quite expensive. It is much cheaper to buy a simple
single processor system than a multiprocessor system.
Complicated Operating System Required
There are multiple Processors in a multiprocessor system that share peripherals,
nemory etc. So, it is much more complicated to schedule processes and impart
esources to processes. than in single Processor systems. Hence, a more complex and
omplicated operating system is required in multiprocessor systems.
arge Main Memory Required
ll the processors in the multiprocessor system share the memory. So a much larger
501 of memory is required as compared to single processor systems. SATURDAY * JANUARY
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"more output from all the resources
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less. For example in older systems it takes about 10 micro seconds in shifting
one task to another and in latest systems it takes 3 micro seconds.
+ Focus on Application: Focus on running applications and less importance to
applications which are in queue.
+ Real time operating system in embedded system: Since sizes of programs
are small, RTOS can also be used in embedded systems like in transport and
others.
+ Error Free: These types of systems are error free.
+ Memory Allocation: Memory allocation is best managed in these type of
systems.
ystem, thus
Disadvantages of RTOS:
Limited Tasks: Very few tasks run at the same time and their concentration
is very less on few applications to avoid errors. j
+Use heavy system resources: Sometimes the system resources are not so /
good and they are expensive as well.
+Complex Algorithms: The algorithms are very complex and difficult for the
designer to write on.
+Device driver and interrupt signals: It needs specific device drivers and
interrupt signals to response earliest to interrupts.
-Thread Priority: It is not good to set thread priority as these systems are
very less prone to switching tasks.
Examples of Real-Time Operating Systems are: Scientific experiments, medical
imaging systems, industrial contro! systems, weapon systems, robots, air traffic
control systems, ete. suowoe 2 *
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Advantages. of Distributed Operating System:
| not affect the other network communication, as all
~ Failure of one wi
systems are independent from each other
Electronic mail increases the data exchange speed
Since resources are being shared, computation is highly fast and durable
Load on host computer reduces
These systems are easily scalable as many systems can be easily added
to the network
« Delay in data processing reduces
Disadvantages of Distributed Operating System:
Failure of the main network will stop the entire communication
To establish distributed systems the language which are used are not
well defined yet
+ These types of systems are not readily available as they are very
expensive. Not only that the underlying software is highly complex and
not understood well yet
Examples of Distributed Operating System are- LOCUS etc. JANUARY 2020, FEBRUARY 2020
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is able to better ensure that each user does not hinder the efforts of another, and
that if the system fails or has an error for one user, it might not affect all of the
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