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Series & Parallel Circuits Explained

Brooke Sault

Hopefully, those looking for practical information on electrical circuits and

wiring LED components found this guide first. It’s likely though, that you’ve already read the
Wikipedia page about Series and parallel circuits here, maybe a few other Google search results on the
subject, and are still unclear or want more specific information as it pertains to LEDs. With years of
providing LED education, training, and explaining the electronic circuit concept to customers, we
have gathered and prepared all the critical information needed to help you understand the concept of
electrical circuits and their relationship to LEDs.

First things first, don’t let electrical circuits and wiring LED components sound daunting or confusing
– connecting LEDs correctly can be simple and made easy to understand if you follow this post. Let’s
get started with the most basic question…

What type of circuit should I use?

Is one better than the other…Series, Parallel, or Series/Parallel?

The requirements of a lighting application often dictate what type of circuit can be used, but if given
the choice, the most efficient way to run high power LEDs is using a series circuit with a constant
current LED driver. Running a series circuit helps to provide the same amount of current to each
LED. This means each LED in the circuit will be the same brightness and will not allow a single LED
to hog more current than another. When each LED is receiving the same current it helps eliminate
issues like thermal runaway.

Don’t worry, a parallel circuit is still a viable option and used often; later we will outline this type of
circuit.

First, though, let’s wrap our heads around a series circuit:

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Often referred to as ‘daisy-chained’ or ‘looped’ the current

in a series circuit follows one path from start to finish with the Anode (positive) of the second LED
connected to the Cathode (negative) of the first. The image to the right shows an example: To wire a
series circuit as the one shown, the positive output from the driver connects to the positive of the first
LED, and from that LED a connection is made from the negative to the positive of the second LED
and so on, until the last LED in the circuit. Finally, the last LED connection goes from the negative of
the LED to the negative output of the constant current driver, creating a continuous loop or daisy
chain.

Here are a few bullet points for reference about a series circuit:

The same current flows through each LED

The total voltage of the circuit is the sum of the voltages across each LED

If one LED fails, the entire circuit won’t work

Series circuits are easier to wire and troubleshoot

Varying voltages across each LED is okay

Powering a series circuit:

The loop concept is no problem by now and you definitely could figure how how to wire it, but how
about actually POWERING a series circuit.

The second bullet point above states, “The total voltage of the circuit is the sum of the voltages across
each LED”. This means you have to supply, at minimum, the sum of the forward voltages of each LED.
Let’s take a look at this by using the above circuit again as an example and let’s assume the LED is a
Cree XP-L driven at 1050mA with a forward voltage of 2.95V. The sum of three of these LED forward
voltages is equal to 8.85VDC. So theoretically, 8.85V is the minimum required input voltage to drive
this circuit.

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In the beginning, we mentioned using a constant current LED driver because these power modules
can vary their output voltages to match the series circuit. As LEDs heat up their forward voltages
change, so it’s important to use a driver that can vary its output voltage but keep the same output
current. For a deeper understanding of LED drivers take a look here. But, in general, it’s important to
make sure that your input voltage into the driver can deliver an output voltage equal to or greater
than the 8.85V we figured out above. Some drivers require inputting slightly more to account for
powering the internal circuitry of the driver (the BuckBlock Driver needs a 2V overhead), while others
have boosting (FlexBlock) features that allow you to input less.

Hopefully, you are able to find a driver that can accomplish your LED circuit with the diodes in-series,
however, there are circumstances that might make it impossible. Sometimes the input voltage might
not be enough to power multiple LEDs in series, or maybe there are too many LEDs to have in-series
or you just want to limit the cost of LED drivers. Whatever the reason, here is how to understand and
configure a parallel LED circuit.

Parallel Circuit:

Where a series circuit receives the same current to each LED, a parallel circuit receives the same
voltage to each LED and the total current to each LED is the total current output of the driver divided
by the number of parallel LEDs.

Again, don’t worry, here we will see how to wire a parallel LED circuit and that should help tie the
ideas together.

In a parallel circuit all the positive connections are tied together and back to the positive output of the
LED driver and all the negative connections are tied together and back to the negative output of the
driver. Lets take a look at this in the image to the right.

Using the example shown with a 1000mA output driver, each LED would receive 333mA; the total
output of the driver (1000mA) divided by the number of parallel strings (3).

Here are a few bullet points for reference about a parallel circuit:

The voltage across each LED is the same

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The total current is the sum of currents through each LED

The total output current is shared through each parallel string

Exact voltages are required in each parallel string to help avoid current hogging

Now, lets have some fun and combine them together and outline a Series/Parallel Circuit:

As the name implies a series/parallel circuit combines elements of each circuit. Lets start with the
series part of the circuit. Lets say we want to run a total of 9 Cree XP-L LEDs at 700mA each with

a voltage of 12Vdc; the forward voltage of each LED at

700mA is 2.98Vdc. Rule number 2 from the series circuit bullet points proves that 12Vdc isn’t enough
voltage to run all 9 LEDs in-series (9 x 2.98= 26.82Vdc). However, 12Vdc is enough to run three in-
series (3 x 2.98= 8.94Vdc). And, from the parallel circuit rule number 3 we know that total current
output gets divided by the number of parallel strings. So, if we were to use a 2100mA BuckBlock and
have three parallel strings of 3 LEDs in-series, then the 2100mA would get divided by three and each
series would receive 700mA. The example image shows this set-up.

If you are trying to set up an LED array this LED circuit planning tool will help you decide what
circuit to use. It actually gives you several different options of different series and series/parallel
circuits that would work. All you need to know is your input voltage, LED forward voltage and how
many LEDs you wish to use.

The downfall of multiple LED strings:

One thing to keep in mind about running parallel and series/parallel circuits is that if a string or LED
burns out, the LED/string will then be cut out of the circuit so the extra current load that was going to
that LED will then be distributed to the rest. This isn’t a huge issue with larger arrays as the current
will be dispersed at smaller amounts but what about a circuit with just 2 leds/strings? The current
would then be doubled for the left over LED/string which might be a higher load than the LED can
handle resulting in a burn out and ruining your LED! Make sure you always keep this in mind and try
to have a set up that wouldn’t ruin all your LEDs if one happened to burn out.

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Another potential issue is that even when LEDs come from the same production batch (same binning)
the forward voltage can still have a 20% tolerance. Varying voltages across separate strings results in
the current not being divided equally. When one string draws more current than another, the LEDs
being overdriven will heat up and their forward voltages will change more, resulting in more unequal
current sharing; this is called thermal runaway. We have seen many circuits set-up like this work well,
but caution is required. For more information on this concept and ways to help avoid it (current
mirror) there is a great article here within LEDmagazine.com.

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