BUILDING ADMINISTRATION N4

CLASS ASSIGNMENT 05
TOTAL MARKS: 100

INSTRUCTIONS AND INFORMATION

1. Answer ALL the questions.

2. Read ALL questions carefully and answer.
3. Number all the answers according to the numbering system used on the question paper.
4. All work you do not want to be marked must be crossed out.
5. Only use a blue or black pen.
6. Write neatly and legibly; untidy work may be misinterpreted and marked incorrectly.

QUESTION 1: PLANNING & PROGRAMMING (25 MARKS)

1.1. Indicate whether the following statements are TRUE or FALSE. Write only 'TRUE' or
'FALSE' next to the question number (1.1.1 - 1.1.5) in your ANSWER BOOK.
1.1.1. A lead time in construction planning refers to the extra time added to an activity to
account for unexpected delays.
1.1.2. The critical path method (CPM) identifies the sequence of activities that determines the
minimum possible project duration.
1.1.3. Resource levelling is a technique used to minimize the fluctuations in resource
requirements over the duration of a project.
1.1.4. A Gantt chart cannot show the dependencies between different activities.
1.1.5. The program of works can be adjusted during the construction process to accommodate
changes and delays. (5 × 1) (5)

1.2. For the construction project below, draw a Gantt chart showing all activities:

- Site clearance: 2 weeks (Weeks 1-2)

- Excavation: 3 weeks (Weeks 3-5)
- Foundations: 4 weeks (Weeks 6-9)
- Structural frame: 6 weeks (Weeks 10-15)
- Roofing: 3 weeks (Weeks 16-18)
- Services installation: 4 weeks (Weeks 19-22)
- Finishes: 5 weeks (Weeks 23-27)
- External works: 3 weeks (Weeks 25-27) (8)

1.3. Explain THREE advantages and TWO disadvantages of using computer software for
construction programming and scheduling. (5 × 1) (5)

1.4. Define the following terms used in project planning:

1.4.1. Float time
1.4.2. Milestone
1.4.3. Resource allocation
1.4.4. Schedule baseline (4 × 1) (4)

1.5. List THREE factors that can cause delays in a construction project and explain how proper
planning can help mitigate each one. (3 × 1) (3)

QUESTION 2: CONSTRUCTION EQUIPMENT (25 MARKS)

2.1. Match the construction equipment in COLUMN A with its correct function in COLUMN B.
Write only the letter (A-J) next to the question number (2.1.1 - 2.1.8) in your ANSWER BOOK.
COLUMN A COLUMN B

2.1.1. Concrete pump A. Used for removing moisture from excavations

2.1.2. Piling rig B. Used for moving materials around the construction site
2.1.3. Dewatering pump C. Used for transporting and placing concrete in elevated or distant
locations
2.1.4. Transit mixer D. Used for driving piles into the ground
2.1.5. Backhoe loader E. Used for compacting soil, gravel, and asphalt
2.1.6. Dumper F. Used for finishing concrete surfaces
Power float G. Used for transporting ready-mixed concrete to the site
2.1.7.
2.1.8. Plate compactor H. Used for digging trenches and loading materials
I. Used to make lunch on site
J. Used to transport bribes to Local Government Officials for tender
processes
(8 × 1) (8)

2.2. For each of the following construction activities, name the most appropriate equipment
and explain why it is suitable:
2.2.1. Excavating a narrow trench for a drainage pipe
2.2.2. Lifting heavy steel beams to an upper floor
2.2.3. Breaking up an existing concrete slab
2.2.4. Compacting a large area of soil before laying foundations (4 × 2) (8)

2.3. Explain THREE factors that should be considered when deciding whether to purchase or
rent construction equipment. (3 × 1) (3)

2.4. List SIX essential safety checks that must be performed before operating heavy
construction machinery. (6 × 1) (6)

QUESTION 3: FOUNDATIONS (25 MARKS)

3.1. Name and briefly describe THREE types of soil that would influence the choice of
foundation used for a building. (3 × 2) (6)

3.2. Draw and clearly label a cross-section of a raft foundation, showing all components and
dimensions. (6)

3.3. Explain the purpose and importance of each of the following foundation components:
3.3.1. Reinforcement
3.3.2. Damp-proof course (DPC)
3.3.3. Concrete cover
3.3.4. Foundation depth (4 × 2) (8)

3.4. List FIVE site investigations that should be carried out before designing a foundation. (5
× 1) (5)
QUESTION 4: SUPERVISION & ORGANIZATION IN THE CONSTRUCTION INDUSTRY (25
MARKS)

4.1. Draw an organizational chart for a medium-sized construction company, showing at least
8 positions and their reporting relationships. (8)

4.2. Describe the roles and responsibilities of the following personnel on a construction
project:
4.2.1. Project Manager
4.2.2. Site Engineer
4.2.3. Quantity Surveyor
4.2.4. Health and Safety Officer (4 × 2) (8)

4.3. Explain THREE methods of effective communication that can be used on a construction
site.
(3 × 1) (3)

4.4. List SIX qualities or skills that make an effective construction supervisor. (6 × 1) (6)

TOTAL: 100 MARKS

 MARKING GUIDELINE
BUILDING ADMINISTRATION N4 TEST: PLANNING, EQUIPMENT, FOUNDATIONS &
ORGANIZATION
CLASS ASSIGNMENT 05
TOTAL MARKS: 100

QUESTION 1: PLANNING & PROGRAMMING (25 MARKS)

1.1. TRUE or FALSE:

1.1.1. FALSE - Lead time refers to the time between ordering materials and their delivery, not
extra time for delays.
1.1.2. TRUE - The critical path method identifies the sequence of activities that determines
the minimum possible project duration.
1.1.3. TRUE - Resource leveling is used to minimize fluctuations in resource requirements.
1.1.4. FALSE - Gantt charts can show dependencies between activities using arrows or
connecting lines.
1.1.5. TRUE - The program of works can be adjusted during construction to accommodate
changes and delays.
(5 × 1) (5)

1.2. Gantt chart:

[Student should draw a horizontal bar chart showing:
- Site clearance: Weeks 1-2
- Excavation: Weeks 3-5
- Foundations: Weeks 6-9
- Structural frame: Weeks 10-15
- Roofing: Weeks 16-18
- Services installation: Weeks 19-22
- Finishes: Weeks 23-27
- External works: Weeks 25-27
The chart should include a timeline, activity labels, and clear bars representing duration]
(8)

1.3. Advantages and disadvantages of using computer software for construction

programming:

Advantages:
- Allows for easy updating and modification of schedules when changes occur
- Can handle complex relationships between activities and automatically recalculate project
timelines
- Provides better visualization and reporting capabilities
- Enables resource tracking and management
- Facilitates collaboration and sharing of information among team members

Disadvantages:
- Requires specialized training and knowledge to use effectively
- Can be expensive to purchase, implement, and maintain
- May lead to over-reliance on technology rather than practical site knowledge
- Can be time-consuming to set up initially
- May need regular updating with accurate data to remain useful

(Any 3 advantages × 1 mark) (3)

(Any 2 disadvantages × 1 mark) (2)

1.4. Definitions:
1.4.1. Float time: The amount of time an activity can be delayed without causing a delay to
subsequent activities or the overall project completion date.
1.4.2. Milestone: A significant point or event in a project that typically marks the completion
of a major deliverable or phase, typically has zero duration.
1.4.3. Resource allocation: The process of assigning available resources to various project
activities to ensure optimal utilization.
1.4.4. Schedule baseline: The approved version of the project schedule that serves as a
reference point for measuring progress and identifying variances.
(4 × 1) (4)

1.5. Factors causing delays and mitigation through planning:

- Weather conditions: Proper planning includes contingency time for adverse weather and
scheduling weather-sensitive activities during favorable seasons.
- Material shortages: Planning includes early procurement and regular supplier communication
to ensure timely delivery of materials.
- Labor availability: Planning includes resource leveling and advance scheduling of specialized
trades to ensure availability when needed.
- Equipment breakdowns: Planning includes preventative maintenance schedules and backup
equipment arrangements.
- Design changes: Planning includes change management procedures and buffer time for
potential revisions.

(Any 3 × 1) (3)

QUESTION 2: CONSTRUCTION EQUIPMENT (25 MARKS)

2.1. Matching equipment with functions:

2.1.1. C - Used for transporting and placing concrete in elevated or distant locations
2.1.2. D - Used for driving piles into the ground
2.1.3. A - Used for removing moisture from excavations
2.1.4. G - Used for transporting ready-mixed concrete to the site
2.1.5. H - Used for digging trenches and loading materials
2.1.6. B - Used for moving materials around the construction site
2.1.7. F - Used for finishing concrete surfaces
2.1.8. E - Used for compacting soil, gravel, and asphalt
(8 × 1) (8)

2.2. Appropriate equipment for construction activities:

2.2.1. Mini excavator or trencher - Suitable because it can maneuver in confined spaces and
dig narrow, precise trenches efficiently without excess excavation.
2.2.2. Tower crane or mobile crane - Suitable because it has the capacity to lift heavy loads to
significant heights safely and precisely.
2.2.3. Jackhammer or hydraulic breaker - Suitable because it delivers concentrated impact
force to break concrete efficiently without excessive manual labor.
2.2.4. Vibratory roller - Suitable because it can cover large areas quickly and provides
consistent compaction through both weight and vibration across the entire soil surface.
(4 × 2) (8)

2.3. Factors to consider when deciding whether to purchase or rent construction equipment:
- Frequency of use: If the equipment will be used regularly over many projects, purchasing
may be more economical than repeated rental costs.
- Project duration: For short-term projects, renting avoids the long-term commitment of
ownership.
- Capital availability: Purchasing requires significant upfront investment, while renting spreads
costs over time.
- Maintenance capabilities: Ownership requires facilities and staff for maintenance, while
rental typically includes maintenance service.
- Storage requirements: Owned equipment needs secure storage space when not in use.
- Technology obsolescence: Rental provides access to the latest models without the risk of
owning outdated equipment.

(Any 3 × 1) (3)

2.4. Essential safety checks before operating heavy construction machinery:

- Visual inspection of the equipment for any damage or leaks
- Checking all fluid levels (fuel, oil, hydraulic fluid, coolant)
- Testing all controls and emergency shut-off systems
- Verifying that all safety features and warning devices are functional
- Inspecting tires/tracks for proper condition and inflation
- Ensuring the work area is clear of personnel and obstacles
- Checking that all guards and protective devices are in place
- Testing brakes and steering systems
- Verifying operator certification and qualifications
- Ensuring proper personal protective equipment is worn

(Any 6 × 1) (6)

QUESTION 3: FOUNDATIONS (25 MARKS)

3.1. Types of soil influencing foundation choice:

- Clay soil: Expands when wet and shrinks when dry, which can cause foundation movement.
Requires deeper foundations to reach below the zone of moisture variation or special
foundation types like piled foundations.
- Sandy soil: Provides good drainage but poor cohesion. Generally requires wider footings to
distribute the load over a greater area due to its lower bearing capacity compared to rock.
- Rock: Provides excellent bearing capacity and stability. Allows for shallow foundations with
smaller footprints, reducing excavation and concrete costs.
- Peat/organic soil: Has very poor bearing capacity and high compressibility. Often requires
removal and replacement or specialized foundations like raft or piled foundations.
- Fill material: Varies in composition and compaction, creating unpredictable bearing capacity.
Requires thorough investigation and often deep foundations extending below the fill to natural
ground.

(Any 3 × 2) (6)

3.2. Raft foundation drawing:

[Student should draw a cross-section showing:
- Concrete raft slab (typically 150-300mm thick)
- Steel reinforcement mesh (top and bottom)
- Thickened edges where walls will be positioned
- Damp-proof membrane
- Compacted hardcore/fill below
- Well-compacted subgrade
- Proper dimensions and labels for all components] (6)

3.3. Purpose and importance of foundation components:

3.3.1. Reinforcement: Provides tensile strength to the concrete, preventing cracking when the
foundation is subjected to bending forces. Important because concrete alone has poor tensile
strength, and reinforcement allows the foundation to resist differential settlement and soil
movement.
3.3.2. Damp-proof course (DPC): Creates a barrier that prevents ground moisture from rising
up through the foundation into the building structure. Important for preventing dampness,
mold growth, and deterioration of building materials, which can affect both structural integrity
and occupant health.
3.3.3. Concrete cover: The layer of concrete between reinforcement and the outer surface of
the foundation. Important for protecting reinforcement from corrosion by creating a barrier
against moisture and chemicals in the soil, ensuring the long-term durability of the
foundation.
3.3.4. Foundation depth: The distance from ground level to the bottom of the foundation.
Important for reaching stable soil below the frost line and zones of seasonal moisture
variation, preventing settlement and movement due to ground freezing or soil
shrinkage/expansion.
(4 × 2) (8)
3.4. Site investigations before designing a foundation:
- Soil testing to determine bearing capacity and soil type
- Trial pits or boreholes to examine subsoil conditions at different depths
- Groundwater level assessment
- Topographical survey to determine site levels and gradients
- Investigation of adjacent structures and their foundations
- Historical site use investigation to identify potential contamination
- Archaeological survey if required in heritage areas
- Testing for ground gases (methane, radon, etc.)
- Assessment of nearby trees and vegetation that could affect foundations
- Geological survey to identify fault lines or mining activity

(Any 5 × 1) (5)

QUESTION 4: SUPERVISION & ORGANIZATION IN THE CONSTRUCTION INDUSTRY (25

MARKS)

4.1. Organizational chart:

[Student should draw a hierarchical chart showing at least 8 positions such as:
- Managing Director/CEO at the top
- Construction Director/Operations Director reporting to MD
- Project Managers reporting to Construction Director
- Site Managers reporting to Project Managers
- Various site personnel (Engineers, Surveyors, Foremen) reporting to Site Managers
- Administrative support functions (HR, Finance, Procurement) at appropriate levels
- Clear reporting lines indicated by connecting lines]
(8)

4.2. Roles and responsibilities:

4.2.1. Project Manager: Responsible for overall planning, execution, and closing of
construction projects. Manages the project team, budget, schedule, and quality control.
Serves as the main point of contact with clients and stakeholders, and ensures that project
objectives and deliverables are met within constraints.
4.2.2. Site Engineer: Responsible for technical aspects of construction, including interpreting
drawings and specifications, setting out works, monitoring construction progress, ensuring
compliance with designs, solving technical problems, and maintaining quality standards.
Coordinates with contractors and reports to the Project Manager.
4.2.3. Quantity Surveyor: Responsible for cost management throughout the project lifecycle.
Prepares cost estimates, bills of quantities, valuations for interim payments, analyzes
variations, prepares final accounts, and advises on contractual matters. Monitors project costs
against budgets and forecasts financial outcomes.
4.2.4. Health and Safety Officer: Responsible for developing and implementing safety policies
and procedures on site. Conducts risk assessments, site inspections, and safety audits.
Provides safety training, investigates incidents, ensures compliance with health and safety
regulations, and maintains required documentation.
(4 × 2) (8)

4.3. Methods of effective communication on a construction site:

- Regular site meetings: Formal gatherings of key project stakeholders to discuss progress,
issues, and upcoming work. Effective because they ensure all parties receive the same
information simultaneously and provide a forum for problem-solving.
- Daily briefings/toolbox talks: Short, focused meetings with workers before shifts begin to
discuss specific tasks, safety concerns, and coordination. Effective because they ensure
workers understand their daily objectives and safety requirements.
- Written documentation: Including reports, minutes, instructions, and method statements.
Effective because they provide clear, permanent records that can be referenced later and
reduce misunderstandings.
- Digital communication tools: Project management software, messaging apps, and cloud-
based document sharing. Effective because they enable real-time information sharing and
collaboration across different locations.
- Visual communication: Such as site signage, color coding, and physical marking of areas.
Effective because they provide immediate visual cues that transcend language barriers and
are visible to all site personnel.

(Any 3 × 1) (3)

4.4. Qualities or skills of an effective construction supervisor:

- Technical knowledge and experience in construction methods and practices
- Leadership ability to motivate and direct teams
- Communication skills to convey instructions clearly and liaise with different stakeholders
- Problem-solving capability to address issues quickly and effectively
- Planning and organizational skills to coordinate multiple activities
- Attention to detail to ensure quality standards are met
- Adaptability to handle changing conditions and requirements
- Knowledge of health and safety regulations and procedures
- Time management skills to meet project deadlines
- Conflict resolution abilities to manage disagreements constructively
- Decision-making skills to make timely and appropriate choices
- Commercial awareness to understand cost implications of decisions

(Any 6 × 1) (6)

TOTAL: 100 MARKS