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Lec 1

The document provides an introduction to compiler construction, outlining objectives such as building a compiler, using construction tools, and understanding virtual machines. It explains the compilation process, including analysis and synthesis, and discusses various tools that utilize this model. Additionally, it covers the phases of a compiler, the grouping of phases, and available compiler-construction tools.

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ezatrashad2003
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4 views10 pages

Lec 1

The document provides an introduction to compiler construction, outlining objectives such as building a compiler, using construction tools, and understanding virtual machines. It explains the compilation process, including analysis and synthesis, and discusses various tools that utilize this model. Additionally, it covers the phases of a compiler, the grouping of phases, and available compiler-construction tools.

Uploaded by

ezatrashad2003
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Introduction to Compiler

Construction
Objectives
• Be able to build a compiler for a (simplified)
(programming) language
• Know how to use compiler construction tools,
such as generators of scanners and parsers
• Be familiar with virtual machines, such as the
JVM and Java bytecode
• Be familiar with compiler analysis and
optimization techniques
• … learn how to work on a larger software project!
Compilers and Interpreters
• “Compilation”
– Translation of a program written in a source
language into a semantically equivalent
program written in a target language
Input

Source Target
Compiler
Program Program

Error messages Output


Compilers and Interpreters
(cont’d)
• “Interpretation”
– Performing the operations implied by the
source program

Source
Program
Interpreter Output
Input

Error messages
The Analysis-Synthesis Model of
Compilation

• There are two parts to compilation:


– Analysis determines the operations implied by
the source program which are recorded in a tree
structure
– Synthesis takes the tree structure and translates
the operations therein into the target program
Other Tools that Use the
Analysis-Synthesis Model
• Editors (syntax highlighting)
• Pretty printers (e.g. Doxygen)
• Static checkers (e.g. Lint and Splint)
• Interpreters
• Text formatters (e.g. TeX and LaTeX)
• Silicon compilers (e.g. VHDL)
• Query interpreters/compilers (Databases)
Preprocessors, Compilers,
Assemblers, and Linkers
Skeletal Source Program

Preprocessor
Source Program
Compiler
Target Assembly Program
Assembler
Relocatable Object Code
Linker Libraries and
Relocatable Object Files
Absolute Machine Code
The Phases of a Compiler
Phase Output Sample
Programmer (source code producer) Source string A=B+C;
Scanner (performs lexical analysis) Token string ‘A’, ‘=’, ‘B’, ‘+’, ‘C’, ‘;’
And symbol table with names
Parser (performs syntax analysis Parse tree or abstract syntax tree ;
|
based on the grammar of the =
programming language) / \
A +
/ \
B C

Semantic analyzer (type checking, Annotated parse tree or abstract


etc) syntax tree
Intermediate code generator Three-address code, quads, or int2fp B t1
RTL + t1 C t2
:= t2 A
Optimizer Three-address code, quads, or int2fp B t1
RTL + t1 #2.3 A
Code generator Assembly code MOVF #2.3,r1
ADDF2 r1,r2
MOVF r2,A
Peephole optimizer Assembly code ADDF2 #2.3,r2
MOVF r2,A
The Grouping of Phases
• Compiler front and back ends:
– Front end: analysis (machine independent)
– Back end: synthesis (machine dependent)
• Compiler passes:
– A collection of phases is done only once (single pass)
or multiple times (multi pass)
• Single pass: usually requires everything to be defined before
being used in source program
• Multi pass: compiler may have to keep entire program
representation in memory
Compiler-Construction Tools
• Software development tools are available to
implement one or more compiler phases
– Scanner generators
– Parser generators
– Syntax-directed translation engines
– Automatic code generators
– Data-flow engines

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