Unit 2: Introduc on to Python – Informa cs Prac ces (Class 11 CBSE)

1. Basics of Python Programming

 Execu on Modes:

o Interac ve Mode:

 The user writes and executes Python code line by line in an interpreter
(like Python Shell or an IDE).

 Used for tes ng small snippets of code quickly.

o Script Mode:

 Code is wri en in a .py file and executed as a whole program.

 Used for larger programs that require saving and re-running.

 Structure of a Program:

o A Python program consists of a sequence of statements executed by the

Python interpreter.

o Common structure: Impor ng modules, func on defini ons, and the main
code logic.

 Indenta on:

o Python relies on indenta on (spaces or tabs) to define code blocks.

o Important: Ensure consistent indenta on in the program; otherwise, it will

throw an Indenta onError.

 Iden fiers and Keywords:

o Iden fiers: Names used for variables, func ons, classes, etc. Examples: x,
total_price, my_func on.

o Keywords: Reserved words that have special meanings in Python. Examples:

if, else, for, while, def.

 Constants and Variables:

o Constants: Values that do not change during the program execu on (e.g., PI =
3.14). Usually wri en in uppercase le ers.

o Variables: Names used to store data values which can change during the
program execu on.
  Types of Operators:

o Arithme c Operators: +, -, *, /, // (floor division), % (modulus), **

(exponen a on).

o Rela onal Operators: ==, !=, >, <, >=, <= (used to compare values).

o Logical Operators: and, or, not (used for logical condi ons).

o Assignment Operators: =, +=, -=, *=, /=, etc. (used to assign values).

o Bitwise Operators: &, |, ^, ~, <<, >> (used to perform bitwise opera ons).

 Precedence of Operators:

o Operators have different priori es (precedence) when evaluated.

o For example, * and / have higher precedence than + and -.

2. Data Types

 Mutable Data Types: Can be changed a er crea on.

o Examples: Lists, Dic onaries, Sets.

 Immutable Data Types: Cannot be changed once created.

o Examples: Integers, Floats, Strings, Tuples.

 Common Data Types:

o Integer (int): Whole numbers (e.g., 5, -7).

o Float (float): Decimal numbers (e.g., 3.14, -0.5).

o String (str): Sequence of characters enclosed in single or double quotes (e.g.,

"Hello", 'Python').

o Boolean (bool): Represents True or False.

3. Statements and Expression Evalua on

 Statements: Instruc ons that the Python interpreter executes (e.g., variable
assignments, func on calls).

 Expressions: A combina on of values, variables, and operators that Python evaluates

to produce a result (e.g., 5 + 3).
4. Comments

 Single-line Comment:

o Starts with a # and extends to the end of the line.

python

# This is a comment

 Mul -line Comment:

o Enclosed within triple quotes (''' or """).

python

'''This is a mul -line comment.

It can span mul ple lines.'''

5. Input and Output Statements

 Input: Accepts user input.

python

name = input("Enter your name: ")

o The input() func on always returns a string, which can be converted to other
data types.

 Output: Displays output to the user.

python

print("Hello", name)

o The print() func on can print strings, variables, or expressions.

6. Data Type Conversion

 Implicit Conversion (Type Coercion): Automa cally done by Python when

performing opera ons between compa ble data types (e.g., adding an integer and a
float).

python

num = 3 + 5.5 # num will be a float (8.5)

  Explicit Conversion (Type Cas ng): Explicitly conver ng one data type to another
using func ons like int(), float(), and str().

python

num = int("123") # Converts string to integer

7. Debugging

 Debugging: The process of iden fying and fixing errors in the program.

o Print Statements: Used to check the values of variables and follow the
program's flow.

o Use of IDEs: Many IDEs (like PyCharm) provide built-in debuggers to step
through code and inspect variables.

Control Statements

1. if-else and if-elif-else

 if Statement: Executes a block of code if the condi on is true.

python

if condi on:

# Code block

Example:-

age = 18

if age >= 18:

print("You are an adult.") # Output: You are an adult.

 else Statement: Executes a block of code if the condi on is false.

python

else:

# Code block
Example:-

age = 16

if age >= 18:

print("You are an adult.")

else:

print("You are a minor.") # Output: You are a minor.

 elif Statement: Checks addi onal condi ons if the previous if condi on was false.

python

if condi on1:

# Code block

elif condi on2:

# Code block

else:

# Code block

Example:-

age = 25

if age < 13:

print("You are a child.")

elif age < 18:

print("You are a teenager.")

else:

print("You are an adult.") # Output: You are an adult.

2. Loops

 while Loop: Repeats the code as long as the condi on is true.

python

while condi on:

# Code block

Example:-

count = 0

while count < 5:

print(count)

count =count + 1 # Output: 0 1 2 3 4

 for Loop: Iterates over a sequence (like a list, string, or range).

python

for i in range(5):

# Code block

Example:-

for i in range(5):

print(i)

# Output: 0 1 2 3 4

Lists

 Crea ng and Ini alizing Lists:

python

list1 = [1, 2, 3]

list2 = ["apple", "banana", "cherry"]

 List Opera ons:

o Accessing Elements: list1[0] gives the first element.

o Modifying Elements: list1[1] = 5 changes the second element.

  List Methods:

o len(list): Returns the number of elements in the list.

o list.append(item): Adds an item to the end of the list.

o list.insert(index, item): Inserts an item at a specific index.

o list.remove(item): Removes the first occurrence of an item.

o list.pop(index): Removes the item at the specified index (default is last).

o list.reverse(): Reverses the list.

o list.sort(): Sorts the list.

o list.count(item): Counts occurrences of the item.

o list.index(item): Finds the index of an item.

o list.min(), list.max(), list.sum(): Finds the minimum, maximum, and sum of

elements.

Example:-
len(list):

python

my_list = [1, 2, 3, 4]

print(len(my_list)) # Output: 4

list.append(item):

python

my_list = [1, 2, 3]

my_list.append(4)

print(my_list) # Output: [1, 2, 3, 4]

list.insert(index, item):

python

my_list = [1, 2, 3]

my_list.insert(1, 6)

print(my_list) # Output: [1, 6, 2, 3]

list.remove(item):

python

my_list = [1, 2, 3, 4]

my_list.remove(3)

print(my_list) # Output: [1, 2, 4]

list.pop(index):

python

my_list = [1, 2, 3, 4]

popped_item = my_list.pop(2)

print(popped_item) # Output: 3

print(my_list) # Output: [1, 2, 4]

list.reverse():

python

my_list = [1, 2, 3, 4]

my_list.reverse()

print(my_list) # Output: [4, 3, 2, 1]

list.sort():

python

my_list = [4, 2, 3, 1]

my_list.sort()

print(my_list) # Output: [1, 2, 3, 4]

list.count(item):

python

my_list = [1, 2, 2, 3, 2]

print(my_list.count(2)) # Output: 3
list.index(item):

python

my_list = [1, 2, 3, 4]

print(my_list.index(3)) # Output: 2

list.min(), list.max(), list.sum():

python

my_list = [1, 2, 3, 4]

print(min(my_list)) # Output: 1

print(max(my_list)) # Output: 4

print(sum(my_list)) # Output: 10

Dic onary

 Key-Value Pair: A dic onary stores data as pairs of unique keys and values.

python

dict = {"name": "Alice", "age": 20}

 Dic onary Methods:

o dict.keys(): Returns a list of all keys.

o dict.values(): Returns a list of all values.

o dict.items(): Returns a list of key-value pairs.

o dict.update(): Updates a dic onary with new key-value pairs.

o del dict[key]: Deletes an item by key.

o dict.clear(): Removes all items from the dic onary.

Example:-

dict.keys():

python

my_dict = {"name": "Alice", "age": 20}

print(my_dict.keys()) # Output: dict_keys(['name', 'age'])

dict.values():

python

print(my_dict.values()) # Output: dict_values(['Alice', 20])

dict.items():

python

print(my_dict.items()) # Output: dict_items([('name', 'Alice'), ('age', 20)])

dict.update():

python

my_dict.update({"city": "New York"})

print(my_dict) # Output: {'name': 'Alice', 'age': 20, 'city': 'New York'}

del dict[key]:

python

del my_dict["age"]

print(my_dict) # Output: {'name': 'Alice', 'city': 'New York'}

dict.clear():

python

my_dict.clear()

print(my_dict) # Output: {}