Fo pé. Me Voie memo nisadtion aud Dpeotion qe basic elomet of a cane ee Lpip-f ep. sthe infosrmation is stow’ ™ bivasy shee oe % numbers’ of decations im a mem dp, coc location being mead fos ore word © digital information. the size ofa memory chip #s gpecitied : by two dws wwmbers M aud N) as MXN) Bits. The rumber V nm specifies tho wumber ‘of Locations» available inthe wumbes of bits, at each menorey, ad Nv be Incofion - 1% alton words, this: Means fot M wows ot. N_ bits eock: Com be u Sept jurdhe een ortCoch of fhe M Locediows ol flee memory is nn by a _ amigue addess and, fhesdfove, Foo access, | avy one re te OM Incetions » P inpuch ane, “pi where Fem, Tis set of lines is xelenved Jy as od pads ox oddeeoss bus. | nFack, the addhess apt is applied to a Pt | detoden cise, which activeler on of its m suuts dependii on We aldeess aul, tus, He Sesived | mempy tacaion is Selected) the “numbers af ipods xeguived) & inp oc oD the dat . som amy memory location is N- naa {Sb of of N-Lives is wegpived Loy stot, Lt nto the memdy , velemed f os dof inputs ad avollio sot of N dives 5 sseqpizel Ive velig Fhe dala alreody shored) in Ce memory, dich is’ veleved 2 3 Ath oubpatr. athe concept of bus is usd te wles tea grup of condvcdoes , axel mo lehereh lense: the wlove , Me’ so of Sivos moat fox dale j ivpuls is input data bus oud. foc dof adpts is crsbpute dail, bes. Tinpsh oa) aud dab. | busses ore umidizecPiona) . ie. te data au fluo“ | — a) de ; Se he ar } side fhe ditaect tox Bpectionk Memory wilh Ruboectiondl deen Bias — Ridsectiond) most oF Woo mem Aw i, claps availlable, “de seb sf fines js snseod doy dada ind Nbeess os well as dadler oulpuet Le ee ae lis welored to a5 Ridivedionl 6 5 fuS- chp select alc Means ted desta bus fk beg tad ond js time omultiplered, t ap ws used a5 put bas Sor Some grcific time as io copy bus Coy Some offibic) Hime dopordivg coudyol) , upon a Reod) wite write _qposalion~ by de dp te selected memory - a word qo umite cation * ive S dagie 1 Vb & le opphied tp cs Cehp seek), andl Vovthe (Wok) putts and) lic © beget Lor (Rd) inp. ado a forttar memsty For ori savior beatin joBewnnng’ Sepence of epecations * be. Perit me « ppd Wao CS terminal Dele chip sled sigrek Ole wod fe be stove). is applied b Bo dbo. inp ferminals.@tle addsoss & fo desived memory Decaths is applied to hie adduess wept Bernd. Or write conarvarad signal) is plied Do Me | amite- Covkso) dup dormivrall wikh RD=0O. | Waite cucle Te (Lue 1 this is the minimum annuel of Ame fox dt the nbd adbress. rust be Poeseuttt fox mt a word In fhe. memory, \ ) reg X abet XO eva Bie clip abet cB oe eh wat te gpl wetr wole_fulce Time Cy). ; lis is thie minimum Borg of Big vo9srke pulse, waite Release Time(tuyg ais is Clo riinimum amend of Hime for hich fhe adver mast be wlhdd after -@e unite juke ends. tata seb yp Tne Geen), Tis is Ho minimum ammutt of dime ie solich fio Acta rusk be valid before ta write pulse ie . a time (t, ; = : he = lt) aummuig oF time foe vahich Pio faba wust be valid abter tiie wouctls. pulse adds,rr Jesh et te cadets of a sabeck) ( oromersy Locokion , “Hx Read (RD), andl the chpsi.4. (cs) mputs must be at lone 1 vel aud we ak Segic © Dovel. Flas gues—oudut oA | To send (oe wschsieve ) a det, ver owe | bo Shed) act a fasdiculan. odbeess , Kelaaing S2gpRnCe oF eprestions is er posoimed. ® the clip- Selock apd is applied te “We cs fetminal , | © The addwess of Ale wet wont Scat | iw agjlial fo thy adlsess input feimdvals, | @ K one command Sigua is | appliek fp Ue sol covttio) ipa terminal .Qe suet epics classficabou of momoties - memovies ase two types 1) RAM 2) ROM. Dd Render Access Merosy (RAM): = at as also called as weed) weile memes) ot “ihe main weno - te Poagearns avd) j dating Hus menor « / | | i (2p AEP Is tas volatile memosy as Bho Pourt_is tuned — pram [ogame RAM) | 2 ixes 40 we enery as Oe Don ip daha - 2) tt i qnecpensive « 1) ak is tavey eHcanr tose. oi bite ¢) Tk uses fes5 Foor 3) 14 gevorede? Poss haat q) at ts soll fov data -tlet the CPO —seqises execubion th & Poogyarns ace : d vv the. poimasy memos f w o woking thnond) madly Ea ‘tuo use) Ly Ase oe. ) rt cosh framsistors + 2) Holds tee avderds as foug ar poser is -avavlalle . 2 ay expeusive « ym is faster thon DRAM . 6) Bk nrab dow meng bb eli, g)it muses move Povrerr « Ou govortes Me. heal . ‘yk use) for cache . weieg seem main memory.2) Read Ouby Memovy (ROMY .- teed edit, rete +1 toes csucial . en essertial te hot Re systern like Be PU dhe computer . This vot volatile (resnnet) memo. Always retains ds dala: » Msed W embed systemns ov volore he Progwammivy veo SO change 3 » Ved Ww “ealen LAS aud peripheral deviles . © ROM ae Susthor classified ile & types. )ROM =z) PROM 3) EPROM 4) EEPROM: J) Read only ivernert4 3 (ROM) « ; oF mevuehockurivg , Th is Peogaarre at ‘the Hime as Wie fast Process o& fobricalion » according to sfrernodtion spaified ky the BE: a is refered de as wosk Pog sararncd: 5 sod ony remo (FROM): 2) Progrararlol . th an be Progeammed by sey. Owe Poogsernmal, “i 1 the dota ad iasteuotions wit Grnt be. changed / ) : QE sasdple _Proguammable sod. only mnemavy( EPROM) : a ace oon by sev. To erase ; a Wom ik, se gb ts Bok liglt. Peis tne we ay — o)E pests cally exosobfe P40! a = ence emu EEPROM): — the ea con be enosol by applying elec dC ield no ned) ay dia Viole bight. pre om erase “ely podions of Hho clep: ‘i ct is cemporo ) rk is pasmonod sHocage.' ssotogc - j ) st store: daly i Ks, Jat Bove dada ee ‘| C™ ae Caiga ples 7 } WS WA hot 3) use ee stackup PooesS } opeicttion’ ok cory te r 11) wating dala is Sostey 4) wvdhieg dada iS sfouse’Fred owl Wele Horory ) RAM:— vey digital Systems rseguuive memories which ik shold be possible: 2p unite ud ox wed Sova, ay memos Locedion with Hee same speed. ‘Tasich Be dota slowed ak my Iecofion com be clouged during eperabion of te cystemn. Ths ‘type of momoxy 5 fone aS A seod] waite meme is usually referral to oF RAM (abo acces monet). | Random access memories axe. fobacabed using lopelbos ox sunipolan (mo3) devices. Thire te 400 Lypes of RAMs. there. axe static RAM (SRAM) a dynawire RAM (ORAM). spolbss RAM cell > = Nec memosies > device one degansistoY us on aud. “Whe other is OFF, When fe OFF dxausisdoy U Levee) Basic By ex RAM ches cd ito Ce on tebe by on etbeind drigge” pulse y ~Po frausi tov ob ; gs jufially on fos ore. at bos tun table stale swhich arc used £6 dove imosmebion im tea Sovm eo Segue oO audi 4. gfcial Joaduvse s de inceyposabed) in Olas cell to addvessivg fh cal weikiwg nto i and endive “fom it @ Gresper tte ram CoRam) cell | A Sicetyasistos cos SRAM cel cmos SRAM Memory coll v5 shew on Fig | ee ee fyansistors, wo. MDS ave) tivo PMB, tat Deen fuser C8055 ceisphed awverbers . Too adios! dsonsishors Ts ah Te sere t cords “Ha aces fa dtoroge coll) Sov vad aud antle aperalions = Access Bb fe cell is “enabled by te =_ wood five. (WL i i 7 : ‘ which coudlaol’s Wo wo Promsisbleye © a IC we scl, iw dasa Codaah col lla” Be slanl) Spe be cimnected to We bil fines rl cd tran fe e % whe Those -bit Lines de use) bo da - ai boll send’ and uvibe opeidliony. i ellis -seod) cycbe is chased) by poechoupr9| both tbe be tues BL aud BL to” tage. then assesting flo word Sine WLe) evabhs itl “We access “Abansistoss Te aud TE - Te ° vuues stored aud one way Prose pp ha wh Limes I Leovirg au af ie poocbayyed value ond rdisclosging BL “Blsro fo toomsistow god Ts te logic © - ou the gL Se , He dyausistors TN nll the pede Dee de Veo b® Meg « wont _opetabion ‘bp “the call , He bit & be stowed = Fos iting os applied. 9 oe yes jwerse at BL. wow word) Vine WL asserted , the value. to be coved ria Cndclod « ale waplaces ee eapsliey he chytel . RAE | Te as now ota 3) MOSFET Dynamic RAM (DRdm) cal = tn. Obis col), We date. Row) wt is Stoed Wa seat (cook June) Copacilov “gallon Ban in i chum Gatlie) ated Used for SRAM cell.» ae stor A Hso, this i oi itue Eee Eee Jrawsistoy ond a capecitov axe eqpisedl Pew bik, Tis ables DRAM ts have Very high donsily ‘M Cotigasisow te SRAM. the main disaduodego A Dram “cell is dat since He claxge is Stored WoO capaci bor, wld can runt boll) TE oer an extended) Period of Pine, thonchive , fle Stove Baan vol vonain ples he clorge 15 wefseshal Period call « |r Conta A\dbessable Memory (cam) : ahe = addressable memos (cam) is 4 cpecia purpose sandom access Memory device. that can ‘be ; accessed) by searching. tow ducky coded. Foo his Pupse , ib is adllwessel by, associating Bho ig dodla, xelerod Lo as ky | smalfanesusly with all He siovel uvels aud produces ouput sighals fs iudicalls ae redch, conditions Petuxen ‘the key aud ‘stbwel) Woads lis operation is wehotred f 8 association oF iutessogettion aul “this pe of monty is abso ei as associat Afbes idetlyong the licen watch Bo key r read) oF write pxtenel to. Boe, Docotbions- A cam has Hoe ability fy search cul ov interwsogete steved Lacla ona basis of its certs oud ft om be pwortul asset ta many Pications . The CAMS OR bebfex Bw Suited Soe information vebsieval Bhan the covettions! wmemorles. Wwe rmemoXy ns whose coves greets can beNX “opesadion CAML A CAM Com ferlorm Bowe baste Petations : woo), write aud associate QA Brade cobol siguabs. Black Diagsam of a CAM, A cam can perfosty — theo. basic aperativas ved, unite and associate , Tks shoage capacity is myn bks al is “omanized . oS mM umsds of N bits each TH has Nida npal od \ dla ouclpuh Lives (one fine each bit of wor): Pee | |yr he dete inp tres T,omgh To 2 Hd fp tpt cota to be waitten into the ert wd Sos key wee in Cade of associate KON. are teed) ot of the cAM tthe dota fines Do thowugh Dsl - qhe Y avs OY, Aksough “) posieg a tel ov weit post wo wsel te select te stooge cation . pao. adlvess input ' Mee foe each weoted ts fox exanple y is the less fine foc monary focation Oy Yh, Ay memory Location Lod Son, Fld nea selecting . adbvessing i * eadhan tow coincident Selection a ase divect' i cual ‘4 ion, those fives There is ho om. ntice 5 used in CAMs adfdsessivg The Y hres One fox 2ac seve, aS match output hives when an association meno peter med « For eranpple > if fe Kegrsoeh i tow maddles with the woe stow) in Lecce s ads, Lines Ys will High to indicate mse shin » wy loco dn yhe \closqa coupled doyice CCCD),, A MEW Cel, Parra et fos stovoge of Aerital indovnedlion,, us announce) i, 190 ly Bell te Labocdnries of USA. TH iy | aw onto of Mos Capacitors gpotabing ar a Savor c- | she wegister. CCDs de single, vesndile, aut ly cot devices ark aawle ied ubbsebensw ‘axially | accessed trer is rwequised). . tha gosstion of ced. iniohe ‘the wing sheps ° & comvessinn of diptal put signal +s clasge, © Troster of cargo’ theagh vasious “wn Seqboudialh Ala. we ; ee EZ Conversioy Au clowge at the cutipat ty digs spre. nitig ancl , large traustes step, a Small arnvnl: oh eloxge is last. Also, Sno ts tharmal ef fucks, audesrable charge may be Goretete) anlech ir ramon os danke curve. To — alextarne Hhaese defects 7 the claxge is we cixenlted ossaurrg)’ Hhe hh wegister fox hashing. si A Pacticet | CCD memey devi ee. d ‘ae basic eegavisaction of the ido) 246 CCD me is haste Ligue : ; ue es, epi id LS oe isa cee) Vik Sasa meronyy opfissed as 6$ iwdaperdeuk cecisealating Aft seg ste of ast bids och. fry ora. or Hh. GH weg ste ee y i sate b-bil the oping. * ono wer i : dota in the pest oo us sirwltanesvs chabtedl by oo oe eg Dy Attes a shift gil eal ot tho 6b wegistes aan be arias a rl mph epacion by MPI) he apapite | ables! ¢ fwhen adbsesel, ore WE wsitien Ide OF Seg! fe cremety* TE the abksess input is Fred Hen, | slifting page sees + the BE positions in tee abbess| | tagistex will be, peseted aoe Yeedling oy 7 vortking - The cutput is qpen- Brain which alluas ol -eR Cowbection. Dusing tho deal beturanr skits we an bane atééss Ba tut Boon “each & Th seis by. charging the abbress- the .64 bits, which cm ax be access)! by chang odbsess , are aval on a wade aécess bast sa The 256 bits In ary ~seqistex are anilable oly in fa Seva, male i Tn Sesial role qprsdion, aces fe a “dasteel Lt may Seppe he Lak ox i roy tepise ipl 4 meodiraun “of 26 slafs. Ov aw auenage , osc feet shifts are Les picking Gk A Oapared & FLA. Dp Highly Secwse - . > High ~celiabibidy . ‘ @ P P Low fourr seqpived Sov working > wee Deubhh ts desig .rv complet Rogewmablé Loic’ Denes (CPt Ds) the snl Peogammable logic eaces CSPLD 9) , Suck pats, EEPLDs, aw GAL’ (Genesic away) Logic ucts , Praltach tesms aul nw suppost yp to obit pS oy. Riel as de. howe tink wimbes of oy buts. these devices , fhovelore , @ ao. tote cPlys contain s “a Q vambes of inputs aud oul Decgge humdey epaitnlesd gees: ack Atagion af a CPLD , pander PALS fiko blocks ; on WITES + the PAL- Tk cmsishs of Tp Becks) # a set of jtorcowecdt «Like blocks 7 convected fo a sok udercouncedion also convrected Le wines" abel eacs blocks isan flo Weck whick a wunget OT, CAFS wey anh sulpt pas oe atlactel A pneble Wack analy enssls oF otk Brey Exch rectocell consists Of aun AND-OR eniquarelion, an exo oR goo, «Hip flap ain mulltiphorer, al a jri-state vultes. A A typical macsocell diagyam . Dedereovnect wives - PAL- like Hock > ist, butter | | Eg / } | L Dept. Tn || 414) : Coch AND-OR configuitton uslly aoncls of 5-2 iD Be ea ge th om apt ey Ea net 8 Tmerled ov none iwerted fovm dperding pom “ “althen, Tupat being ‘Jor oO woppecki A periele, sheses. tthe oul elte exo joe, a oulfpbee” ssledy eiRhon “the oulput of ty p-Alip-blyp of » the oat SMe excorR gale Apoodding ype eePa sleet bap: Cire). Than settee, Infor se swiela whack enables the chip's ee yok aor on ent ox as om pid gn case the chy? Pat sed os on pul fn, anette nak, Ow Qs Fn Pin wack tan Bw vdesomedt aon dowe & SY be conneckeds de allen * mocrocells wingField pscqeararmable Gale dovarh LEPGA) - the paogsommmrable Logie doveces (Ss PLDS aul crept) coe. basal on Similber basic aychifeclune the Pepin ~ dhe abt) fesic (PAL) ox Wee paegmmablle Loyiciy (PLA. over Bo yadury Paogon ie Blass J Sacrwsel WW SIRE aud complerity aul highly conkiqurable wacrocells hue been add) lo enlorte Thoiv Pheaibiliy and eqpavdability te wncrease “the effechive size aa) to ad moe functionality ma Stagle Progeam device , “Moswdive “eschibeckuses hove been dowlaped which oe w-Kvawn 2S reld Psogsammnale gett excveys (FFG ata lagic. densities SE EPA are ruck higher Hon hes of CPLDS. They Sige “om a foxy terusonds 46, huvdtials of Hosusands gpuivalack its FPQR devices. Support inglomerchaction oF wolabively Jesse cong Logic ciaauat’S « the basic FPGA oxchitedbuse awsiss of a artay of configutable feic blocks (CLR 5). He dog ic Hecke ore swtrounled by configure iped bulged Web thane axe wrens andl Calbmns of Programmable tier Connection goths. the qh D blocks cam be ive} coutigused as wpet) adpet, or bubivectionst « a!a Blacks ( cus urd 20 of conbigns of Ho Ke 089«ete The Legic Hecke ate connected t the Ho blader bso! Gonmon colin pregisrnnable Udevonne | the common sao bet onneds oe leva, as, | ofall wdextounecks: A fagic’ blck ansishs s aud vibmbey of Sagic mmalales (Lda). The. gic, mabules Ln) ane the -bwic doments ywan EPGA Lege neal) A ligic Moule ests af aes tr bagels) D ype SlipAlop aul a mubfplecer (myx). Most: he Fpeis are based on Gt Lur. oud put “af t fhe LUT TT Saat eller divecly oF ‘Aloegh D-type ye fp. Look-up table (LUT) an L br Chaba BU) consist oy a proqsarrroble mematy ond. i canbe, ue! Lo Opuorate logic Forelion in Sor Am , th lt aa ie ;