INTRODUCTION

TO COMPUTER
RESOURCE PERSON. KAKA SHUAIB
INTRODUCTION TO COMPUTER

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 ASSESSMENT CRITERIA

Sections %
Midterm 20%

Final Term 40%

Quiz 10%

Assignment 10%

Project 15%

Class Participation 5%

Attendance is mandatory 75%

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COURSE CONTENT

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COMPUTER?

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INTRODUCTION

COMPUTER, A computer is an electronic device, operating

under the control of instructions stored in its own memory
that can accept data (input), process the data according to
specified rules, produce information (output), and store
the information for future use.

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INTRODUCTION

How is a computer defined?

Electronic device operating under the control of
instructions stored in its own memory.
first, Accepts data such as raw facts, figures, and symbol
then, Processes data into information
(Data that is organized, meaningful, and useful )
finally, Produces and stores results
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INTRODUCTION

What is the information processing cycle?

Input

Process

Output Storage

Communication

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FUNCTIONALITIES OF A COMPUTER

Any digital computer carries out five functions in gross

terms:

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CLASS ACTIVITY 17/03/2022

How would you define the term computer

and how it provide the ease to client or
organization for better working. For better
understanding you can quote examples also.

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FUNCTIONALITIES OF A COMPUTER

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 Hardware

COMPUTER PARTS OR
COMPONENTS User Software

Data

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COMPUTER PARTS OR COMPONENTS

Hardware
Mechanical devices in the computer
Anything that can be touched
Software
Tell the computer what to do
Also called a program
Thousands of programs exist
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COMPUTER PARTS OR COMPONENTS

Data
Pieces of information
Computer organize and present data
Users
People operating the computer
Most important part
Tell the computer what to do
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COMPUTER PARTS OR COMPONENTS

Steps followed to process data

• Input
• Processing
• Output
• Storage

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COMPUTER COMPONENTS

Any kind of computers consists of HARDWARE AND

SOFTWARE.
Hardware:
Computer hardware is the collection of physical elements that constitutes a
computer system. Computer hardware refers to the physical parts or
components of a computer such as the monitor, mouse, keyboard,
computer data storage, hard drive disk (HDD), system unit (graphic cards,
sound cards, memory, motherboard and chips), etc. all of which are
physical objects that can be touched.

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COMPUTER COMPONENTS
Input Devices:
Input device is any peripheral (piece of computer hardware equipment to
provide data and control signals to an information processing system such
as a computer or other information appliance.

Input device Translate data from form that humans understand to one that
the computer can work with. Most common are keyboard and mouse

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COMPUTER COMPONENTS
HARDWARE

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ESSENTIAL COMPUTER HARDWARE
Processing devices
• Brains of the computer
• Carries out instructions from the program
• Manipulate the data
• Most computers have several processors
• Central Processing Unit (CPU)
• Secondary processors
• Processors made of silicon and copper

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ESSENTIAL COMPUTER HARDWARE
Memory devices
• Stores data or programs
• Random Access Memory (RAM)
• Volatile
• Stores current data and programs
• More RAM results in a faster system
• Read Only Memory (ROM)
• Permanent storage of programs
• Holds the computer boot direction

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COMPUTER COMPONENTS
Central Processing Unit (CPU). A CPU is brain of a computer. It is responsible
for all functions and processes. Regarding computing power, the CPU is the
most important element of a computer system.
The CPU is comprised of three main parts :
Arithmetic Logic Unit (ALU)

Control Unit (CU)

Registers
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 Arithmetic Logic Unit (ALU)

Arithmetic Logic Unit (ALU)

Executes all arithmetic and logical operations.
Arithmetic calculations like as addition, subtraction, multiplication and
division. Logical operation like compare numbers, letters, or special
characters

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 Control Unit (CU)

Control Unit (CU): controls and co-ordinates computer components.

• 1. Read the code for the next instruction to be executed.

• 2. Increment the program counter so it points to the next instruction.
• 3. Read whatever data the instruction requires from cells in memory.
• 4. Provide the necessary data to an ALU or register.
• 5. If the instruction requires an ALU or specialized hardware to complete,
instruct the hardware to perform the requested operation.

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 Registers

• Registers :Stores the data that is to be executed next, "very fast storage
area".

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ESSENTIAL COMPUTER HARDWARE
Memory devices
• Stores data or programs
• Random Access Memory (RAM)
• Volatile
• Stores current data and programs
• More RAM results in a faster system
• Read Only Memory (ROM)
• Permanent storage of programs
• Holds the computer boot direction

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ESSENTIAL COMPUTER HARDWARE
Input and output devices
• Allows the user to interact
• Input devices accept data
• Keyboard, mouse
• Output devices deliver data
• Monitor, printer, speaker
• Some devices are input and output
• Touch screens

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COMPUTER COMPONENTS
Input Devices:

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COMPUTER COMPONENTS
Input Devices:
1. Keyboard 2. Mouse (pointing device) 3. Microphone
4. Touch screen 5. Scanner 6. Webcam
7. Touchpads 8. MIDI keyboard 9. Graphics Tablets

12.Video Capture
10.Cameras 11.Pen Input
Hardware
13.Microphone 14.Trackballs 15.Barcode reader
16.Digital camera 17.Joystick 19.Gamepad
20.Electronic Whiteboard
The most common use keyboard is the QWERTY keyboard.
Generally standard Keyboard has 104 keys. 9
ESSENTIAL COMPUTER HARDWARE
• Storage devices
• Hold data and programs permanently
• Different from RAM
• Magnetic storage
• hard drive, External Drives, (Floppy Disk)
• Optical storage
• CD and DVD drives
• Uses a laser to access data

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ESSENTIAL COMPUTER HARDWARE
• Storage devices
• Hold data and programs permanently
• Different from RAM
• Magnetic storage
• hard drive, External Drives, (Floppy Disk)
• Optical storage
• CD and DVD drives
• Uses a laser to access data

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ESSENTIAL COMPUTER HARDWARE
• Storage devices
• Hold data and programs permanently
• Different from RAM
• Magnetic storage
• hard drive, External Drives, (Floppy Disk)
• Optical storage
• CD and DVD drives
• Uses a laser to access data

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MEMORY

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STORAGE MEASUREMENTS
Computer Storage units

Bit BIT 0 or 1
Kilobyte KB 1024 bytes
Megabyte MB 1024 kilobytes
Gigabyte GB 1024 megabytes
Terabyt TB 1024 gigabytes

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MEMORY

Primary Secondary
Memory
Memory Memory

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PRIMARY MEMORY
• RAM: Random Access Memory (RAM) is a memory scheme within the computer
system responsible for storing data on a temporary basis, so that it can be promptly
accessed by the processor as and when needed. It is volatile in nature, which means
that data will be erased once supply to the storage device is turned off. RAM stores
data randomly and the processor accesses these data randomly from the RAM
storage. RAM is considered "random access" because you can access any memory cell
directly if you know the row and column that intersect at that cell.

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PRIMARY MEMORY
• ROM (Read Only Memory): ROM is a permanent form of storage. ROM stays active
regardless of whether power supply to it is turned on or off. ROM devices do not allow
data stored on them to be modified.

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SECONDARY MEMORY
Stores data and programs permanently :its retained after the power is turned off
Hard drive (HD):
Optical Disk:
Flash Disk:

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SOFTWARE

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SOFTWARE
Software is a generic term for organized collections of computer data and
instructions, often broken into two major categories: system software that
provides the basic non task-specific functions of the computer, and
application software which is used by users to accomplish specific tasks.

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SOFTWARE
• Reason people purchase computers

System Application
software software

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SYSTEM SOFTWARE
System Software is responsible for controlling, integrating, and managing
the individual hardware components of a computer system so that other
software and the users of the system see it as a functional unit without
having to be concerned with the low-level details such as transferring data
from memory to disk, or rendering text onto a display.

Generally, system software consists of an operating system and some

fundamental utilities such as disk formatters, file managers, display
managers, text editors, user authentication (login) and management tools,
and networking and device control software.
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APPLICATION SOFTWARE
Application software is used to accomplish specific tasks other than just
running the computer system. Application software may consist of a single
program, such as an image viewer; a small collection of programs (often
called a software package) that work closely together to accomplish a task,
such as a spreadsheet or text processing system.

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APPLICATION SOFTWARE
Application software is used to accomplish specific tasks other than just
running the computer system. Application software may consist of a single
program, such as an image viewer; a small collection of programs (often
called a software package) that work closely together to accomplish a task,
such as a spreadsheet or text processing system.

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SOFTWARE
• System software
• Most important software
• Operating systems
• Windows
• Linux
• Network operating system (OS)
• Windows Server
• Utility
• Symantec AntiVirus

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SOFTWARE

• Application software
• Accomplishes a specific task
• Most common type of software
• MS Office, MS Project, CAD, etc
• Covers most common uses of computers

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 COMPARISON SYSTEM SOFTWARE & APPLICATION SOFTWARE
System Software Application Software
Computer software, or just software is a Application software, also known as an application
general term primarily used for digitally or an "app", is computer software designed to help
stored data such as computer programs and the user to perform specific tasks
other kinds of information read and written
by computers. App comes under computer
software though it has a wide scope now.

Example 1) Microsoft Windows 1) Opera (Web Browser)

2) Linux 2) Microsoft Word (Word Processing)
3) Unix 4 3) Microsoft Excel (Spreadsheet software)
4) Mac OSX 4) MySQL (Database Software)
5) DOS 5) Microsoft PowerPoint (Presentation Software)
6) Adobe Photoshop (Graphics Software)

Interaction Generally, users do not interact with system Users always interact with application software
software as it works in the background. while doing different activities.
Dependency System software can run independently of Application software cannot run without the
the application software presence of the system software 9
 COMPUTERS
CLASSIFICATION

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COMPUTERS CLASSIFICATION
Computers can be Personal computer
generally classified
by size and power as Workstation
follows, though
there is Considerable Minicomputer
overlap:
Mainframe

Supercomputer

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COMPUTERS CLASSIFICATION
Personal computer: A small, single-user computer based on a
microprocessor. In addition to the microprocessor, a personal
computer has a keyboard for entering data, a monitor for
displaying information, and a storage device for saving data.

workstation : A powerful, single-user computer. A workstation is

like a personal computer, but it has a more powerful
microprocessor and a higher-quality monitor.

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COMPUTERS CLASSIFICATION
Minicomputer : a type of computer that possesses most of the
features and capabilities of a large computer but is smaller in
physical size.

Mainframe : A powerful multi-user computer capable of

supporting many hundreds or thousands of users simultaneously.

Supercomputer : An extremely fast computer that can perform

hundreds of millions of instructions per second.
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